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防治土壤污染 守护沃土良田

更新时间:2009-03-28

“日月丽乎天,百谷草木丽乎土”,土壤承载着人类与万物的生存繁衍。然而长期以来,经济社会快速发展,土壤污染却一直困扰我国。土壤本身的特性决定了其污染易、修复难,投入大、见效慢。可以预见,土壤污染防控必然是我国政府向污染“宣战”的重要一役,既是持久战又是攻坚战。

As the old saying goes that “the sun and the moon run in the sky and the plants grow in the soil”,it shows that soil carries the survival and reproduction of human beings and all things on earth.However,for a long time,with the rapid development of economy and society,the country is still haunted by soil pollution.Characteristics of the soil itself determine it easy to cause pollution and difficult to restore,which costs large input but is slow to take effect.It is foreseeable that the prevention and control of soil pollution will inevitably become an important campaign of the Chinese government to “declare war” against pollution.It will not only be a protracted war but also a tough fight.

对于严重污染的土壤修复进度缓慢

The process is slow to restore the heavily polluted soil

我国土壤环境状况总体不容乐观,耕地和工矿用地污染较为严重,污染物以重金属等无机物为主。根据《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》,从总体格局上看,全国土壤总超标率达16.1%;从污染物构成看,镉、镍、砷分别以7.0%、4.8%、2.7%的点位超标率成为最主要的污染物,滴滴涕、多环芳烃等污染物点位超标率也相对较高。随着资源能源消耗和人为活动强度的持续增加,土壤环境保护面临的压力持续增加。

China’s soil environmental conditions in general are not optimistic,arable land and industrial and mining land are heavily polluted and the pollutants are mainly the heavy metals and other inorganic substances.According to the Bulletin on National Soil Pollution Survey,it can be seen from the overall pattern that the total over-standard rate of soil in the country reached up to 16.1%.From the composition of pollutants,cadmium,nickel and arsenic became the major pollutants with the respective point over-standard rate of 7.0%,4.8% and 2.7%.In addition,the point over-standard rate of DDT,PAH and other pollutants were also relatively high.With the resources and energy consumption and the intensity of human activities continue to increase,soil environmental protection also faces the increasing pressure.

二是制度体系尚待完善,法治保障仍须加强。当前,我国的土壤污染法律体系还未建立,相关规定分散于其他环境污染法律法规中,法律缺位致使法律责任、主体等方面的认定存在难度,从而加大了有关土壤污染违法案件的处理难度;此外,目前我国较少采用经济手段,如引导市场行为的鼓励政策。美国在土壤污染的管理方面,以《环境应对、赔偿和责任综合法》为基础建立了超级基金场地管理制度,包括责任追究、修复响应和污染赔偿,有力地震慑了污染行为人,反过来起到了污染防治的效果。由于监管未实现完全的有法可依,加上各地土壤环境监测、监督执法、风险预警体系建设严重滞后,难以对土壤环境实施有效监控。

一是污染底数不清,现有数据较为粗糙。土壤污染的“家底”是所有防治工作的前提和基础。我国尚未建立起按照污染程度进行分类的农用地清单和污染地块清单,监管依据不足。尽管《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》公布了一些土壤污染检测数据,但是调查点位设置较为稀疏,数据难以准确代表土壤污染的分布和状况,部分地区甚至缺乏监测点位和人员配置。因此,亟须以农用地和重点行业的企业用地为重心开展土壤污染状况的详细测查。

Under the circumstance that the soil environment conditions are not optimistic,there is a long way to go for soil restoration.At present,soil restoration has received attention from the governments at all levels.Based on the 10-Chapter Soil Pollution Action Plan issued by the State Council,the local 10-Chapter Soil Pollution Action Plan has been published in 20 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities such as Fujian,Anhui and so on,which highlighted the local characteristics of the soil environment in addition to decomposition and refining of the national standard.For example,Heilongjiang and Jilin list the black soil as one of the governance emphases.However,the current soil restoration capacity in China is still subject to technical and financial constraints.When it comes to technology,unlike governance of air pollution and water pol-lution,soil restoration is time-consuming and labor-intensive,and the process is more complicated.Plus the diverse soil types and numerous receptor (organism,water,air,human body,etc.) types,so the soil restoration technology is also complex.At present,many soil restoration technologies in China are still at the laboratory level and there is no effective technical system at present,as a result of which the key equipment still need to rely on imports.With regard to funds,the current soil restoration funds rely on government departments and land developers,but it is difficult for polluting enterprises and other subjects causing soil pollution to provide sufficient funds due to unclear property rights,limited scale and other reasons,and the principle of “whoever causes pollution is responsible for its treatment” is implemented with difficulty and is hard to be pushed forward,resulting in China’s soil restoration capacity is difficult to gain rapid increase,still grim incremental pollution and common phenomenon of “toxic soil”.

防治土壤污染,完善制度先行。首先,结合“土十条”,加快土壤污染防治立法。坚持“保护优先、预防为主、防治结合”的方针和“分类、分区、分目标管理”的原则,建立符合中国国情的土壤污染防治体系。在防治体系中重点要设立公平合理的责任认定原则,并根据不同的法律责任主体规定相应的法律责任,谁污染,谁负责。其次,尽快修订《土壤环境质量标准》等相关标准。再次,创新监管模式,提升监管能力。

制度短板是重要的制约因素

System shortcomings restrict soil restoration

三是标准规范精细度低,技术体系亟待完善。现行的土壤环境标准不健全,使得目前土壤环境污染评价与分区都缺乏适当的依据。目前执行的《土壤环境质量标准》(1995)粗略且针对性弱,虽然2014年环保部发布了建设用地土壤环境调查、监测、评估、修复系列标准作为补充,但总体上看还存在诸多问题。一是土壤标准制定过于要求统一,并未充分考虑我国土壤类型复杂的现实情况,没有因地制宜;二是污染物项目较少,尤其是有机污染物种类偏少;三是重金属污染物指标虽注重总量控制,但土壤污染主要是由有效态构成,总量控制情况不能准确地反映土壤受到的实际影响;四是现行标准的制定未充分考虑土壤对生物受体的毒性效应。

“Pollution is visible while system is invisible”.At present,there are some gaps in the system in addition to technical difficulties for prevention and control of soil pollution,resulting in the bottleneck for enhancing prevention and control of soil pollution.Therefore,only by making up for the lack of system can we lead the way and escort for governance.

首先,提升种子的发芽率。过强光照对种子的萌发并不是百利而无一害的,适当的遮光促进种子发芽进程。针对部分品种的植物而言,种子发芽需要黑暗环境,故此降低光照对花卉生长也是一个有利条件。

Firstly,pollution is incomputable and the existing data is not accurate.To have a clear understanding of soil pollution is the prerequisite and basis for all prevention and control.Since China has not yet established the farmland list and polluted land list to be classified by degree of pollution,supervision basis is insufficient.Bulletin on National Soil Pollution Survey released some test data of soil pollution,but the survey point is set to be more sparse,making the data difficult to accurately reflect the distribution and status of soil pollution,and even lack monitoring points and staffing in some areas.Therefore,we are in the urgent need to carry out a detailed survey on soil pollution with the focus on farmland and land for enterprises in major industries.

Secondly,the system has yet to be improved and the law guarantee needs to be strengthened.At present,China’s soil pollution legal system has not yet been established,and relevant provisions are scattered in other environmental pollution laws and regulations.Legal system can prevent soil pollution violations,however,the current lack of legal absence makes it difficult for identifying legal responsibilities and subjects and so on,exacerbating the difficulty of dealing with cases in relation to soil pollution violations.At the same time,the law can also provide for the means of pollution control,and now less economic means is adopted in China,such as incentives to guide the market behavior.In the aspect of management of soil pollution,the United States has established a superfund site management system based on Environmental Response,Compensation and Responsibility Law,which includes accountability,restoration response and pollution compensation,serving as a strong deterrent to the polluters,which also becomes effective in pollution prevention and control in turn.In addition,due to legal basis is not fully realized,plus the seriously lagging soil environment monitoring,supervision and law enforcement and construction of risk early warning system in various places,it is difficult to exercise effective monitoring of soil environment within the area under administration.

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在土壤环境状况不容乐观的条件下,修复工作任重道远。当前,土壤修复已得到各级政府的重视,在国务院颁布“土十条”的基础上,福建、安徽等20个省区市已公布地方版“土十条”,在分解细化国家标准之外,突出地方土壤环境特色:如黑龙江、吉林将黑土地列为治理重点之一。然而,当前我国土壤修复能力仍然受到技术和资金的制约。技术方面,与大气污染和水污染治理不同,土壤修复耗时长、耗力大,处理过程更复杂,此外,土壤类型多样,受体(生物、水体、空气、人体等)类型众多,导致土壤修复技术也比较复杂。目前,我国不少土壤修复技术仍停留在实验室水平,尚没有形成行之有效的技术体系,关键设备仍须进口。资金方面,当前土壤修复资金主要依赖政府部门和土地开发商,而排污企业等造成土壤污染的主体由于产权不明、规模有限等原因难以提供足够的资金,“谁污染,谁治理”的原则并未得到有效遵从,致使我国土壤修复能力难以快速提高,增量污染问题依然严峻,“毒地”现象屡见不鲜。

内分泌功能检查多表现为正常。可完善血清肿瘤标记物甲胎蛋白的检测,但如甲胎蛋白位于正常范围,不能除外HCC的可能(如本组病例2)。

配方施肥区:测土配方复合肥(20-10-10)40 kg/亩。配方施肥无氮:过磷酸钙33.33 kg/亩,氯化钾6.66 kg/亩。配方施肥无磷:尿素17.39 kg/亩,氯化钾6.66 kg/亩。配方施肥无钾:尿素17.39 kg/亩,过磷酸钙33.33 kg/亩。

“看得见的污染,看不见的制度”。当前土壤污染防治除技术性障碍之外,还存在一些制度空白,这些空白成为提升土壤污染防治工作的瓶颈。只有弥补制度缺失,才能为治理开门引路、保驾护航。

Thirdly,the standard specification is not refined and the technical sys-tem needs to be improved.The existing soil environmental standard is not sound,making the current soil environmental pollution assessment and zoning lack appropriate basis.The existing Soil Environment Quality Standard (1995) is rough and less pertinent.Although the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued a series of standards for soil environment survey,monitoring,evaluation and restoration in construction land as a supplement,there are still many problems on the whole.First,too much emphasis is placed on establishment of soil standard and the reality of complex soil types in China is not fully taken into account,which fails to achieve adjusting measures to local conditions.Second,there are less pollutant projects,especially there are less types of organic pollutants.Third,heavy metal pollutant indicators focus on the total quantity control,but the soil pollution is mainly composed of the effective state,so the total quantity control cannot accurately reflect the actual impact of the soil.Fourth,establishment of the existing standard does not fully consider the toxic effect of soil on the biological receptors.

政策与市场双重助力

Soil restoration requires the double assistance of policy and market

其次,要加强网络空间力量建设。从世界形势上看,各国对网络空间安全越来越重视。在提高自身信息系统防御水平方面,多采取这样四条措施:成立国家级的谢天管理机构;加大投入;上文所说的加快立法;授权和扩大执法部门的监管;不断更新技术手段。此外,各国军队在维护网络安全中发挥的的作用越来越大。美国、日本、以色列、法国已经正式宣布开发进攻性武器,提高网络攻击能力。从发展趋势上看,未来陆、海、空、天每一个作战领域都将于网络连接在一起。因此,必须打造一支专业化联合型成建制的网络力量。

Firstly,system improvement shall go ahead for prevention and control of soil pollution.First of all,we must combine with the implementation of the 10-Chapter Soil Pollution Action Plan to speed up legislation for prevention and control of soil pollution.We shall adhere to the policy of“protection first,prevention orientation,prevention and treatment combination” and the principle of “classification,zoning,sub-target management” to establish the system for prevention and control of soil pollution that is in line with China’s national conditions.In the prevention and control system,we shall set up the principle of fair and reasonable responsibility,and stipulate the corresponding legal responsibility according to the different legal liability subjects,and practice the principle of “whoever causes the pollution shoulders the responsibility”.Second,we shall amend Soil Environment Quality Standard and other standards as soon as possible.Third,we shall bring new ideas to supervision mode to enhance supervision capacity.

制定市场规则,刺激修复活力。土壤修复要善于利用经济手段,重点在于制定市场规则、引导资源配置。在投融资、税收、补贴等方面,扶持跨区域、区域内环保设施统一规划、统一建设、统一运营,实现环保基础设施一体化管理。通过政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式,加大政府购买服务力度,带动更多社会资本参与污染协同治理。发挥政策性和开发性金融机构的引导作用,为跨区域、多介质协同治理的重大污染防治项目提供支持。

Secondly,we shall make market rules to stimulate the restoration vitality.Soil restoration also requires good at utilizing of economic means,focusing on the development of market rules to guide allocation of resources.When it comes to investment and financing,taxation and subsidies,we shall support the unified planning,construction and operation for environmental protection facilities in the region and achieve integrated management of environmental protection infrastructure.We shall increase government’s procurement of services through the government and social capital cooperation (PPP) mode to mobilize more social capital to participate in synergistic governance of the pollution.In addition,we shall play the guiding role of policy and development financial institutions to provide support for major pollution prevention and control projects for cross-regional and multi-media co-governance.

竞赛由学生全过程组织与实施,充分发挥学生的积极性,教师和企业嘉宾作为辅助角色配合学生。竞赛从开始筹备到最终结束历时两个月。

呼唤可实践、符合现状需求的新技术。我国污染土壤修复技术的研发应该为解决农田、工业场地、矿区及周边土壤污染以及生态敏感的湿地土壤污染等问题提供技术支持,这就要求研发出能应用于不同土壤类型与条件、不同土地利用方式和不同污染类型与程度的土壤修复技术。

Thirdly,we shall call for the practical new technology that is in line with the current needs.China’s research and development of polluted soil restoration technology shall provide technical support for solving problems such as soil pollution in farmland,soil pollution in industrial sites,soil pollution in mining areas and surroundings and soil pollution in ecologically sensitive wetland,which requires research and development to apply to different soil types and conditions,different soil utilization modes and the soil restoration technology with different pollution types and degrees.

 
吴平
《国际人才交流》 2018年第05期
《国际人才交流》2018年第05期文献

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