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太空魔方—“提高清除太空垃圾意识”联合国国际日博物馆设计构想,外太空

更新时间:2016-07-05

1 概 述

时间回到2006年,朱文一工作室向时任联合国秘书长的科菲·安南提交了一份《关于建立联合国特别纪念日博物馆》的倡议书。倡议书的附件是朱文一工作室以意大利盖塔小城为基地完成的纪念联合国成立100周年联合国特别纪念日纪念馆构想。1

10年之后的2016年,联合国特别纪念日(Special Day)已经改成了联合国国际日(International Day),数量也从 60多个增加了1倍,达到130余个2。今天,“只有一个地球”是联合国一直关注的重大议题之一;而未来,地球外太空将成为人类加速发展的领域。尽管人类的太空探索仅半个多世纪,成功发射了一个又一个飞行器,但也制造了越来越多的太空碎片。过去几十年来有多起太空碎片导致卫星失联的报道3,而地球外太空也是唯一的,它是人类通往宇宙的必经之地。

朱文一工作室在2016年提出将每年12月31日设立为“提高清除太空碎片意识国际日”的倡议(图1),以警示人类在关注地球的同时,不能忽视地球外太空的存在,而消除太空碎片垃圾已经成为迫在眉睫的议题。

根据定义2中的关联关系、上文中的装配过程数据世系模型和式(25),可获取关键工序p对应工序任务pt的(Exc,TExc),(HJ,THJ),(ZJ,TZJ),(JJ,TJJ),(op,TB′,TE′)等信息,即为该工序的详细装检情况。同理,可获取该发动机所有装试序列中质量参数项q的实际值及q对应工序任务pt的(Exc,TExc),(HJ,THJ),(ZJ,TZJ),(JJ,TJJ),即为q的详细情况。

2016年,朱文一工作室受邀参加了由国际艺术基金会举办的2016威尼斯双年展“时间—空间—存在”建筑展,提交的作品“太空魔方”(图2)及其布展既完整呈现了提高清除太空垃圾意识的理念,又创造性地重释了“时间—空间—存在”的展览主题。

市政工程中的单项工程类目繁多,主要涉及道路、给排水、供电、供热和桥梁等,各单项工程之间又相互依存,相互影响,直接影响着城市的经济、政治及民生的发展。实际设计中,一般依照“先道路,后管线”的顺序,然后各个专业相对独立地完成设计工作。实际施工中,一般遵循“先地下,后地上,先深后浅”的原则,给排水管线相对埋深较大,不仅影响着整个工程的施工造价,还影响着投产使用后,居民能否稳定生活,如果布置不合理有可能对其他地下管线的施工造成一定程度的影响。因此,给排水管线对市政工程建设有着不可忽略的意义[1]。

魔方是一款广为流行的非重力玩具,由匈牙利布达佩斯建筑学院厄尔诺·鲁比克(Erno Rubik)教授于1974年发明。太空魔方利用魔方非重力转动的原理搜集太空碎片,“满目疮痍”之时即是其成为博物馆之日。下面从太空碎片、太空魔方、博物馆构想等方面来阐释太空魔方博物馆的创意。

图1 / Figure 1

2 太空碎片

太空碎片是指在地球外太空轨道上存在的无用人造物。自1957年前苏联发射第一颗人造卫星起,便有了太空碎片。截至2015年,人类在外太空制造的碎片垃圾超过4,500吨。随着太空碎片加速增加,碎片之间发生碰撞又产生更多的碎片,最终形成包围地球的、密不透气的碎片层。这种以美国学者名字命名的“凯斯勒效应”(Kessler Syndrome)4,将导致人类探索宇宙的步伐延缓甚至停止数千年。

根据专家研究得知,太空碎片按类型有火箭推进器、废弃的太空飞船、太空武器、遗失的工具以及碎片共5类。太空碎片按大小可以分为3种(图3):一是小于5mm的碎片,这类碎片无害;二是大于10cm的碎片,这类碎片大约有22,000片,由于可以被仪器监测到,因此可以抛掷器、电动力缆绳、空间网以及激光炮等多种方式搜集或清除;三是大于5mm且小于10cm的碎片,这类碎片大约有500,000片,由于无法被监测到而对航天器构成了极大的威胁。太空魔方构想了一种方式搜集和清除第三种太空碎片。

3 太空魔方

运用防弹衣的原理是否可以吸收和清除太空碎片?防弹衣可以吸纳高速运行的子弹(图4),可以将类似防弹衣一样的材料覆盖在有动力控制的太空飞行器外表,并以此来搜集和清除高速运行的太空碎片垃圾。作为太空碎片清道夫,它将在卫星发射之前先在预定轨道上搜集和清除太空碎片,保证卫星运行轨道无障碍(图5)。

飞行器外表的表面积越大,能搜集和清除的太空碎片就越多。有一种魔方,每一个面都显示出8个小方体,中央空出1个小方体的空间,连接和旋转结构藏在其中,其表面积远大于同样大小的方体。以这样的魔方为样板,可以设计由20个小方体构成的太空魔方,形成48个小方体面。也就是说,采用魔方原理制造的飞行器可以比同样大小的方体增加8倍表面积(图6)。通过类似魔方的圆形轨道系统连接,通过设置在中央的动力系统和控制室,20个小方体根据其所搜集和清除的碎片数量自由旋转(图7)。太空魔方的规模按照25m×25m×25m设计,则每一个小方体的尺寸是8m。在满足搜集和清除太空碎片的防弹材料厚度的基础上,可以设计内部为3m×3m×3m的生活和工作空间,航天员清道夫可以在其中控制太空魔方(图8)。

传统的装配式住宅施工技术需要大量的作业工人对原材料进行现场加工,费时费力,而混凝土装配式住宅施工技术不需要作业工人进行现场加工,因而节约了人力成本,提高了工作效率。因为采用预制构件,所以避免了作业工人现场作业时的危险,提高了作业的安全系数,有效地降低了对作业工人的医药费的支付。传统的技术所需工序复杂,需要非常有经验的作业人员进行现场掌控,而现在采用的技术简单易行,简化了很多工序,更利于操作,因此也避免出现多种错误,不用重新返工,不仅有效地保证了在工期内完成工程,还减少了因为操作不当而返工的成本。以前对原材料进行现场加工时需要各种机械设备的配合,在各种应用机械设备上的支出不容小觑。

图2 / Figure 2

图3 / Figure 3

图4 / Figure 4

4 博物馆构想

当太空魔方48个小方体防弹衣表皮“伤痕累累”之时,可以对它进行清理,取走可用之物,留下无用之碎片。这时,太空魔方就变成为一座飘浮在地球外太空的特殊博物馆—太空魔方博物馆(图8、图9)。未来的太空游客可以从外面观赏博物馆,欣赏其自动旋转的魔方姿态;也可以走进观察小方体表皮的弹坑及搜集到的碎片;还可以钻进其内部留宿,体验太空旅馆的感觉。当然,也可以回收一座太空魔方博物馆,将之放置在地球上。例如,可以在纽约曼哈顿联合国总部旁展示太空魔方(图10)。

皇家园林和私家园林受到帝王宫殿和私家宅邸所在位置的限制,而寺庙园林则随宗教的广泛传播,可灵活自由地选址。最初,佛寺多建于通都大邑,后来一些文人为了寻求精神上的解脱,深谷幽林成为理想的净土,佛寺开始进入高山深林,大多数寺庙园林选择了环境幽静、风景秀美的名山大川,这样的环境便影响着寺庙园林的发展。同时,由于进香游览人数的众多,又出于虔诚的宗教信仰,群众大多愿意倾囊施舍,这又从经济上大大促进了寺庙园林在全国众多的名山大川中得到开发,使得名山胜水和灿烂的园林文化荟萃在一起。因此,寺庙园林具有了适应最广大阶层游客观赏的景观内涵。

朱文一工作室所完成的太空魔方博物馆构想方案参加2016威尼斯双年展“时间—空间—存在”建筑展,并在威尼斯圣马可广场旁的莫拉宫展出(图11、图12)。

1)如图6a所示情况,掘进机轴线与隧道设计轴线共线,此时不需要纠偏,控制支撑油缸伸缩量相等,保持稳定的运行姿态。

注释和参考文献

Notes and References

1 参见朱文一, 黄鹤, 陈宇琳, 等. 盖塔—联合国特别纪念日纪念馆构想[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2006:124-125。其中,朱文一工作室给时任联合国秘书长科菲·安南(Kofi Annan)的信“在世界各地设立联合国特别纪念日博物馆的倡议书”(A Proposal for UN Special Days Museum All over the World)。

SH-SY5Y细胞培养在含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL氨苄青霉素及100 U/mL链霉素的DMEM培养基中,于37 ℃、5% CO2浓度下培养。细胞转染按照lipofectimineTM 2000说明书进行操作。

路越来越平坦宽阔。农人的灯亮起来,遥遥在望的城市灯火让一杭有种重新回家的亲切感。这时,迎面走过来三个青年男子。戴蛤蟆镜,穿牛仔裤。一个红头发,一个光头,另一个特征不明显。一杭本能地放慢脚步,与雪萤低着头并排前行,却能感觉到这一伙人正在观察他们。

3 例如,July 24,1996, Cerise (French Microsatellite); March 29,2006, Ekspress Am11 (Russian Satellite); January 22,2013, Blits (Russian Laser-Ranging Sat), etc.

高校校训文化和社会主义核心价值观都是中国特色社会主义文化的组成部分,从精神内涵和价值诉求上具有内在一致性,高校思想政治工作者要切实发挥校训的载体作用,构建校训精神融入社会主义核心价值观教育的有效路径。

4 参见 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler_syndrome。

图片来源

Figure Sources

文中图片均为朱文一工作室提供。

All figures are provided by ZHU Wenyi Atelier.

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

COSMIC RUBIK᾽S CUBE MUSEUM:A Proposal for UN International Day of Raising Awareness of Clearing Space Debris,Outer Space

According to academic studies, there are five types of the space debris: boosters, abandoned spacecraft,space weapons, lost tools and debris, and those can be classified into three categories according to their size(Figure 2) : First, there are debris smaller than 5mm that are harmless. Second, there are debris larger than 10cm. About 22,000 fragments of this type can be collected or removed in various ways such as by Collector Satellite Sling-Sat, Electro-Dynamic Tether,space net and laser brooms because those debris can be monitored by the instrument. There are also more than 500,000 fragments with size between 5mm and 10cm, and they cannot be monitored and pose a great threat to the spacecraft. The Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube envisioned a way to collect and remove the third category of space debris.

When the Space Cube 48 body bullet-proof veil gets“scarred”, you can clean it by taking away those useful elements, leaving useless fragments. At this point, it will become a special museum floating in outer space-Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube Museum (Figure 8,Figure 9). Of course, you can also reclaim a Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube, displayed next to the United Nations headquarters in Manhattan, New York (Figure 11).

Location: Outer Spase

科技企业孵化器业务运作模式研究——以绵阳市Z公司为例 ……………………………………………………… 杨 艳(6/22)

Time: 2/2016-11/2016

Client: Global Art Affairs Foundation, GAA

Program: Time-Space-Existance of the Venice Architecture Biennale 2016

Design Team

ZHUWENYI Atelier www.zhuwenyi.com

Chief Architect: ZHU Wenyi

Team Member: LIU Zhiqiang; LIANG Yingya; QIAN Yiyuan; SUN Haode; QI Jia; LI Tianying; LI Bojun

图5 / Figure 5

图6 / Figure 6

图7 / Figure 7

1 Introduction

油管修复工艺及质量现状研究………………………………………………………………………………于爱云,王玉鹏(1.11)

4 Museum Concept

Ten years later ( in 2016 ), the United Nations Special Day changed to the United Nations International Day (International Day), and such dates have been doubled in number from 60 to 130. Today, “There is only one Earth” is one of the major issues to which the United Nations has always been paying attention.In the future, outer space will become an area where human beings are developing. Although human space exploration has started for more than half a centure,and Spacecraft was successfully launched one after another, it has also produced more and more space debris. The number of space debris that has led to the

loss of satellites in the past few decades. Earth᾽s outer space is also unique. It is an area mankind can access to the universe. Here, Zhu Wenyi Atelier proposed to set December 31 of each year as the “International Day for Clearing up Space Debris” (Figure 1), to warn humans not to ignore the Earth’s outer space.

乾隆帝从皇宫至清漪园、惠山园,先后经过长河、凤凰墩、后溪河和万寿山。凤凰墩位于昆明湖南、绣漪桥北,仿无锡黄埠墩而建。乾隆帝南巡无锡时,由黄埠墩去寄畅园,走的便是水路。黄埠墩位于大运河中,乾隆帝乘船前往新开河,“埠墩西放一舟通”⑪,一路“轻棹沿寻曲水湾”⑫,至惠山东麓龙头下换轿入园。

In 2016, Zhu Wenyi Atelier was invited to attend the Venice Architecture Biennale 2016 “Time-Space-Existence” organized by the Global Art Affairs Foundation, GAA. The exhibition “Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube” and its installation, which was presented at the exhibition. This not only fully presents the concept of improving the awareness of cleaning space debris, but also reinterprets the exhibition theme of“time-space-existence” in a creative way.

Rubik᾽s Cube is a popular non-gravity toy invented by Hungarian architect Ernő Rubik. The Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube uses the principle of non-gravity rotation of the Rubik᾽s Cube to collect space debris.When it is “devastated”, it becomes the museum.

2 Space Debris

Space debris refers to the useless Man-made things that exist on outer space orbits. Since the first satellite was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, space debris was produced. Till 2015, more than 4,500 tons of Space debris had been produced by mankind in outer space. As space debris increases faster and faster, collisions between the fragments create more debris, eventually forming an airtight layer of debris that surrounds the Earth. This Kessler Syndrome,named after the NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler,will slow or even stop human exploration of the universe for thousands of years.

ZHU Wenyi

2 截至2018年2月,共有157个联合国国际日。参见 http://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/internationaldays/。

图8 / Figure 8

3 The Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube

Bulletproof vest can absorb high-speed bullets (Figure 3). Can the principle of bulletproof vest be used to absorb and remove space debris? The similar material as the bulletproof vest can be covered in a controlled spacecraft surface. As a space debris scavenger, it can collect and remove space debris on its orbit before a satellite is launched to ensure satellite orbital accessibility (Figure 4).

The larger the surface area of the space debris scavenger, the more space debris can be collected and removed. There is a kind of Rubik᾽s Cube with 8 small cubes on each side and 1 cuboid space in the center, hiding and connecting the swivel structure. Its surface area is much larger than the same size of the cube. As for this cube as a model, you can design a Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube composed of 20 small cubes,forming 48 cube facets. In other words, spacecraft manufactured according to Rubik᾽s cube principles can add eight times more surface areas than cuboids of the same size (Figure 6). The 20 small cubes are connected by a circular system of similar Rubik᾽s Cube, rotating freely according to the number of debris they collect and remove through the central power system and control room (Figure 6). The size of the Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube is 25 m×25 m×25 m with 8 m×8 m×8 m small cubes. On the basis of satisfying the requirement thickness of the bullet-proof material which is need to collecte and cleare from space debris, it is possible to design a living and working space of 3 m×3 m×3 m inside. The Astronaut Scavenger can control the Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube in it (Figure 7).

Back in 2006, Zhu Wenyi Atelier submitted a “Proposal on the Establishment of the UN Special Days Museum” to the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.In this proposal, Zhu Wenyi Atelier completed the conceptual design of the UN Special Days Museum based on the small town of Gaeta, Italy for commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations.

Facts

Space tourists can watch the museum from the outside, and enjoy the automatic rotation of the Rubik᾽s Cube. They can also observe the body craters and collected debris; they can even stay inside, experience the space hotel.

书法不象其他艺术形式具有提示、象征具体客观生活和自然本质的能力,它只运用了艺术表现介质的基底的形式——线条,所谓一之画。因此,它所表现的也应是生活基底的形式——人类灵魂基底的形式——时空情绪。或者说,作为人类生活、灵魂的基底形式的时空情绪如用基底的艺术形式线条表现出来就是书法。作为生命的自由境界,时空情绪是个体和类的栖身之所,是灵魂、心性自由生存之所。在这个意义上说,书法是人类生存状态基底的展示形式,也是最原始、最高级、最一般、最单纯、最充分、最自由的展示形式。

Zhu Wenyi Atelier initiated the “International Day of Raising Awareness of Clearing Space Debris”and proposed the conceptual design of the Cosmic Rubik᾽s Cube Museum. They were presented at the“Space-Space-Existence” exhibition of 2016 Venice Biennale in Palazzo Mora, Venice (Figure 12).

朱文一
《城市设计》 2018年第1期
《城市设计》2018年第1期文献

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