Working to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind are the two main objectives of China’s diplomacy in the new era.Despite an absence of prototype in the history of international relations which China could follow in realizing these goals, the ideas and practices of China’s diplomacy in Africa can provide significant lessons in this regard.Summarizing and reviewing these ideas and practices in the new era could be of significant reference value for advancing the abovementioned two missions.

New Ideas of China’s Africa Diplomacy

During his historic visit to Africa in 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping advocated the principle of sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith for China’s cooperation with Africa, and creatively put forward the concept of upholding justice while pursuing shared interests.1 “Xi Jinping Talks with Zimbabwean President Mugabe,” People’s Daily, August 26, 2014, p.1. China’s second Africa policy paper issued in 2015 reaffirmed the principle and the concept as the fundamental ideas of China’s diplomacy toward Africa and the guiding tenets of its Africa policy.

As pointed out by President Xi, China remains faithful in treating African friends, values real results in conducting cooperation with Africa, seeks to cultivate kinship-like qualities in the relationship in strengthening friendship with Africa, and is sincere in addressing problems in cooperation with Africa.2 “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at the Julius Nyerere International Convention Center in Tanzania,”March 25, 2013, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/fzs_663828/gjlb_663832/30 99_664224/3101_664228/t1025803.shtml. The highly concise remarks of President Xi that later gave birth to the principle of sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith can be further elaborated as follows. “Sincerity” means that China and Africa are genuine friends, treating each other in a sincere manner. “Real results” means that China is wholehearted in its cooperation with Africa, making sure that African countries achieve tangible benefits from that cooperation. “Affinity” means that China stresses the Sino-African community of interests, responsibility and shared future. Similar destinies and historical experiences have brought the two sides closer together in their values, strategic interests and development priorities,which makes the China-Africa cooperation particularly cordial. “Good faith”means keeping one’s promises and adopting a pragmatic attitude in solving problems that may arise in the process of cooperation.

With regard to the proper understanding of justice and interests,President Xi pointed out that justice reflects a value cherished by Chinese Communist Party members and the Chinese socialist state. It is no good if some people in the world live in decent conditions while others suffer.True happiness is the common well-being of everyone. It is thus China’s anticipation that the whole world will progress together and that the developing countries will accelerate their development. As with pursuing“interests,” China must adhere to the principle of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes instead of the philosophy of zero-sum game. With an obligation to provide whatever assistance it can to the impoverished countries, China should prioritize justice over interests, even sacrificing the latter for the former, and should never seek only for profit or be preoccupied with trifles.3 Wang Yi, “Upholding the Concept of Justice and Interests and Actively Performing the Role of a Responsible Major Country,” People’s Daily, September 10, 2013 p.7. In a further interpretation by Foreign Minister Wang Yi of the concept regarding justice and interests, China should always prioritize justice, which involves an element of morality, when it concerns Africa,treating African countries equally with sincerity, honoring the promises made, and even more, speaking out for the legitimate rights and reasonable appeals of Africa. On the other hand, the pursuit of interests should also lead to mutual benefits. In dealing with African countries, China will never take the old path of colonialist plunder, never copy the capitalist mercenary practices, and never selfishly consider its own interests. Instead, China wishes to work together with its African brothers for common development and prosperity. In this process, China will pay more attention to the sound demands of African countries, and carry on cooperation so that the African nations will reap benefits early on. When necessary, China will prioritize justice over interests and sacrifice benefits for righteousness.4 “Wang Yi: Upholding Justice While Pursuing Shared Interests Is One Banner of China’s Diplomacy,”Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, January 11, 2014, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/t1117851.shtml. For Africa,the core idea of the concept regarding justice and interests is to make more closely aligned the prospects and destiny of China and African countries, and through cooperation to assist the African nations in achieving self-reliance and sustainable development with the ultimate goal of realizing common prosperity of China and Africa.

美学专家朱光潜曾云：美感起于直觉。的确，在小学生习作教学中进行美感渗透，自然离不开源头活水——生活。然而，应试教育的重压已经使学生失去了亲近自然、走近自然的机会；整日埋头于作业堆使学生对周围的一切无暇顾及，感受不到生活中的美；教师教学方式的缺失也导致学生写起作文来无从下笔，他们不是饱尝搜肠刮肚之苦，就是显露捉襟见肘之窘。因而学生的习作大多只能胡编乱造，以致他们的习作语言贫乏，文思混乱，情感苍白，见解浅薄。那么，如何改变这一现状，让学生的习作亮丽起来呢？我想，我们不妨从以下几个方面入手，以充盈学生习作的源头活水。

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” inherits the Chinese traditional way of treating others. To properly handle the relationship between justice and interests and give priority to righteousness and responsibility is an important part of China’s cultural heritage. Dealing with interstate relations with “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith”and the concept regarding justice and interests is a reflection of how Chinese leaders apply traditional culture to Contemporary International Relations with a high level of cultural confidence.

As two core ideas of China’s Africa policy, the principle of “sincerity,real results, affinity and good faith” and the concept regarding justice and interests complement each other and neither can be disregarded. Their purpose is to integrate China’s assistance for African countries in realizing their independent sustainable development with the promotion of China’s own development. Hence, the two ideas bear distinct characteristics of the times. On one hand, they reflect China’s fundamental position toward its diplomacy with developing countries in the new era. On the other hand,they conform to the new trends in market economy and globalization.

In the security field, China has been actively participating in African peacekeeping and capacity building. With the continuous rise of China’s comprehensive power, its ability and willingness to provide security public goods for African countries has also increased. In a meeting with then Chairperson of the African Union Commission Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma,President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Africa enhance cooperation in African peace and security affairs and major international issues, and bring bilateral relations to a higher level.21 Zhang Ying, “China’s Summit Diplomacy in Africa,” Contemporary International Relations, No.2,2016, p.44. China supports African countries to address regional problems in their own way and is committed to promoting peace talks, enhancing international cooperation and safeguarding regional security and stability. China has been actively mediating in hotspot issues such as South Sudan, where its special representative on African affairs exchanged views with both the government leaders and the rebel representatives, attended the high-level meeting of the Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (JMEC) Partners’ Group, and played a constructive

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith”and the concept regarding justice and interests are two core ideas of China’s Africa policy and complement each other.

（1）在最短的时间内创建先进的立法框架，为机器人、人工智能、无人驾驶、电子商务和大数据等技术的发展和广泛应用清除所有障碍。人工智能法律以各领域技术为基础，并不断进行更新。

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and the concept regarding justice and interests are also rooted in the fine tradition of China’s foreign policy. Since the founding of New China, Chinese diplomacy has continually stressed fairness and justice, opposed hegemonism and power politics, and advocated adherence to international law and the fundamental principles of international relations, pursuing the democratization of international relations and respecting global cultural diversity. Insisting on the principle of sovereign equality, China underscores that all countries are equal,and should not be treated differently despite their size, strength and wealth.China adheres to win-win cooperation, opposes gaining benefits at other countries’ expense or adopting beggar-thy-neighbor policies. With these longheld diplomatic principles, it should come as no surprise that China now puts forward the principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and the concept regarding justice and interests. In one sense, it is a generalization of the practices that Chinese diplomacy has applied to Africa for quite some time.

当下正在实施的乡村振兴战略，就是新时代农村改革的总纲领和立足点，而曾经小岗村十八户农民的“大包干”行动可以看作是中国农村改革的起点。进入新时代，孕育于农村改革开放起源地的小岗精神，更凸显出小岗精神的时代价值。

China’s Diplomatic Practices in Africa under New Ideas

Since President Xi Jinping put forward the principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and upholding justice while pursuing shared interests, China’s diplomacy in Africa has actively followed these two guiding ideas. China “is willing to work with African countries to build and develop a China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership featuring political equality and mutual trust, win-win economic cooperation, mutually enriching cultural exchanges, mutual assistance in security, and solidarity and coordination in international affairs.”9 “Full Text: China’s Second Africa Policy Paper,” Xinhua, December 4, 2015, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/04/c_134886545.htm.

With regard to aid, by the end of 2014, there had been 1,071 Chinaassisted projects in Africa, comprising around 47 percent of China’s total foreign aid. Most projects are related to infrastructure, ranging from railways,roads, aviation facilities to bridges, ports and power plants. China had also donated 68 hospitals, dispatched 24,500 medical personnel, trained over 6,000 local medical workers and cured over 270 million persons. China has established 30 malaria prevention centers and 23 agro-technology demonstration centers in Africa, and has trained 81,000 local technicians in various industries.18 “Africa: A New Era of China-Africa Relations,” Buziness Africa, November 29, 2015, http://www.buzinessafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=8&Itemid=11&lang=en&limitstart=12. In addition, China has made great contributions in providing emergency food aid and relieving debt for the least developed African nations, which helps improve the economic and social environment of the countries concerned. China’s aid to Africa during the Ebola epidemic was the longest, broadest, largest and most intensive in its history of dealing with international public health crisis.19 “Promoting the Spirit of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway and Building a China-Africa Community with a Shared Future,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, July 23, 2015, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbz_673089/zyjh_673099/t1283583.shtml. China has also successfully broken up the monopoly of Western pharmaceutical companies in Africa. Due to China’s participation, the price of most medicines has steadily declined.20 Manyanye Paul Ikome, “China’s Role in Improving Public Health in Cameroon,” Africa-China Reporting Project, April 7, 2016, http://africachinareporting.co.za/2016/04/chinas-role-in-improving-public-ealth-in-cameroon.

此位置为本机机车单独制动手柄在制动位时，重联机车受机车间制动管软管、总风软管、平均软管压力控制，而发生作用的位置，其制动应和本机同步。

On the multilateral level, besides attaching great importance to the FOCAC’s role, China also firmly supports the African Union in African integration, continually utilizing multilateral diplomacy in the development of Sino-African relations. China established its permanent mission to the African Union in 2015, which marks the transformation of China’s Africa diplomacy from exclusive bilateralism to stressing both bilateral and multilateral channels. In April 2016, China and the African Union held the first consultation on Human Rights, discussing each other’s human rights affairs and agreeing to establish a regular consultation mechanism.In a speech delivered at the high-level opening event of the United Nations Africa Week in October 2016, then Chinese Permanent Representative to the United Nations Liu Jieyi urged that the international community step up awareness of, and investment in, Africa, safeguard African peace and stability,increase the independent development capability of Africa, improve Africa’s development environment, and support African countries in designing their development strategies according to their own national conditions and on the basis of the principle of self-determination. He also called on developed countries to honor their assistance to Africa without attaching any political conditions. During the United Nations’ Climate Change Conference in Marrakech in November 2016, China called on developed countries to implement the climate change roadmap as early as possible and make good on their financial commitment of providing US$100 billion annually to developing countries by 2020. This position of China echoed the theme of the first Africa Action Summit held during the same period, and reflected the concern and appeal of African countries for developed nations to increase their technical and financial assistance.10 China Institute of International Studies, Blue Paper on International Situation and China’s Diplomacy(2017), World Affairs Press, 2017, p.379.

Economically, China has actively supported the development and construction of African countries. In recent years, China has set up the South-South Cooperation Fund, increased its investment in Africa and relieved the debt of some least developed and landlocked countries in Africa.China has also been providing additional funding to the China-Africa Development Fund and the Special Loan for the Development of African Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.11 “Xi Unveils Ten Cooperation Projects for Africa, Announces Support Worth $60 Billion,” China News Service, December 5, 2015, http://it.chinanews.com/gn/2015/12-05/7657047.shtml. During President Xi Jinping’s visit to Africa in 2013, China and African countries signed and announced over 20 important inter-governmental agreements covering mechanism building,investment, livelihood and development assistance. These include the charter establishing the China-South Africa Joint Working Group, the agreement on investment promotion and mutual protection between China and Tanzania,and inter-governmental framework agreements and cooperation documents between China and the Congo Republic as well as between China and Tanzania.12 “President Xi Jinping’s Fruitful Visit to Africa,” People’s Daily, April 11, 2013, p.3. Barely a year since Xi Jinping was elected President, China had provided loans of more than US$10 billion to African countries, which represented about half of the total loan of $20 billion promised by China to Africa from 2013 to 2015. In January 2016, the China-Africa Industrial Capacity Cooperation Fund financed by the China Export-Import Bank was established, with an initial capital of $10 billion for medium and longterm development investment. The distinctive feature of these loans is that China gives priority to investment in infrastructure, agriculture and manufacturing, which indicates that China is changing its traditional strategy of investing in the energy sector. In fact, China’s input in Africa’s energy sector now only accounts for 20 percent of the total Chinese investment in Africa.13 Yun Sun, “Xi Jinping’s Africa Policy: The First Year,” The Brookings Institution, April 14, 2014,https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/04/xi-jinpings-africa-policy-the-first-year. The increasing financial support to Africa demonstrates China’s sincerity in helping Africa achieve common development. In 2014 alone,Chinese companies signed construction contracts in Africa valued over $70 billion, which would facilitate the building of vital infrastructure, provide job opportunities and improve local productivity.14 Deborah Brautigam, “Five Myths about Chinese Investment in Africa,” Foreign Policy, December 4,2015, http://foreign policy.com/2015/12/04/5-myths-about-chinese-investment-in-africa. According to statistics,China-Africa cooperation contributes more than 20 percent to the economic growth of Africa. By the end of 2014, a total of 3,000 Chinese enterprises had operated in Africa, providing direct investment of over $3 billion.The China Development Bank has created a special loan of $5 billion available for African small and medium-sized enterprises. As 85 percent of the employees in these enterprises are local, this means more jobs for local people. In Ethiopia, China has created more than 100,000 jobs.15 “Chinese Enterprises Create over 100,000 Jobs for Ethiopia in 20 Years,” Xinhua, December 12, 2017,http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-12/12/c_1122097649.htm. The urban light-rail company project financed by China in this country alone employs about 4,800 Ethiopians.16 Deborah Brautigam, “Five Myths about Chinese Investment in Africa.”

与常规光缆应用方案相比，预制光缆可大大降低甚至取消现场的光缆熔接及检测工作，实现工程施工时光缆连接“即插即用”，减少现场工作量，提高施工效率。故预制光缆设计选型时，应要求减少现场光缆熔接、安装及敷设工作设备，提高施工效率[10]。

In terms of trade, the import and export volume between the two sides continues to grow. In 2013 and 2014, the number was respectively US$210.25 billion and US$221.67 billion, both crossing the $200 billion threshold. In 2014, the trade volume had registered an around 74.5 percent increase from the 2010 level. In 2016, with the trade volume standing at US$149.2 billion, China became Africa’s No.1 trade partner for eight consecutive years.17 “China-Africa Trade Statistics in 2016,” Ministry of Commerce of China, February 22, 2017, http://xyf.mofcom.gov.cn/article/date/201702/20170202520439.shtml.

本文依据稀疏互质阵构造虚拟阵列模型，并对接收信号的协方差矩阵进行列向量化处理，重构出缺失的虚拟阵元响应，同时引入空域平滑技术，增大了阵列自由度，实现了多重信号角度的超分辨估计.通过仿真实验给出了本文算法与连续空域平滑算法和迭代内插检测算法在检测能力，分辨率，RMSE等方面的性能比较，并对三种算法的阵列自由度和复杂度进行了分析，表明了本文算法的优越性.

实际使用的机载SAR系统的载频为9.6 GHz，3个子带信号的带宽为1.2 GHz。根据以上设计的处理流程，利用实际飞行数据进行测试，测试主要包括单子带带内误差补偿前后成像结果对比，单子带误差补偿后成像结果与3个子带误差补偿后子带合成成像结果对比。一方面验证子带内幅度与相位误差和子带间误差提取方法的正确性，另一方面可以验证通过子带合成技术能够实现大带宽信号的收发，到达高分辨率成像的目的。

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and the concept regarding justice and interests stress that China regards noninterference into other countries’ internal affairs as the prerequisite of its relations with Africa. Over the years, one fundamental guideline of China’s diplomacy has been its respect for the independent choice of other countries on their own development paths and social systems, and provision of assistance without any political conditions attached. Although times have changed, the diplomatic tradition of China remains the same as it was at the founding of New China. In its relations with Africa, China consistently upholds the principles of sovereignty, equality and non-interference into other countries’ internal affairs, which have been written not only into the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence but also into the Eight Principles for Economic Aid and Technical Assistance to Other Countries.5 From December 14, 1963 to February 10, 1964, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited ten African countries of Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Ghana, Mali, Guinea, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia, putting forward the Five Principles Guiding China’s Relations with African and Arab Countries and the Eight Principles for Economic Aid and Technical Assistance to Other Countries. They remain the fundamental principles of China’s diplomacy toward Africa.In its assistance to Africa, President Xi has repeatedly stated that China will continue to provide due assistance for African development without attaching any political conditions.6 “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at the Julius Nyerere International Convention Center in Tanzania.” Foreign Minister Wang Yi also stresses that China’s cooperation with Africa will continue to follow the principle of non-interference, will not attach any political conditions to its assistance and will not impose its will on others.7 “Wang Yi: China Practices the Correct Concept Regarding Justice and Interests and Helps Sustainable Development of Africa,” Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, January 10, 2017, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/zt/1_1_2_1_2_1/t1429265.htm. This is in stark contrast to Western countries’ assistance to Africa, which is usually attached to some political conditions. Kenneth Kaunda, the founding father and first president of Zambia, once highly praised what China did to Africa as friend-to-friend support, and identified China as Africa’s all-weather friend. Ismaïl Omar Guelleh,President of Djibouti, also indicated that China’s assistance to Africa sought no advantage and was committed to Africa’s development, showing their sincere and deep friendship.8 “Outcomes of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Receive International Positive Response,”People’s Daily, July 21, 2012, p.4.

role in realizing the country’s peace, stability and development.22 China Institute of International Studies, Blue Paper on International Situation and China’s Diplomacy(2017), p.378. China has also lent support to the construction of an African standby force and a rapid reaction force. At the UN Leaders’ Summit on Peacekeeping in September 2015, President Xi announced China’s commitment to providing free military aid worthy of 100 million USD in total to the African Union, so as to support the establishment of the African Standby Force and the African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crisis.23 “Xi Jinping Attends and Addresses UN Leaders’ Summit on Peacekeeping,” September 29, 2015,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpdmgjxgsfwbcxlhgcl70znxlfh/t1304147.shtml. China also works together with Africa to enhance cooperation in the fields of personnel training, intelligence sharing and joint exercise and training, helping the African side increase its capacity in peacekeeping and coutering terrorism, piracy, smuggling and cross-border crimes. In 2013, China started to dispatch armed forces to Mali and South Sudan. By 2014, China had sent over 1,960 peacekeeping personnel, participating in seven of the nine missions in Africa. Among the permanent members of the UN Security Council, China sends the most troops to UN peacekeeping missions.24 Zhang Chun, “China’s Responsible Activities in Africa,” West Asia and Africa, No.5, 2014, p.50. By the end of 2017, China had dispatched 14 groups of peacekeeping forces to Africa. Currently, the Chinese peacekeepers are operating in seven African countries including Mali, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and conducting anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden.

The passenger train service of Mombasa-Nairobi Railway, the largest infrastructure project of Kenya since independence, was inaugurated on May 31, 2017. The 480km Chinese-built railway will link the country’s capital with the southeastern city of Mombasa, East Africa’s largest port.

In the cultural field, China has been expanding exchanges and cooperation with Africa. In recent years, the form of China’s cultural exchanges in Africa has become increasingly diversified. First, China helps African countries improve their human resources by conducting educational,cultural and technological cooperation, admitting African students to Chinese universities, providing training and establishing Confucius Institutes in Africa. Currently, there are 41,000 African students studying in China, among whom 7,800 have been awarded Chinese government scholarships.25 “Africa: A New Era of China-Africa Relations.” The curriculum of the Confucius Institutes in Africa have accommodated local features, designing courses in Chinese martial arts,calligraphy, paper-cutting, painting, film appreciation and traditional operas, and organizing activities during Chinese traditional holidays such as the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Second, China actively cultivates iconic projects such as the Chinese Culture Centers, the China-Africa Cultural Cooperation Partnership Program and the China-Africa People-to-People Friendship Action, organizes “national year” activities in African countries where condition permits, and encourages more Chinese to travel to Africa. The organization of South Africa Year in China in 2014 and the China Year in South Africa in 2015 is the first time that China and a single African nation mutually held a “country year.” With the surge of interest in foreign travel in China, the number of Chinese tourists to Africa has increased dramatically.According to report by the Tanzanian newspaper The Citizen, the number of Chinese travelling to Tanzania for business, conference and leisure in 2016 was 34,472, accounting for 2.7% of all foreign travelers to Tanzania.The average spending by Chinese tourists to the country per night is $541,topping visitors from any other country.26 “Average Spending of Chinese Tourists in Tanzania the Highest,” Forum on China-Africa Cooperation,December 25, 2017, http://www.focac.org/chn/zfgx/zfgxrwjl/t1521882.htm. Third, China organizes forums on China-Africa exchanges to strengthen understanding and cooperation between the two sides. During the China-Africa Public Diplomacy Forum held in Tanzania in August 2016, representatives from China and Africa had in-depth discussions on charitable exchanges and activities, as well as health and medical cooperation. In China, a number of interactive forums such as the China-Africa Think Tank Forum, the China-Africa Media Cooperation Forum and the China-Africa Youth Festival also contribute to cultural exchanges between China and the African continent.

Model for New Type of International Relations and Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China vows to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind.27 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era: Delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 18, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping’s_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf. The ideas and practices of China’s diplomacy in Africa are the best interpretation of promoting these two goals.

The Sino-African relations had a relatively high starting point from its inception. Since the late 1950s, China has established diplomatic relations with successive newly independent African countries. In 1996, a 21st century-oriented long-term stable China-Africa relationship of all-round cooperation was established between the two sides. At the Beijing summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2006, China and Africa jointly announced the establishment of a new type of strategic partnership.In 2015, the Johannesburg summit of the Forum upgraded the Sino-African relations to the level of comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership.“Comprehensive” refers to the scope of cooperation between the two sides,which encompasses not only traditional areas such as politics, economy and military but also includes culture, environmental protection, society and other emerging areas. “Strategic” refers to the level of cooperation,which means that the two sides cooperate at a higher level with consensus regarding the overall situation, core interests and future development trends. “Cooperative partnership” refers to the status of cooperation, which includes mutual coordination and support in terms of policy.28 Sun Jingxin and Lin Jianzhen, “Partnership Boosts Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics,” Contemporary World, No.10, 2015, pp. 34-37. Standing at the top within China’s global network of partnerships,29 Currently, there are five types of relationships within China’s global network of partnerships, namely cooperative partnership, comprehensive cooperative partnership, strategic partnership, comprehensive strategic partnership, and comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership. The types are defined according to the closeness of bilateral relations. the China-Africa Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership is a model as well as an experimental field in China’s effort to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

The fundamental principles of the new-type international relations include mutual respect, fairness and justice as well as win-win cooperation,with win-win cooperation at the core. In China’s Africa diplomacy, the principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” is the concrete reflection of mutual respect, and the concept regarding justice and interests is the realization of fairness and justice, while the interactions between China and Africa under the five pillars announced at the 2015 Johannesburg summit30 Chinese President Xi Jinping and then South African President Jacob Zuma, who co-chaired the Johannesburg summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, suggested that China and Africa further promote their relations on five pillars: in politics, the two sides should stick to equality and mutual trust; in the economic realm, they need to pursue win-win cooperation; in terms of civilization, they should learn from each other; on security, the two sides need to close ranks and help each other; on international affairs,two sides to cement unity and coordination and jointly defend their common interests. have brought tangible benefits.31 “China’s Growing Presence in Africa Wins Largely Positive Popular Reviews,” Afrobarometer,No.122, October 24, 2016, http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno122_perceptions_of_china_in_africa1.pdf. With highly compatible development strategies, needs for each other and respective advantages, win-win cooperation has become an important consensus between China and Africa. The international community, especially African countries, have spoken highly of China’s Africa policy. According to a 2016 report entitled “China’s Growing Presence in Africa Wins Largely Positive Popular Review” conducted by Afrobarometer after surveying 54,000 persons in 36 African countries, almost two-thirds (63%) of Africans say China’s influence is somewhat positive or very positive, while only 15% see it as somewhat or very negative. “I believe ordinary citizens have a positive sentiment because of the contribution China has made to Africa,” said Anyway Chingwete, the project manager of Afrobarometer.32 Sophie Morlin-Yron, “This Is What African Think of China,” CNN, November 6, 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/03/africa/what-africans-really-think -of-china. Peter Kagwanja, CEO of the Nairobi-based Pan African think-tank, the Africa Policy Institute, noted that unlike Western nations,China has exerted its influence in Africa through promotion of development and people-to-people interactions, and that there is a consensus between China and its African friends that win-win cooperation will be upheld forever.33 “Spotlight: China-Africa Ties Testify to New Type of International Relations,” Xinhua, December 1,2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/01/c_134872715.htm.“Through significant investments on the continent, China has contributed to the economic and social development of many countries in Africa,” said Tebogo Lefifi, Chief Representative of Brand South Africa in China.34 “Shared Vision: Chinese Cooperation Will Help Africa Achieve Agenda 2063,” Beijing Review,November 26, 2015, http://www.bjreview.com/Special_Reports?2015?Johannesburg_Summit_of_Forum_on_China_Africa_Cooperation/Opinions/201511/t20151126_800043406.html. According to research by Professor Calestous Juma from Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, “China’s engagement in Africa is not limited to trade in raw commodities. Many of the China-funded projects are designed to foster local manufacturing and regional trade.”35 Calestous Juma, “How Africa Is Shaping Its Relations with China,” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, April 11, 2016, http://www.belfercenter.org/publication/how-africa-shaping-its-relations-china-0. The French newspaper L’Humanité also commented that “the African continent allows China to demonstrate its well-known win-win strategy.” Some African scholars have pointed out that China is more committed to the improvement of Africa’s own capacity and synergizes its development closely with that of Africa, which makes the accusation of China’s alleged neo-colonialism groundless.36 Herbert Jauch, “Chinese Investments in Africa: Twenty-First Century Colonialism?” New Labor Forum, Vol.20, No.2, Spring 2011, pp.48-55.

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and the concept regarding justice and interests also mean that China will better perform the role of a responsible major power in its diplomacy with Africa.The role of a “responsible major power” has two implications. The first is the responsibility to speak out on behalf of the legitimate rights and reasonable demands of Africa, to support the African countries in pursuing their own development paths, to oppose attempts by Western nations to exploit and oppress Africa, and to strive to build a better development environment for African countries through the reform of unjust and unreasonable aspects in the international political and economic order. The second is to provide financial, technical and personnel support within China’s capability for the industrialization process of Africa, help African countries build infrastructure such as railways, roads, ports and power plants, address the bottlenecks restricting African development, and share China’s successful experience with African countries.

The ideas and practices of China’s diplomacy in Africa are the best interpretation of promoting the two goals of fostering a new type of international relations and building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Politically, China has been enhancing bilateral visits and multilateral cooperation. Both China and Africa stress the unique role of summit diplomacy to ensure positive interaction between the two sides from the top. In 2013 after he became President of China, Xi Jinping chose to pay his first state visit to Tanzania, South Africa and the Republic of Congo and attended the fifth BRICS summit held in Durban, South Africa. In 2015,President Xi joined other Asian and African leaders, including then President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and then Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab of Egypt at the activities commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Bandung Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia. In the same year, Xi attended the Johannesburg summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC), working together with African leaders to upgrade Sino-African relations to the level of comprehensive strategic partnership. Also in 2016 alone, Xi Jinping received visits by the heads of state of Egypt, Nigeria,Mozambique, Togo, the Republic of Congo, South Africa, Chad, Senegal,Zimbabwe, Gabon, Sierra Leone and Guinea.

China and Africa have always been a community with a shared future.37 “Full Text: China’s Second Africa Policy Paper.” The proposition of a community with a shared future for mankind has a profound connection with the development of Sino-African relations.38 Yun Sun, “Xi Jinping’s Africa Policy: The First Year.” During his visit to Africa in early 2013, which is the first overseas visit after taking office as Chinese President and illustrates China’s evolving priorities and strategies in the continent,Xi Jinping defined China-Africa relations as a “community with a shared future”featuring “common historical experience, common development objectives and common strategic interests.”39 “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at the Julius Nyerere International Convention Center in Tanzania.” Since then, President Xi has reiterated the notion of a “community with a shared future,” which then developed into the “community with a shared future for mankind” and became the core of China’s commitment to building a new type of international relations.40 Yang Jiemian, “Keeping on the New Chapter of Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics,” People’s Daily, April 14, 2016, p.7.

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The “community with a share future” sums up the traditional Sino-African friendship. With a common history of being invaded and oppressed and necessity of seeking a correct path of national development, China and Africa share consensus on many issues and support each other in the international community. Chairperson of the African Union Commission Dlamini Zuma highlighted the long-standing cooperation between Africa and China. “The African Union considers today an important milestone in the historical relationship between Africa and China. This strategic and unique relationship is an expression of a long, deep and enduring solidarity between Africa and China. It was built in the long walk of Africa’s struggles against colonialism and foreign domination, and Africa’s pursuit for selfdetermination, freedom, justice, peace and prosperity,” she underscored.41 “Africa and China Strategic Partnership Gets New Impetus with the Visit of China Premier to the AU Headquarters,” African Union, May 5, 2014, https://au.int/web/en/newsevents/20140505-0. In an interview with The Citizen, Ross Anthony, a Research Fellow at the Center for Chinese Studies at South Africa’s Stellenbosch University,noted that “As China and Africa have always been a community with a common destiny with similar historical experiences and values, as well as shared strategic interests and development tasks, the Chinese dream is also closely connected with the dream of the African countries.”42 “China Is not a Threat to Africa’s Growth: Scholar,” The Citizen, August 14, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/maganine/politicalreforms/China-is-not-a-threat-to-Africa-s-growth-scholar/-/1843776/1947656/-/5cjf6k/-/index.html. The idea of“community with a shared future” brings together the historical sentiments of Sino-African friendship with their concrete interests. It reaffirms their identification of values and becomes the spiritual bond of Sino-African relations in the new era.

In recent years, both China and Africa have enjoyed rapid development.They have formed a community of intertwined interests. China cannot realize sustainable development without Africa while Africa’s rejuvenation needs China. Within the framework of the community of interests featuring win-win cooperation, China is committed to the improvement of Africa’s own capacity and synergizes its development closely with that of Africa. The Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (BRF) held in Beijing in May 2017 was attended by presidents of several African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya. China has been actively promoting the Belt and Road Initiative as well as major documents regarding Africa’s development strategy, such as the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, the action plan for Accelerated Industrial Development for Africa, the Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa and the Africa Agenda 2063, and helping Africa build the “three networks” from land to sky, namely, the railway network, the road network and the regional aviation network,thereby pushing forward the process of African industrialization and economic integration.

The idea of “community with a shared future” brings together the historical sentiments of Sino-African friendship with their concrete interests. It reaffirms their identification of values and becomes the spiritual bond of Sino-African relations in the new era.

China and Africa also belong to a community of responsibility promoting the construction of a new international order in the interest of the vast number of developing countries. In recent years,China has taken a greater initiative as a responsible major country, assuming more responsibilities and making great efforts to contribute more to the world in the course of its own development. As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and representative of developing countries, China has a strategic claim and international obligation to promote the development of the international order in a more just and rational direction, in which process China needs Africa’s help. As the continent with the largest number of countries and fastest growth rate,Africa also desires to have its voice heard and take action on international affairs. In this regard, the moral support of China is essential. Meanwhile,in the face of an emerging trend of protectionism and anti-globalization,China and Africa need to deepen their cooperation and mutual support.The two sides shoulder a common responsibility in reforming the unjust and irrational old order and building an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world enjoying lasting peace, universal security and common prosperity.As Charles Onunaiju, Director of the Center for China Studies in Abuja,noted: “Africa and China share broad sentiments on the key issues of global peace, stability and global governance driven by the rule of law. The strategic partnership of Sino-African cooperation can therefore play an important role in pushing for a global framework that strives toward mainstream peace and development.”43 Charles Onunaiju, “Development Lessons,” Beijing Review, December 2015, http://www.bjreview.com/Special_Reports/2015/Johannesburg_Summit_of_Forum_on_China_Africa_Cooperation/Opinions/201511/t20151127_800043484.html.

As the largest developing country and the largest developing continent respectively, China and Africa, which in the past supported and helped each other in political, economic and security arenas, have formed a close community of interests and responsibility. In the new great cause of promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind,both China and Africa face a number of new challenges and problems. They still need mutual assistance and meet each other halfway.

Conclusion

The principle of “sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith” and the proper understanding of justice and interests reflect the historical legacy and value of China’s diplomacy toward Africa. They demonstrate the basic content of the major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,serving as an important guideline of China’s relations with Africa and becoming a banner of China’s diplomacy.44 “Wang Yi: Upholding Justice While Pursuing Shared Interests Is One Banner of China’s Diplomacy.” The related ideas have become key principles directing the relations between China and developing countries, and are reflected in the report delivered by President Xi Jinping at the 19th National Congress of the CPC. These new ideas and practices of China’s Africa diplomacy are of significant reference value to fostering a new type of international relations and building a community with a shared future for mankind in the new era. Meanwhile, the two missions will in turn facilitate the progress and upgrade of the ideas and practices in China’s Africa diplomacy, providing new and greater development opportunities for Sino-African relations.