Supported by Project of Bohai Granary in Hebei Province (2013BAD05B0504); Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (F17C10007-4).

在相似矩阵中，数值大小表示对应两个关键词间距离的远近，数值越接近1，表明关键词间距离越近，相似程度越大；数值越接近0，表明关键词间距离越远，相似度越小。从统计结果看，创客(0.396)、创客空间(0.370)、创客运动(0.229)、创新创业教育(0.185)、STEM教育(0.238)、美国(0.224)、创新能力(0.180)、创新(0.150)等与创客教育的距离较近，说明这些主题受到了研究者的关注。创客课程、实践教学、教学改革等与创客教育距离较远，说明目前对于这些领域的关注度较低，探索和发展空间较大。

1 Introduction

The area of middle and low yielding fields is about 2 666.67 khm2 in the low plain area circum-Bohai Sea, most of which are dryland, widely distributed in Xingtai, Hengshui, Cangzhou of Hebei Province in the lower reaches of Heilonggang Basin as well as southern Tianjin and northern Shandong. The region is short of fresh water resources, it has saline-alkali barren soil, and the drought problem is serious. The average annual precipitation in this area is about 500 mm, and the precipitation in spring is rare and mostly ineffective. In view of the problem of low planting density and group easy close canopy of spring corn and drought damage at the booting stage in the region, the project team of "Bohai Granary" in Hebei province has developed the technology of "ridge-mulching and side-sowing of spring corn"[1]. According to the agronomic requirements in the technical specification, the 2BYLM-4 spring corn rotary tillage and film mulching seeder has been studied and designed.

直流增益随测试时间的变化，如图7所示。从图7(a)和图7(b)可以看出，在静态条件下，5只晶体管的直流增益随测试时间的变化关系一致，将测试数据代入式(3)，得到w为0.2%，这一结果证明，研制的测试系统具有极高的稳定性，满足实验的应用要求。

科研实验室用于学校教师、研究生及部分本科生科研攻关。其特点是专业性强、仪器设备多、人员相对固定。但与科研单位相比，其人员结构存在着新手多、流动性大、人员在实验室工作时间长、老带新等问题。因此，科研实验室的良好传统、安全环保意识对新手来说至关重要，对实验室涉及的有毒有害物质的认知、适当处理方式的熟悉、水电、防火防盗等是防控重点。

2 The technology of ridge-mulching and side-sowing of spring corn

The technology is a new technology for increasing yield of spring corn, which is developed according to the climate and rainfall characteristics in arid area. At the end of spring and the beginning of summer in the arid area, there is little rain, and the precipitation is scarce, and it is the critical period when the spikes of spring corn differentiate and water and fertilizer are urgently needed, so it is prone to drought damage at the booting stage of spring corn. The technology of ridge-mulching and side-sowing by rotary tillage has completely solved this problem. The 70-40-70 cm wide and narrow row interlaced planting method is adopted in this technology. The broad row is ridged and it is covered with plastic film on the ridge, and the corn seeds are seeded on the ridge side (Fig.1). This technology has the following advantages:

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2.2 Close planting to increase yield and resist lodging Wide and narrow row planting can increase the ventilation and light transmittance of corn field, enhance photosynthesis and facilitate field management at the same time[4]. As the soil on the side of ridge is piled up during ridging, the soil is not dense, and if the seeds are sown on the ridge side, it is easy to make the growth of corn plant unstable, and it is prone to lodging when there are storms. Therefore, in order to improve the density on ridge side, two plants are seeded in one hole in the study, so that the two plants grow together and the ability of lodging resistance is improved. At the same time, it also increases the number of plants, and the density can reach more than 90 000 plants/ha, which exceeds the conventional density of plants in dry farming area[5], and solves the contradiction between dense planting to increase yield and field management of ventilation and light transmission.

Fig.1 Cross section of corn sowing

3 2BYLM-4 rotary tillage and plastic film mulching seeder for spring corn

The machine adopts the complex joint operation mode, and has six functions, including rotary tillage, fertilization, ridging, plastic film mulching, sowing and compacting, which realizes the complex joint operation of rotary tillage and fertilization, ridging and mulching, double-plant sowing and compaction after sowing. On the basis of mechanization of corn production, a kind of dryland seeder is developed, which combines agricultural machinery with agronomy and realizes the integration of machine and technology.

2.1 The good effect of collecting rain and preserving moisture The ridge is higher than the side furrow, and a small amount of rain water can flow along the film into the furrow where the corn is planted on both sides and accumulated in the soil. After being collected, the rainfall during the growth period can be fully absorbed[3], and the ineffective rainfall can be transformed into effective rainfall. At the same time, mulching also reduces more than 60% of soil moisture transpiration, and the effect of rain collection and moisture preservation is obvious.

3.2.3 Test results. Table 3 and Fig.3 show that with the increase of operating speed, the rate of double-plant sowing, the qualified rate of sowing depth, the qualified rate of plastic film mulching and the qualified rate of compaction degree all show a downward trend; the coefficient of variation of sowing uniformity shows a decreasing trend; the coefficient of variation of the consistency of the amount of fertilizer in different rows, the coefficient of variation of the stability of the total amount of fertilizer, and the rate of damaged seed machines, are not changed in a certain speed range, but when the speed exceeds 5 km/h, the value increases obviously.

The structure of 2BYLM-4 rotary tillage and plastic film mulching seeder for spring corn is shown in Fig.2 after the test and improvement on three generations of sample machines.

3.1.1 The machine structure. In the design process of 2BYLM-4 rotary tillage and plastic film mulching seeder for spring corn, the following requirements are put forward: ridging type should be raised about 12cm, and ridging side should be compacted; two plants in one hole are required for sowing on the ridge side, and the distance between the two plants is equal to or less than 3 cm. Repressed monomers can float profiling, and the compaction should be suitable for high-speed operation, and according to the spring climate in Heilonggang area, it is required to be able to carry out mulching and sowing when the wind speed reaches level 4.

The main working parts of the machine, rotary tillage mechanism, ridging mechanism, plastic film mulching mechanism, film-pressing mechanism and disk plow soil-covering device, are installed in the lower part of the frame one after one. The seeder and compaction roller are installed in the rear of the frame. The fertilizer box is installed in the upper part of the front of the frame.

那么，在家庭沟通的问题上，我们应该怎么做才能够改善这种状况呢？首先，我们要对沟通有正确的认识：沟通的目的不是说服，更不是控制，而是让双方达成共识，建立认同，从而让关系的链接进一步加深。这既是沟通的定义，也是沟通的原则。

Note: 1. Frame; 2.rotary tillage mechanism; 3.fertilization mechanism; 4.ridge opener; 5.plastic film mulching mechanism; 6.film-pressing mechanism; 7.disc plow soil-covering device; 8. seed box; 9.compaction roller.

Fig.2 Structure diagram of the seeder

3.1.2 The machine parameters. Repressed monomers can float profiling, and the compaction should be suitable for high-speed operation, and according to the spring climate in Heilonggang area, it is required to be able to carry out mulching and sowing when the wind speed reaches level 4.

3.2 Machine test

The area of test site is 0.33 ha, the site is measured to be 50 m long, and 10 m stable area is kept on both sides. The working speed of tractor is 2 km/h, 3 km/h, 4 km/h, 5 km/h, 6 km/h, respectively, and 5 test areas are set up, with 3 replications. The test methods and data processing are based on the national standard JB/T8401.1-2007 RotaryTillageJointOperationMachine, RotaryTillageFertilizationSeeder. In order to further test the operation effect, this test adds two indexes as the reference indexes to measure the operation quality: qualified rate of plastic film mulching and qualified rate of compaction degree.

3.2.4 Analysis of results. From the test data and analysis, we can see that: (i) Under the test conditions, the machine can achieve high speed seeding operation, the highest speed can reach 6 km/h, the quality of the operation can meet the requirements of the national standards. (ii) The rate of double-plant sowing, the coefficient of variation of sowing uniformity, the mechanical breakage rate of seed and the qualified rate of sowing depth are greatly influenced by the operating speed. The higher the speed, the worse the trend of the four indexes. When the operating speed exceeds 5 km/h, the index goes bad rapidly. (iii) The coefficient of variation of the consistency of the amount of fertilizer in different rows, and the coefficient of variation of the stability of the total amount of fertilizer, are slightly affected by the operating speed, and it can be operated at a suitable high speed when the operat-ing conditions are allowed. (iv) Coverage rate of film mulching as a reference index makes good performance at medium speed (3-5 km/h), the speed too high or too low has influence on the quality of the plastic film mulching. With the increase of the speed, the qualified rate of compaction degree decreases gradually, which indicates that the qualified rate of compaction degree is high under low-speed operation.

Table 1 Main technical parameters of the seeder

ItemsParametersSupportingtractors∥kW58．8-73．5Suitablerowspacing∥cm40/70(wideandnarrowrows)Sowingdepth∥cm2-5(adjustabe)Sowingdensity∥plants/ha90000(3000holes)Maximumfertilizationamount∥kg/ha300-1200Fertilizationdepth∥cm3-10(adjustabe)Suitableoperatingspeed∥km/h2-5Machinewidth∥mm2200

3.2.1 Materials and methods. Test materials are shown in Table 2. The experiment is conducted with Zhengdan 958, whose 1 000-grain weight is 327 g, as the experimental variety. The technology of one hole for two plants is adopted, and two seeds are sown in one hole. The planting density is 91 700 plants/ha when the sowing rate is 30 kg/ha.

综合评价结果表明，2007～2014年天祝牧区高寒草原生态安全均处于“安全”状态，但是各年份的综合关联度均介于(-1,0)，说明2007～2014年天祝牧区高寒草原生态安全水平不符合评价等级的标准目标要求，但存在向标准经典域和目标转化的条件(表3)。从2007～2014年草原生态安全级别的数值可以看出，K1N2012 >K1N2011 >K1N2014 >K1N2013 >K1N2010 >K1N2009 >K1N2007，说明2011年和2012年的天祝牧区高寒草原生态安全更接近标准上限，其草原生态安全程度较其他年份高，更具备向标准等级范围转化的潜力。

Table 2 Characteristics of test materials

ItemsParameters2BYLM⁃4rotarytillage，ridgingandmulchingseederDouble⁃plantfinelyseededspoon⁃typeseedingdevice，exter⁃nalgroovedwheel⁃typefertilizer，4rowsSupportingtractorsLOVOLM1104CornvarietyZhengdan958，1000⁃grainweightof327gSowingrate∥kg/ha30(about92000plants/ha)Sowingdepth∥cm3FertilizersGranularslow⁃releasecompoundfertilizerAgriculturalfilmPolyethylene80cm×0．008mmSoiltypeLoamTerrainandslopeBasiclevelingAreaoftestsite∥ha0．33

3.1 The machine structure and parameters

3.2.2 Experimental design. The test date is April 20, 2015, and the test site is in the test base of Beige Village, Litianmu Hui Township, Cangxian County, Hebei Province.

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Fig.3 Influence of the operating speed on operation quality factors

Table 3 Test results

ItemsRelatedstandardsTestdataOperatingspeed∥km/h-2．013．024．005．016．00Rowspacing∥cm-40/70interlacingActualsowingrate∥kg/ha-30．1Therateofdouble⁃plantsowing∥%-97．1296．8095．5294．3589．27Thecoefficientofvariationofsowinguniformity∥%≤4518．6118．6018．8625．0540．52Thecoefficientofvariationoftheconsistencyoftheamountoffertilizerindifferentrows∥%≤6．54．124．114．154．164．23Thecoefficientofvariationofthestabilityofthetotalamountoffertilizer∥%≤7．82．752．742．762．762．90Themechanicalbreakagerateofseed∥%≤1．20．020．00．350．371．12Thequalifiedrateofsowingdepth∥%≥7597．1897．0597．0296．5182．20Thequalifiedrateofplasticfilmmulching∥%-93．2096．7396．3895．9291．29Thequalifiedrateofcompactiondegree∥%-97．2096．0192．2893．3689．75

4 Operation effect

According to the test results, the machine is optimized, the third generation improved model machine is finalized, and the performance of the machine is tested by Hebei Province Agricultural Machinery Appraisal Center. The results are shown in Table 4. Each index is superior to the national standard[6].

Table 4 Performance test results

Items∥%RelatedstandardsTestdataThecoefficientofvariationofsowinguniformity≤4519．6Thecoefficientofvariationoftheconsistencyoftheamountoffertilizerindifferentrows≤6．54．74Thecoefficientofvariationofthestabilityofthetotalamountoffertilizer≤7．82．85Themechanicalbreakagerateofseed≤1．20Thequalifiedrateofsowingdepth≥7595

In 2016, the small batch production of the machine was completed, the large area sowing experiment was carried out, and the yield was measured in the demonstration base of Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fig.4). The average yield reached 8 523 kg/ha, 20.6% higher than that of the control.

Note: a. Sowing operation; b. Operation effect; c. Seedling emergence; d. Plant growth; e. Spike growth

Fig.4 Operation effect of the seeder

5 Conclusions

(i) In this study, the influence of seeder operating speed on operating quality parameters is tested at 2-6 km/h. The rate of double-plant sowing, the coefficient of variation of sowing uniformity, the mechanical breakage rate of seed, and the qualified rate of sowing depth, show a decreasing trend with the increasing working speed, and the index obviously goes bad when working speed exceeds 5 km/h. The coefficient of variation of the stability of the amount of fertilizer is slightly affected by the operating speed. The qualified rate of plastic film mulching is the best at medium speed (3-5 km/h). The qualified rate of compaction degree decreases gradually with the increase of speed, and the qualified rate of compaction degree is high in low-speed operation.

(ii) 2BYLM-4 rotary tillage mulching seeder for spring corn is a new type of combined working machine produced, researched and developed for spring corn production in dryland. It fully meets the agronomic requirements and realizes the integration of farming machine and agronomy.

(iii) According to the technical requirements of ridge-mulching and side-sowing of spring corn, this machine applies the technology of one hole for two plants to rainfed farming in dry zone, achieving a new breakthrough.

References

[1] YAN XD, HUANG SF, XU YP, etal. The method of spring maize planting in rain-fed dry area in Heilong Basin [P]. Chinese patent: 201410260321.5, 2014-09-17. (in Chinese).

[2] LIU XJ, YAN XD. Cangzhou Bohai granary technology demonstration project main push technology [M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2016. (in Chinese).

[3] MA QL. The development and use of 2MBXF—120/140 rotary tillage cover soil planter [J]. Agricultural Technology & Equipment, 2013,29 (12): 38-39. (in Chinese).

[4] ZHANG MH, LI YY. The yield of the dry land of ten thousand mu [N]. Cangzhou Daily, 2016-07-18. (in Chinese).

[5] XU QH. 2BFG rotary tillage planter application technology [J]. Contemporary Farm Machinery, 2007, 36 (12): 68-69. (in Chinese).

[6] JB/T8401.1—2007. Rototill combine equipment-Rototill seed-cum-fertilizer drill [S]. Standards of Machinery Industry of the People’s Republic of China, 2007. (in Chinese).