Introduction

Liver cancer is considered to be a global health dilemma.Globally, it is the fifth most prevalent malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer related mortality1. In Egypt,liver cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second most common cancer in women, as declared by the National Population-Based Registry Program of Egypt 2008–20112. Hepatocarcinogenesis is considered a complex,slow, and progressive multistep process3.

（4）在钻孔期间，初始钻孔方式为小冲击力、缓慢钻进的方式；在钻进深度到达18cm后，可进行首次预裂孔倾角方位校正；在钻进深度到达1.8m时，可进行预裂孔倾角再次校核纠偏。一般来说，在预裂孔钻设期间，需要每更换一次钻杆进行一次校核。并采用线锤、角度尺对钻孔角度进行合理控制。在线锤工具应用期间，需要控制线锤尖端与方位点重合、线锤与钻孔中心线水平重合。

Huge efforts have been undertaken to achieve the early detection or prevention of this fatal cancer in an attempt to improve patient survival and quality of life. The identification of new accurate, valid and non-invasive serum proteins as diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) forms part of HCC research4.

Annexin A2 (ANXA2, annexin II), also known as placental anticoagulant protein IV and p36, is a member of the calcium and phospholipid-binding protein families. The protein,which is expressed in endothelial cells, macrophages,mononuclear cells, and several cancers exists as a monomer or heterotetramer5. The main biochemical characteristics of annexin A2 are the calcium-dependent association with phospholipids and an actin cytoskeleton. It is involved in endocytosis, exocytosis and cell polarization6, and is considered a cellular redox regulatory protein7, and interacts with tissue plasminogen activator and its substrate,plasminogen8. The aberrant expression of annexin A2 was found in several solid cancers, such as HCC9, lung10, breast11,gastric12, and colorectal cancer13. The overexpression of annexin A2 was also detected in hematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia14 and acute promyelocytic leukemia15. It regulates several steps in the carcinogenesis process, such as tumor cell to cell adhesion,growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis16. Annexin A2 prevents radiation-induced apoptosis17, and regulates immune responses18.

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) exist throughout the body and perform several key physiological functions.VGCC activation is mandatory for the release of neurotransmitters at synapses in the brain in addition to spinal and hormone secretion19. The α2/δ subunit is a transmembrane protein that forms glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol(GPI) anchored protein20, which can change the calcium channel function by increasing the rate and voltage dependent calcium channel gating21. The VGCC α2/δ subunit is a member of the α2/δ subunit family, which is encoded by CACNA2D1 and has five isoforms. The α2/δ subunit is as a functional hepatic cancer stem cell, a marker of tumor-initiating cells and controls calcium influx into liver tumor-initiating cells through L and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The overexpression of α2/δ was attributed to the increase of Ca2+ in Hep-11 cells, whereas the knockdown of α2/δ in Hep-12 cells contributed to a decrease of Ca2+. The α2/δ subunit upregulated the expression of the a1B, a1C, and a1F subunits. Moreover, α2/δ knockdown inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced apoptosis22,furthermore, is implicated in extracellular signaling23.

This work aimed to evaluate serum annexin A2 and voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α2/δ1 as potential new diagnostic biomarkers for HCC.

Patients and methods

Patients

This study is considered to represent a case-control study,which was conducted between February and October in 2016.Serum blood samples were collected and analyzed from 75 patients and from 15 apparently healthy volunteers who were classified into three groups.

Group I: 50 patients with HCC, who presented and were treated at the Oncology Center of Mansoura University,Mansoura, Egypt.

通过综合凝汽器-磁性过滤器、除氧器沉积物及蒸汽发生器泥渣量腐蚀产物的分析，认为该核电站现有状态下二回路腐蚀程度较轻，腐蚀状态控制良好。分析结果表明，核电站目前采用氨+联氨的AVT（R）参数控制范围及运行过程中的控制效果良好，满足现状态下，该核电站的水质运行要求。

Group II: 25 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and cirrhosis without any evidence of HCC, who were treated at the Outpatient Clinics of Specialized Medical Hospital,Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Group III: 15 apparently healthy volunteers comprise the normal control group; all were without histories of any medical disorder, acute or chronic liver diseases, and were sero-negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies.

The serum concentration for annexin A2 was determined by a commercially available ELISA kit (Mybiosource, catalog no: MBS 760680, USA).

没有任何犹豫，秦铁崖心意已决，代江云飞出征。若能获胜，算得上功成名就，一生无憾；倘若落败负伤，也没什么，正好告老还乡。捕头这项苦差，吃的是英雄饭，年纪大了谁都会力不从心。当然，秦铁崖并不老，正值壮年。

该地区处于内蒙古高原与华北平原的过渡带，是一个特殊的自然地理和经济区域，处于京津两大城市的上水上风区域，是京津的生态屏障。区域内，滦河、潮河和永定河三大水系贯通其中，是京津两地重要的水源涵养区，其生态环境状况直接影响着京津的水生态安全。同时，张承地区既是京津风沙的主要来源地之一，也是新疆、内蒙古风沙入侵京津的主要通道。该区域的贫困和生态环境问题突出，水土流失严重，水资源短缺。

The protocol of the study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy,Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. The study complied with the ethics principles of the 1964 declaration of Helsinki and all subsequent revisions in addition to the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice (GCP).

为了使工程测量实验室安全管理评价指标能够得到合理的量化处理，应根据各高校工程测量实验室的实际情况来确定安全管理的测度，以便确定安全管理中的重点管理因素.在工程测量实验室安全管理评价之前，假设任何事件发生的概率是相同的，则安全管理评价测度应均等划分.然而在实际的安全管理当中，测度越高，事件发生的概率越大，为了与实际情况相吻合，应提高最高等级的测度，并扩大取值范围，从而提高工程测量实验室安全管理评价的科学性和准确性.

Methods

All patients and the volunteers in the control group were subjected to full a clinical evaluation (clinical examination history collection). The laboratory investigations included complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), serum albumin, serum total bilirubin (T. Bil), viral markers (HCV-antibodies, HBs-antigen, and HIV-antibodies), serum creatinine, random blood sugar, and serum levels of alphafetoprotein (AFP), annexin A2, and the α2δ1 subunit. The radiological investigations included ultrasonography for all patients (group I, II) and the control group. Ultrasound studies were conducted to evaluate the liver portal vein and spleen. Ultrasonography was used for the initial detection of hepatic focal lesions, and triphasic computed tomography(CT) scans or dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to confirm the diagnosis of HCC in the presence of underlying cirrhosis. The diagnosis of HCC was in accordance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines version 1.201624.All patients in the enrolled groups were ＞ 18 years old,performance status (PS) ≤ 2 according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, performance status in addition to Child–Pugh classification A. Patients with other types of malignancy, pregnancy, advanced organ failure,active infection in addition to advanced medical comorbidity were excluded from the study.

陆军越是现代化、越是信息化，越要法治化。建设强大现代化新型陆军，离不开健全的法律、严明的纪律、正规的秩序，必须充分发挥法治的引导、推动、规范、保障作用，为建强陆军夯实法治根基。

Blood sample collection and storage

All blood samples were collected at time of diagnosis. Fasting blood samples (5 mL) were collected from all patients and control groups and divided into two portions. The first portion was collected within tubes containing ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and analyzed within 5 h. The second portion was collected in a Monovette without additives. This blood was left to clot for 20–30 min at 37°C, followed by centrifugation at 1700 rpm for 15 min to obtain the clear non-hemolyzed serum. When the analysis was not performed immediately, the samples were frozen and stored at 80°C until use.

Biochemical analysis parameters

Complete blood counts, liver function tests in the form of serum ALT, AST, GGT activities, and total bilirubin and albumin levels, prothrombin time and INR, serum creatinine, and random blood sugar levels were measured by using commercially available kits.

Viral markers (HBsAg, anti-HCV antibodies, and HIV antibodies) and serum AFP level was measured by using ELISA kits (Diametra, Italy).

All participants in the study have signed informed consent.

当前素质教育不断强调心理健康课程走进校园，为学生的健康成长保驾护航。然而，实际上开设心理健康课程的学校并不多。可以说，心理健康课程还没有在小学得到普及性的发展。纵使有些学校设有专门的心理健康室，其出发点大都是为了应付检查，并没有应用于学生的实际教学中。对于开设了心理健康课程的学校来说，由于缺乏专门的心理教师，导致课程的教授也是以理论知识的教育方式进行的，机械化的教学方式并不能为学生的心理健康提供有效的帮助。

The serum concentration of the α2δ1 subunit was measured by using an ELISA kits (Mybiosource, catalog No.MBS 9330037, USA).

Statistical analysis

IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics version 20 (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, IL, USA) was used to compute the statistical analysis. A Chi-square test was used to estimate the relationship between the qualitative variables, which were presented as frequencies and percentages. The quantitative variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation or median percentile of the inter-quartile range (25th to 75th) for data that were not normally distributed (SD ＞ 25% of mean)and were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney test;comparison between two / all study groups was conducted by using the Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric ANOVA). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to identify the best cut-off values for annexin A2, the α2δ1 subunit, and AFP. P values of ＜ 0.05 and ＜ 0.01 were considered to represent significant and highly significant changes respectively.

Results

Group I comprised 50 patients with HCC (11 women and 39 men; 50–73 years old; mean age, 60.34 ± 6.19 years old), who had performance status ≤ 2, and Child- Pugh score A at the time of diagnosis. All patients developed HCC in addition to cirrhosis, which was related to chronic HCV infection and all patients were sero-negative for HBV and HIV antibodies.Fifteen patients (30%) had single hepatic focal lesions, 35 patients (70%) had multiple hepatic focal lesions. Sixteen patients (32%) had unilobar tumors, 34 patients (68%) had bilobar tumors, and portal vein thrombi were detected in 22 patients (44%). Twenty-nine patients (58%) had tumors ≤ 5 cm and 21 patients (42%) had tumors ＞ 5 cm. Metastasis was detected in 7 patients (14%).

When ROC calculation and analysis was used to study thepotential of annexin A2 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC at a cut-off ≥ 9.82 ng/mL, the area under the curve(AUC) was 0.606 and the P-value was 0.135. These values were not statistically significant for diagnosis and the diagnostic accuracy was 49% (Table 4, Figure 2).

Group III comprised 15 apparently healthy volunteers (4 women and 11 men, 20–36 years old, mean age, 26 ± 3.6 years old). All patients were sero-negative for HCV, HBV,and HIV antibodies, with normal clinical; laboratory, and radiological findings.

Western蛋白印迹结果（图4）显示，PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂NVP-BEZ235可显著抑制由PF-4708671所导致的p-AKT473活性增强（P＜0.01）。平板克隆结果（图5A-D）显示，与单用PF-4708671或NVP-BEZ235相比，两者联合处理后MDA-MB-436及A549细胞的克隆形成数显著降低（P＜0.01）。CCK8结果（图5E，F）表明，与正常对照组相比，单用PF-4708671及NVP-BEZ235均具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长的效果（P＜0.01），但2种抑制剂联用时，显著增强了抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用（P＜0.01），且两药联用存在协同作用（CI＜1）。

The patients in group I and group II experienced a significant decrease in the concentration of serum albumin and in platelet count compared with the group III, with a non-significant increase in serum albumin concentration and platelet count in group I compared with group III and a highly significant increase in serum was detected in group I and II in comparison with group III (Table 1).

In majority of patients, HCC has a high prevalence and dismal prognosis. The screening of high risk groups by serum AFP level and hepatic ultrasonography every 6 months is a common practice25. Despite this, AFP is usually not elevated in the early stages of HCC26. The updated American Association for Study of Liver Diseases guidelines no longer recommend the serum AFP level as part of the diagnostic procedure for HCC. AFP does not provide a sensitive or specific test for HCC and is elevated in some cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, metastasis to liver, and other non-malignant conditions24,26. This work revealed that an AFP of ＜ 400 ng/mL in approximately 21 of 50 (42%) of the patients with HCC and cirrhosis related to chronic HCV infection. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the serum AFP level clinicopathological features(age, sex, vascular invasion, or metastasis), except for tumor size. The serum AFP at the cut-off level of 418.5 ng/mL had asensitivity of 58%, a negative predictive value of 54%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 72%. These data were in agreement with the analysis performed on AFP levels in 309 pathologically confirmed patients with HCC, which showed that serum AFP was not a sensitive biomarker, especially in the early stages of HCC. This analysis contributed to the inconclusive correlation between AFP and many clinical pathological features in most studies with an arbitrarily chosen AFP cut-off in different populations and in different geographic areas26.

No significant difference was found in the serum levels of annexin A2 or the α2δ1 subunit and the clinicopathological features of patients with HCC with age, sex, tumor size,portal vein invasion, metastasis, Child Pugh score of 5 and 6,and performance status (1 and 2). For AFP, no statistical significance was found, except for tumor size (P = 0.02). The serum level of AFP was higher in larger tumors (Table 2).

Measurement of serum annexin A2 for HCC diagnosis

The serum levels of annexin A2 were significantly higher in group I (mean = 10.04 ng/mL) and group II (mean = 9.31 ng/mL) compared with group III (mean = 0.296 ng/mL) at P＜ 0.001. However, no significant difference was observed in the annexin A2 serum level between patients in group I and group II (Table 3, Figure 1).

对于LVQ神经网络而言，同样是在400个样本中选择300个进行网络训练，100个作为测试样本，输入依然是27维特征向量，输出为10个种类的文字，迭代次数设置1 000，学习率设置0.01，训练目标最小误差设置0.06，根据以上主要参数进行LVQ神经网络的构建、训练和识别。

Group II comprised 25 patients with cirrhosis (13 women and 12 men; 20–78 years old, mean age, 50 ± 13.23 years old). All patients were sero-positive for HCV antibodies and sero-negative for HBV and HIV infections.

Table 1 Laboratory parameters among groups

n: number of subjects in each group, IQR: interquartile range, SD: standard deviation, HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, WBCs: white blood cells, Hb: hemoglobin, PLT: platelets, INR: international normalized ratio, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase,T.Bil: total bilirubin, GGT: gama glutamyl transferase, KWχ2: Kruskal -Wallis test, F: One Way ANOVA test, $: significance against control group (P＜0.05), ＊: significance against cirrhotic group (P＜0.05)

Control (n=15) Cirrhosis (n=25) HCC (n=50) Test of significance WBCs (count × 103/μL)Mean ± SD 6.68±1.95 6.53±1.7 7.17±2.9 F=0.65 Range 4–10.3 3.64–9.1 2.54–17.03 Hb (g/dL)Mean ± SD 13.67±1.51 13.11±2.7 12.9±1.9 F=0.76 Range 10.4–15.9 6.69–15.7 8.23–15.8 PLT (count × 103/μL)Median (IQR) 196 (170–229) 142$ (113–204) 142.5$ (100.89–202.25) KWχ2=7.21 Range 152–239 14–335 32.86–455 PT (seconds)Mean ± SD 13.05±0.79 13.46±1.65 14.62$＊±1.97 F=6.6 Range 12–13.6 11.2–18.5 12–24.7 INR (seconds)Mean ± SD 1.14±0.11 1.11±14 1.24$＊±0.16 F=8.4 Range 1–1.38 0.93–1.48 1–2 ALT (U/L)Median (IQR) 37.0 (20–55) 40.22$ (28.44–78.5) 50.25$＊ (36.85–75.66) KWχ2=29.8 Range 10–80 13–155 15.12–178.61 AST (U/L)Median (IQR) 28.0 (21.0 -38.0) 48.0$ (28.15–69.5) 70.5$＊ (54.7–92.5) KWχ2=7.2 Range 17–48 21–138 22.6–222.3 Albumin (g/dL)Mean ± SD 4.48±0.28 4.04$±0.52 3.80$±0.64 F=8.49 Range 3.90–4.80 3.10–5.00 2.80–5.04 T.Bil (mg/dL)Mean ± SD 0.61±0.15 0.94$±0.33 1.28$±0.5 F=16.06 Range 0.40–0.90 0.60–1.70 0.45–2.68 GGT (U/L)Median (IQR) 14.0 (11.0–19.7) 33.6$ (17.2–62.5) 33.15$ (18.6–53.85) KWχ2=14.6 Range 7–27 5.50–110.8 6.30–121

Detection of serum α2δ1 subunit for HCC diagnosis

The serum level of the α2δ1 subunit was significantly higher with patients in group I (mean = 20.12 ng/mL) comparedwith the patients in group II (mean = 10.41 ng/mL, P ＜0.001) or the group I (mean = 10.2 ng/mL, P ＜ 0.001), (Table 3, Figure 1).

Table 2 Comparison among the annexin A2 (ng/mL), α2δ1 subunit (ng/mL) and AFP (ng/mL), as well as clinicopathological features of HCC

Data were presented as median in addition to IQR. AFP: alpha fetoprotein, ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Annexin A2 P α2δ1 subunit P AFP P Age, years 0.92 0.71 0.24 Up to 60 10.06±2.5 19.9±3.7 560 (29–1000)＞ 60 10±2.5 20.3±3.8 1000 (71–1000)Sex 0.87 0.37 0.43 Male 10.07±2.5 20.37±3.5 1000 (128–1000)Female 9.93±2.6 19.22±4.3 51 (14–1000)Hepatic lesions 0.46 0.66 0.92 Single 9.6±2.1 20.4±3.4 627.5 (33–1000)Multiple 10.2±2.6 19.9±3.8 960 (41–1000)Vascular invasion 0.59 0.23 0.73 Present 10.3±2.7 20.8±4.01 980 (24–1000)Absent 9.87±2.42 19.56±3.4 418 (48.5–1000)Tumor size, cm 0.82 0.62 0.02≤ 5 10.26±2.7 20.2± 3.7 53 (32–1000)＞ 5 9.9± 2.4 20± 3.74 1000 (258–1000)Metastasis 0.43 0.23 0.30 Yes 11.3±1.4 18.6±1.3 1000 (937.7–1000)No 9.83±2.6 20±3.6 493 (33–1000)Child score 0.66 0.26 0.99 5 10.19±2.2 19.5±3.5 787.8 (39–1000)6 9.8±2.8 20.7±3.8 743 (37.7–1000)ECOG PS score 0.23 0.23 0.7 1 10.5±2 19.3±3.3 560.2 (43.5–1000)2 9.6±2.7 20.6±3.9 1000 (30.5–1000)

When the ROC curve was applied to select the cut-off value, the data revealed that the serum level of the α2δ1 subunit at the cut-off value ≥ 14.22 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value (PPV)of 98%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. The AUC showed a high accuracy for the α2δ1 subunit (AUC =0.97) compared with AFP (AUC = 0.94) or annexin A2 (AUC= 0.606), as illustrated in (Table 4, Figure 2), so the serum level of α2δ1 subunit may be a novel diagnostic biomarker.

Discussion

Patients in group I and group II displayed a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, and GGT activities and total bilirubin concentration compared with group III, whereas no significant difference in serum GGT activity was observed in patients in group I compared with patients in group II(Table 1).

Table 3 Serum levels of annexin A, α2δ1 subunit and AFP in studied groups using ELISA tests

HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, IQR: interquartile range, compared using Mann-Whitney test, KWχ2: Kruskal-Wallis test, F: one way ANOVA test, n: number of subjects in each group, $: significance against control group (P＜0.05), ＊: significance against cirrhotic group(P＜0.05).

Item Control (n=15) Cirrhosis (n=25) HCC (n=50) Test of significance Annexin A (ng/mL)Mean ± SD 0.296 ± 0.09 9.31$ ± 1.8 10.04$ ± 2.5 F=127.23 Range 0.143–0.54 6.59–12.99 5.1–14.54 α2δ1 subunit (ng/mL)Mean ± SD 10.2 ± 2.98 10.41 ± 3.4 20.12$＊ ± 3.7 F=86.47 Range 6.69–15.52 7.06–23.76 14.87–28.38 AFP (ng/mL)Median (IQR) 0.84 (0.6–0.99) 4.49$ (2.35–9.1) 787$＊ (39–1000) KWχ2=57.3 Range 0.5–1.78 0.69–86.2 1–1000

Figure 1 Serum levels of annexin A2 (ng/mL) and α2δ1 subunit(ng/mL)(mean ± SD) in studied groups.

Figure 2 ROC curve comparing annexin A2, α2δ1 subunit and AFP in HCC patients.

Table 4 Diagnostic accuracy of annexin A2, α2δ1 subunit and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in HCC patients

HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, AUC: area under the curve, PPV: the value of positive predictive, NPV: the value of negative predictive.

Item AUC P Cut-off point Sensitivity(%)Specificity(%) PPV (%) NPV (%) Accuracy (%)Annexin A2 (ng/dL) 0.606 0.135 ≥ 9.82 58% 68% 78% 44% 49%α2δ1 subunit(ng/dL) 0.977 ＜0.001 ≥14.22 100.0 96.0 98.0 100.0 98.7 AFP (ng/dL) 0.942 ＜0.001 ≥418.5 58.0 100.0 100.0 54.3 72.0

This study found that the serum levels of annexin A2 were significantly elevated in patients with HCC and patients with cirrhosis compared with the normal control group at P ＜0.001; but no statistically significant difference was observed in serum annexin A2 levels between patients with HCC and patients with cirrhosis and no statistically significant correlation was found serum annexin A2 level and clinicopathological features, such as age, sex, tumor size,vascular invasion, or metastasis. These results were similar to those published by Liu et al.27 who concluded that neither serum nor tissue annexin A2 were useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of patients with HCC and cirrhosis, but may instead be a marker of liver cirrhosis. Moreover, Liu et al.27 found no significant correlation between the levels of either serum or tissue annexin A2 and the tumor characteristics. In addition, El-abd et al.28 and Ibrahim et al.29 found no significant correlations between the levels of serum or tissue annexin A2 and the tumor clinicopathological characteristics.However, El-abd et al.28, Ibrahim et al.29, and Shaker et al.30 found that serum levels of annexin A2 were significantly increased in patients with HCC compared with patients with chronic liver disease and the control group. No significant difference was detected between patient with chronic liver disease and the controls. This discrepancy from our results could be explained partly by the variability in the characteristics of included populations by Mohammad et al.31 who found that levels of annexin A2 protein and mRNA were rarely found in both normal and chronic hepatitis liver tissues, but were overexpressed at both the transcriptional and translational levels in malignant and nonmalignant cirrhotic regions of HCC. Zhang et al.32 who dynamically studied the proteins related to hepatic fibrogenesis in various stages (S0-1, S2, and S3-4) through plasma membrane proteomic technology, found that annexin A2 was highly elevated in S4 compared to that S0-1 and concluded that annexin A2 was a valid biomarker for noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. Elgezawy et al.33 also found that the serum annexin A2 level was significantly elevated in liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, early and late HCC,but was not elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis compared with the control group (P ＜ 0.01).

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the α2δ1 subunit of VGCC as a potential biomarker for HCC diagnosis. The results revealed that the serum level of the α2δ1 subunit was highly promising as a single, noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis and early detection of HCC, as it was significantly higher in patients with HCC compared to patients with cirrhosis and the normal control group (P ＜ 0.001), with 100% sensitivity, 96% specificity,98% PPV, and 100% NPV, 98.7% accuracy when the ROC curve was used to select the optimal cut-off point (14.22 ng/dL), and an AUC of 0.977.

No statistically significant correlation was found between the serum level of the α2δ1 subunit and the clinicopathological features of patients.

VGCCs are functionally activated in non-excitable cells,furthermore, they contribute to Ca2+ dependent signaling processes34. VGCCs are expressed in several cancers at both the gene and protein levels35, and are implicated in many of the hallmarks of cancer biology34, proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg36, which are: sustaining proliferative signaling pathways, escaping growth suppression, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, and finally,enabling the hallmarks of reprogramming energy metabolism and evading destruction by immune response36. L-type channel voltage-gated calcium channels have been found in lymphocytes, although their functional role is not determined37. Buchanan & McCloskey34 indicated the potential of repurposing calcium channel blockers for cancer therapy.

Zhao et al.22 identified the α2δ1 subunit as a functional liver tumor - initiating cell marker. The α2δ1 subunit plays a crucial role in cell adhesion/extracellular signaling, which is not clearly related to traditional calcium channel functions23.The eradication of hepatic cancer stem cells is a target for the improvement of the outcome of patients with HCC38.Although pregabalin and gabapentin are known to bind to both the α2δ1 and α2δ2 subunits, which are present in the central nervous system and neuronal tissues39; the exact mechanism of action is not completely clear, but they undergo negligible metabolism (＜ 1% of the dose). Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes40, but no studies have previously reported their role as a blocker for α2δ1 in liver cells.

Conclusions

This study introduced the serum level of a hepatic cancer stem cell marker, the α2δ1 subunit of VGCC, as a potential novel biomarker for HCC, but larger, well planned phase III studies are crucial to validate the accuracy of the serum level of the α2δ1 subunit for the diagnosis of HCC.

Our results also revealed that the serum level of annexin A2 might not be an appropriate biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC in the presence of underlying cirrhosis, as no statistically significant difference was detected between patients with HCC and those with cirrhosis, but it might play a role in progression of chronic liver disease.

Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.

References

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