1 Introduction

Light hydrocarbon,a significant part of petroleum and natural gas,contains considerable geological-geochemical information,and thus plays an important role in the study of hydrocarbon accumulation.Schaefer and Leythaeuser(1980)used capillary columns gas chromatography to analyze hydrocarbons(C2–C8).Light hydrocarbons have received increasing attention as biomarkers for geochemical application.Light hydrocarbon parameters,such as heptane value,paraffin index,and methylcyclohexane(MCyC6)index,may indicate original source,thermal maturity,and various secondary processes(Thompson 1979;Snowdon and Powell 1982;Mango 1987;George et al.2002).Due to conventional chromatographic analysis of saturated hydrocarbons(starting with C13 hydrocarbons),light hydrocarbons are generally defined as between C4 and C12.However,scholars have used various definitions.Cheng et al.(1987)mainly analyzed composition of C1–C8 compounds,proposing an exponential relationship between paraffin index and heptane value.Dai(1993)suggested that light hydrocarbon refers to C5–C10,with boiling points below 200°C.Thompson(1987)investigated the compositional regularities among isomeric groups of light hydrocarbons(C2–C8 compounds).A light hydrocarbon definition of C1–C9 was used to explore their origin by Mango(1997);Odden(1999)extended the range to C13 to study the natural and artificial generation of light hydrocarbons.

综合组:男11例,女8例;年龄20-66岁,平均(41.53±3.30)岁;病程1个月-6年,均值(3.64±0.67)年。

Some variations notwithstanding,the study of light hydrocarbon has focused on C1–C8 compounds.Light hydrocarbon analysis provides a host of invaluable information including maturity effect,biodegradation,and evaporation fractionation.Thompson(1983,1987)and Mango(1990a,b,1994)have reported on possible mechanisms controlling the composition of light hydrocarbons in petroleum;studies of molecular composition and distribution characteristics of light hydrocarbon have been successfully applied to genetic types and oil maturity evaluation.

近年来，随着政府对秸秆还田的大力推进，还田率逐年提高，2016年已达到65.56%，成为最主要的利用方式。然而，较高的还田率必然导致秸秆离田数量减少，从而使收集作为他用的秸秆量减少，限制秸秆综合利用行业发展。近年关于秸秆还田过量、发酵不充分而造成的病虫草害加剧、地下水污染等问题[10-12]的争议日益增多，秸秆还田量和还田技术的合理应用需重新审视[1]。在满足省对秸秆还田率要求的基础上，适当减少秸秆还田量，既是最大限度避免秸秆还田的负面效应，也是保障秸秆综合利用产业持续发展的必要基础。

Despite a relatively long history of oil exploration,the Lishu Fault Depression petroleum system remains comparatively under studied.Reports on the identification of source rocks(Zhang 2010),the dynamic evaluation of oil–gas resources(Zhang et al.2013b),and the distribution of saturated hydrocarbon(Chen 2012;Zeng et al.2014)have been published,but few papers evaluate the light hydrocarbons of crude oil within the system.Therefore,this study is focused on the distribution of light hydrocarbons,exploring thegeochemical characteristicsof organic matter input and thermal maturity of crude oil in the study area by C6–C8 compound composition.

The calculated temperature of oil generation from the Qinjiatun oilfield wasin the range of 118.1 to 130°C,with an average of 122.9°C,and corresponding Rc ranging from 0.78%to 0.92%,with an average of 0.83%.Similarly,the calculated temperature from the Qikeshu oilfield was 122.5 to 131.3 °C,with an average of 125.14 °C,and corresponding Rc of 0.83%to 0.93%,with an average of 0.86%(Fig.7).It can beinferred that thestudied crudeoils are at mature stage,with Qikeshu oils having a similar maturity to the Qinjiatun oils.

2 Geological background

The Songliao Basin in northeastern China is one of the largest continental petroliferous basins,with a total area of about 260,000 km2.Four major tectonic episodes in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic controlled the tectonic evolution and sedimentary filling of the basin(Li et al.2013;Zhang et al.2013a),which is divided into four structural belts including the central structural belt,northern slope belt,southeastern slope belt,and Sangshutaisag belt.The Lishu Fault Depression is a faulted basin with abundant oil and gas resources in the southeastern uplift of the Songliao Basin,regarded as an oil-bearing system.The Qinjiatun Oilfield is located in the Qinjiatun structure,situated in the eastern slope of the southeast uplift of the Songliao Basin(Fig.1),and its main source strata are the Quantou and Denglouku Formations.The most advantageous source rock is the dark mudstone in the Shahezi and Yingcheng Formations.Based on oil-source rock correlation,Chen(2012)reported that the biomarker fingerprints of the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oils resemble source rocks from the Shahezi and Yingcheng Formations with vitrinite reflectances(Ro)ranging from 0.7%to 2.0%.The Shahezi oil–gas reservoir in the Qikeshu oilfield is located at the edge of the central uplift belt in the southern part of the Songliao Basin,adjacent to the western Shiwu oilfield and eastern Qinjiatun oilfield.The main reservoirs in the Qikeshu oilfield are the Shahezi and Yingcheng Formations.The Qikeshu oilfield mainly developed in fan deltaic facies in the upper Shahezi Formation,with a lithology of fine sandstone and siltstone.The reservoir of the Yingcheng Formation is mainly located in the first and third sections,and the sand body was deposited in a braided river system.

3 Experimental methods

3.1 Samples

A suite of 27 crude oils was collected from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression,of which 22 were derived from the Qinjiatun oilfield,and five from the Qikeshu.The Qinjiatun oils were selected from the Quantou,Denglouku,and Shahezi Formations,while the Qikeshu oils were exclusively from the Shahezi.Gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC and GC–MS,respectively)were used for the analysis of oil samples in this study.A summary of well distribution in the study area is presented in Fig.2.

3.2 Gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

记者还了解到，由于政府控制化肥用量，提倡有机肥替代化肥，如今安徽省化肥使用总量已连续3年下降，控制化肥用量也同时成为厂家化肥销量下降的重要原因之一。10月中下旬，新一轮备肥开始，伴随着农业需求的增加，化肥销量和价格上涨也在情理之中。但是，安徽地区部分经销商表示，如果化肥价格一直趋高不降，有价无市、旺季不旺的现状对化肥市场的健康发展未必是一件好事。

As shown in Fig.4,C7 compositions in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields are generally similar,and thecontentsof DMCyC5 arerelatively low.Thecontentsof n C7 and MCyC6 in oils from the Qinjiatun oilfield are less than 40%and more than 50%,respectively.On the whole,the light hydrocarbon compositions indicate that the oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields may have the characteristics of a dual input from aquatic organisms and terrigenous plants.Moreover,the Qinjiatun oils contain higher terrestrial organic matter input,consistent with the analysis of C6–C8 n-alkanes,isoalkanes,and cycloalkanes.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Physical properties

The oil samples in the study area were mainly black,though some were yellow.The crude oils had density ranging from 0.83 to 0.90 g/cm3 and wax contents between 19.1%and 39.56%,classifying them as high-wax crude oils.Sample viscosities were concentrated in the range of 6.26–24.77 mPa s(50 °C),with freezing points between 11 and 24°C.The sulfur contents were mostly below 0.1%,classifying the samples as low sulfur crude oils.

Fig.1 Location of the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression of the Songliao Basin

Light hydrocarbons,referring to the easily volatile fractions,include C1–C8 hydrocarbonsin thisstudy.Owing to the volatility of C1–C5 hydrocarbons at normal ground temperatures,C6–C8 compounds were analyzed to study the geochemical characteristics of crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in combination with higher molecular weight hydrocarbon based parameters.

4.2 Source of the light hydrocarbon fraction

Fig.2 Distribution of oil samples from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression

Fig.3 Triangular diagram of C6–C8 n-alkanes,isoalkanes,and cycloalkanes in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

Owing to different thermal stability and organic matter input,crude oils from different sedimentary sets contain various light hydrocarbon composition and relative contents.Light hydrocarbon composition can be used to determine the type of crude oils.Isoalkanes and cycloalkanes of C6–C8 hydrocarbons are delineated in Fig.3.Some Qinjiatun and Qikeshu samples coincide,indicating that some crude oils from the two oilfields contain similar geochemical characteristics.However,samples from the Qinjiatun oilfields were characterized by abundant cycloalkanes in the range of 30.09%–53.57%,with n-alkanes ranging from 15.24%to 42.26%,whereas Qikeshu oilfield samples had higher abundances of nalkanes(ranging from 39.04%to 45.26%).Leythaeuser et al.(1983)reported that light hydrocarbons derived from sapropelic kerogen are rich in n-alkanes,while light hydrocarbon fractions derived from humic kerogen are rich in isoalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.In addition,terrestrial source matter is also characterized by abundant cycloalkanes.This suggests that the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields may contain terrestrial organic matter.

In addition,light hydrocarbon based parameters(Table 1)can be used to determine the source of crude oils in the study area.

In this study,C7 light hydrocarbons include n-heptane(n C7),MCyC6,and dimethylcyclopentane(DMCyC5).Different compositions of C7 compounds often indicate different original source input as reported by Peters et al.(2005).In general,n C7 is mainly derived from algae and bacterial lipids,is very sensitive to maturation,and could act as a good maturity index.MCyC6 mainly comes from the lignin,cellulose,and carbohydrate of higher plants;contains relatively stable thermodynamic properties;and could act as a good indicator of original source input.In addition,its prominent existence is one of the characteristics of light hydrocarbon in coal-type gas.DMCyC5 is mainly derived from the lipid compounds of aquatic organisms and is affected by maturation.Moreover,its existence is one of the characteristics of light hydrocarbon in oil-type gas.The relative compositions of n C7,MCyC6,and DMCyC5 can be used to differentiate crude oils from various sources.

GC–MS was carried out with a HP 5973 mass spectrometer,coupled to a HP 6890 GC equipped with a HP-5MSfused silica capillary column(30 m×0.25 mm i.d.,film thicknesses 0.25μm).GC was programmed to start at 50 °Cfor 1 min,increase to 100 °Cat arate of 20 °C/min,and from 100 to 310 °C at a rate of 3 °C/min with a final hold of 18 min.Helium was used as the carrier gas with a rate of 1.0 mL/min and the ionization source operated at 70 eV.Saturated hydrocarbons were analyzed using GC–MS in full scan mode.

Hu et al.(1990)presented a formula to differentiate depositional environment and original source of hydrocarbon generation.The formula for calculating a MCyC6 index of studied samples is MCH=(MCyC6×100%)/(MCyC6+n C7+DMCyC5).It is proposed that MCH less than 35%suggests a semi-deep to deep lake facies,MCH in the range of 35%–50%indicates a shallow to semi-deep lake facies,MCH from 50%to 65%suggests shore to shallow lake facies,and MCH more than 65%indicatesa variety of swamp facies.MCH was also used to determine the different types of crude oilsand successfully establish three categories:marine,lacustrine,and coal-type oils(Zhang et al.1999).Based on the standard by Hu et al.(1990),the source rocks of crude oils of the Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields were deposited in shallow to semi-deep lake and shore to shallow lake facies,respectively.

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On the classification and genesis of light hydrocarbons in crude oil,the Thompson and Mango theories are the most cited (Thompson 1979,1983,1987;Mango 1987,1990a,b,1994,1997).Mango studied 2258 crudeoil samples from all over the world(mainly North America)and found that four different heptane compounds contained an interesting variation.Mango(1987)first reported the relative ratio of K1=(2-MH+2,3-DMP)/(3-MH+2,4-DMP)remains invariant.It was suggested that K1 could be used to determinewhether crudeoilsand sourcerockshave a common origin.Figure 5 shows that K1 values of Qinjiatun–Qikeshu crude oils oilfields are in the range of 0.72–1.40,but the majority are around 1.0,indicating similar organic matter input and uniform depositional conditions.

国内许多学者研究表明，使用语法隐喻可以更加有效地实现科技英语这类文本的文体特征。这种相互转化使得语言描述客观化，符合动物学科语言的行文简练正式、陈述客观、结构严密的文体特征。例如，

GC was performed with a 6890 N equipped with a HPPONA fused silica capillary column(50 m×0.20 mm i.d.,film thicknesses0.3μm).GCwasprogrammed to start at 300°C,with the program initially holding 10 min at 35 °C,then increasing from 35 to 300 °Cat a rate of 4 °C/min,and with a final hold of 50 min.Helium was used as the carrier gas at a rate of 1.0 mL/min.

Table 1 Hydrocarbon parameters of crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

Oilfield Well Depth(m) Formation Heptane(%) Isoheptane(%) C7 composition(%)n C7(%) MCyC6(%) DMCyC5(%)Qikeshu SW8 1927.56–1942.7 Shahezi 25.76 1.48 12.44 44.43 43.13 SW8-1 1865.6–1867 Shahezi 28.31 1.41 12.77 44.58 42.65 SW8-2 1962.8–2000.3 Shahezi 28.80 1.40 12.98 43.46 43.56 SW9 2282.18–2295.08 Shahezi 0.00 0.00 4.29 51.20 44.50 SW11 2595.2–2613.6 Shahezi 31.93 2.82 8.53 43.41 48.06 Qinjiatun QK1-2 1127–1168.8 Quantou 31.67 2.70 11.11 43.65 45.23 QK121-1 1001.3–1060.4 Quantou 17.32 1.73 12.94 63.08 23.98 QK121-4 1024–1109.5 Quantou 22.05 1.35 11.84 60.25 27.91 QK121-6 1069–1088 Quantou 11.42 1.93 14.69 68.42 16.90 QK121-7 1009.4–1235 Quantou 14.95 1.88 12.79 66.39 20.82 QK122-12 1008.8–1026.5 Quantou 36.52 2.71 10.43 39.45 50.12 QK122-14 1013.8–1026 Quantou 34.65 2.46 10.29 42.67 47.04 QK122-16 1003.6–1013 Quantou 36.20 2.79 10.49 39.58 49.93 QK122-20 1011–1023 Quantou 36.04 2.71 10.57 49.65 39.78 QK122-21 1062.9–1067.9 Quantou 16.39 1.62 16.42 60.47 23.12 QK122-8 1015–1023.5 Quantou 14.43 1.73 15.91 63.74 20.35 QK142-20 1016.2–1033 Quantou 31.90 2.33 10.77 44.95 44.29 QK142-3 1130–1144 Quantou 31.67 2.36 10.83 44.11 45.06 QK142-4 1053.4–1055.2 Quantou 31.60 2.34 11.14 43.89 44.98 QK142-7 1132–1065 Quantou 5.65 1.57 17.21 74.61 8.19 QK142-8 953–995.7 Quantou 31.96 2.32 10.49 44.87 44.65 QK5-13 1439–1447 Quantou 26.88 1.75 13.51 50.56 35.93 QK1-3 1448.6–1467.6 Denglouku 21.38 1.92 14.91 54.72 30.37 QK3-1 1441.2–1446.6 Denglouku 22.57 1.80 14.04 54.87 31.09 SN107A 1331.8–1338.2 Denglouku 28.74 2.20 8.84 52.90 38.26 QK143-1 1410–1433.4 Denglouku 32.09 2.58 10.21 43.90 45.89 QK21 1906.6–1926.6 Shahezi 21.03 2.14 11.63 58.88 29.49

Fig.4 Triangular diagram of C7 light hydrocarbons in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

Plots of 20S/(20S+20R)versusαββ/(ααα + αββ)for the C29 steranes are particularly effective in describing the thermal maturity of crude oils.Figure 8 shows the correlation of thermal maturity parameters based on apparent isomerization of asymmetric centers in the C29 steranes for the oils generated from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields.20S/(20S+20R)of the crude oils was between 0.48 and 0.60,with an average valueof 0.52.αββ/(ααα + αββ)was in the range of 0.35–0.54,with an average value of 0.4.Figure 8 suggests Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilsare mature-stage,supporting the previous discussion based on light hydrocarbon parameters.

Selected geochemical results of the 26 oils are depicted Fig.6.The relativedistribution of C27,C28,and C29 regular steranes is represented in the form of a ternary diagram to show the original source of oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields.Source input of organic matter undoubtedly has a strong influence on the sterane distribution of rock extracts and oils although there has been considerable debate as to the environmental significance of the distribution.The original classification of Huang and Meinschein(1979)related C27 steranes to strong algal influenceand C29 to strong higher plant influence.Figure 6 suggests a close genetic relationship between the Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oils and agrees with the geochemical characteristics determined by other biomarkers(Zeng et al.2014).

Fig.5 K1 values in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

Fig.6 Relationship between sterane compositions,source input,and depositional environment for crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields(from Huang and Meinschein 1979)

4.3 Maturity of crude oils based on light hydrocarbons

Light hydrocarbon based parameterssuch asheptane value and isoheptane value were applied to determine the maturity of crudeoilsfrom the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields.Thompson(1983)used plots of heptane versus isoheptane ratios as indicators of source,thermal maturity,and biodegradation.According to the different datasets in the plots,oils with heptane ratios from 18 to 22,22 to 30,and＞30 were called normal,mature,and supermature,respectively.Philippi(1975)found that the degree of alkylation of light hydrocarbon increased with increasing maturity when studying the California basin.Thompson(1987,1988)described evaporation fraction to account for certain-hydrocarbon distributions.

Generally speaking,the values of heptane and isoheptane are not only controlled by maturity,but also influenced by the original material type.Under the same maturity condition,heptane values of the oils generated from the sapropelic type kerogen are higher than those from the humic type kerogen.In addition,secondary alteration such as biodegradation and water washing could also change the heptane value.Heptane and isoheptane ratios could be used to define broad oil classifications.Because the parameters have such a strong source influence,their use in defining thermal maturity is limited to homogeneous suites of oils that did not experience significant reservoir fractionation or alteration.

Based on Mango’s light hydrocarbon parameters(1994),Bement et al.(1995)proposed that the ratio of 2,4-dimethylpentane to 2,3-dimethylpentane(2,4-DMP/2,3-DMP)can effectively reflect the oil generation temperature.Furthermore,the formula calculating the maximum temperature is Tmax=140+15×ln(2,4-DMP/2,3-DMP),and the maximum temperature can be converted into the corresponding vitrinite reflectance,Rc=0.0123×Tmax-0.6764.This calculation method of thermal maturity is almost unaffected by secondary alteration such as evaporation fractionation and biodegradation,resulting in a good correspondence with increasing maturity.

The heptane and isoheptane contents of crude oils from the Qinjiatun oilfield were mainly distributed between 11.42%and 36.52%,and 1.35%and 2.79%,respectively.The sample from well QK142-7 had a lower value of heptanes with 5.75%.The heptane and isoheptane contents of crude oils from the Qikeshu oilfield were mostly less than 30%and 1.5%,respectively.The crude oil from well SW11 contained the highest heptane and isoheptane,which indicates that this crude oil was generated at a relatively higher maturity stage.

Fig.7 Generated temperature of crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

Fig.8 Cross-plot of C29 20S/(20S+20R) and C29 αββ/(ααα + αββ)in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields

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Together,the distribution of MCyC6 index and K1 of crude oils in the study area indicates that the source rocks of crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields were mainly deposited in a shallow lake.

5 Conclusions

Geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbon in crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields were studied in combination with high molecular weight hydrocarbons.The results indicate that the crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields contain higher contents of cycloalkanes and n-alkanes than isoalkanes of C6–C8 light hydrocarbon compounds.In addition,n C7 contents in the crude oils were mostly lessthan 40%,and MCyC6 contentsmore than 50%,indicating the dual input of lower aquatic organisms and higher terrestrial plants.Moreover,K1 values near 1.0 serve as a good indicator of uniform sedimentary environment,which is consistent with the distribution of C27,C28,and C29 regular steranes.In combination with heptane and isoheptane values,maturity parameters of light hydrocarbons indicated Rc values in the range of 0.78%–0.92%,with an average value of 0.83%,indicating mature stage oils.This is supported by thermal maturity parameters based on C29 sterane isomerization.On the whole,the crude oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields originated from lacustrinesource rocks,at the mature stage,and had a dual organic matter input.

Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by the National Oil and Gas Major Project(Grant No.2016ZX05007001-002).We are grateful to the editor Binbin Wang and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments,suggestions and linguistic revisions of the manuscript.

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