LIU Jianchao, a deputy to the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC), head of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Zhejiang Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection and director of the Supervisory Commission of Zhejiang Province, attracted considerable media attention during a plenary meeting of the Zhejiang delegation to discuss the draft Supervision Law on March 13 during the First Session of the 13th NPC.

这话让秀容川很意外，秀容兵是秀容月明统领的一支部队，军纪严明，骁勇善战，后来，秀容月明怨恨朝廷不给他升官，降了胡人。消息传出，举国震惊，十万秀容兵更是放声大哭。这蒋春猪若真是秀容兵，当大骂秀容月明才对，怎会称他为英雄？

Surrounded by journalists after the meeting, Liu,former spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that the draft covers almost all the reform practices adopted by Beijing and Zhejiang and Shanxi provinces in the pilot reform of the supervisory system implemented by the country over the past one and a half years, and strengthens the important knowledge and experience obtained during the process.

“The people oppose corruption most. Establishing supervisory commissions to perform duties in accordance with the Supervision Law will be the most effective way of fighting corruption,” said Liu.

Supervisory Bodies

In November 2016, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a document, arranging the establishment of supervisory commissions at various levels in Beijing, Shanxi and Zhejiang. Take Zhejiang for instance, according to Liu, under the leadership of Party committees at every level, supervisory commissions in the province act as special anti-graft bodies,performing uni fied decision-making and command responsibilities. This solves the problem of overlapping duties among the Party’s discipline inspection commissions, the administrative supervision departments and the procuratorates in the fight against corruption and the investigation of duty-related crimes.

Yang Xiaodu,China’s newlyelected director of the National Supervisory Commission, takes an oath of allegiance to the Constitution on March 18,at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress.

Zhejiang has transferred 1,889 posts to supervisory commissions from related anti-corruption,anti-misconduct, corruption prevention and dutyrelated crime prevention departments. Some 1,645 officials have already been transferred to supervisory commissions, expanding the discipline enforcement force on the frontlines and efficiently utilizing the resources available for fighting corruption. “This has effectively solved the problem of anti-graft duties being performed separately, where the system didn’t run smoothly and powers were dispersed,” Liu said.

Xu Rui, an NPC deputy from Jiangxi and party secretary of the CPC Ruijin Committee, was a ballot examiner while the NPC deputies voted for the draft amendment to the Constitution. He said that the fact that the supervisory commission section is included in the Constitution indicates that anti-graft work is advancing from Party discipline inspection and supervision to the state level, and supervision will cover everyone in the public sector.

Article 127 of the amended Constitution states that, “Supervisory commissions will independently exercise their power of supervision and will not be subject to interference by any administrative organ,public organization or individual.”

“We must meet the demand of the times and accept supervision on our own initiative, especially for those affairs concerning public interests. We must think more carefully, consult more and collect more opinions from the public in order to be open, transparent, and democratic, and conform to the law when carrying out work,” Ke said.

In Zeng’s view, the establishment of supervisory commissions prevents a situation where the government supervises itself. “In the past, the torch of supervision was partially in the hands of government,but now it will be shifted to supervisory commissions,changing the internal supervision of those in the public sector to external supervision. Thus the supervision will be more independent and rigorous,” Zeng said.

In the amendment to the Constitution recently adopted by the NPC, a section on supervisory commissions is included.Article 123 reads, “Supervisory commissions at all levels of the People’s Republic of China are the country’s supervisory organs.” This con firms the legal status of supervisory commissions as state organs. New supervisory commissions will share staff and offices with the Party’s discipline inspection agencies.

12月23日，“经协”正式成立，推选阎宝航为理事长，沙千里、杨修范、林大琪、罗叔章、胡子婴、王寅生、耿一民为理事，通过了章程和《对于当前经济问题之意见》。《意见》批判了国民党腐败的经济制度，并指出：为要解决当前经济问题，“必须政治上成立民主的联合政府，军事上保持全国各地之普遍和平，方克有济”。

In November 2017, the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC decided to spread the pilot reform of the supervisory system to the entire country. Xu said that as a county-level city, Ruijin must keep in line with the national reform. The city has already completed the work of transferring staff to the local supervisory commission.

Law on Supervision

President Xi Jinping once said that the fundamental way of improving the Party’s capability for selfpuri fication is to rely on the Party’s self-supervision as well as public supervision. Self-supervision is a worldwide challenge in the field of national governance, but the CPC is determined to be successful and achieve“peerless capability” to attain a clean government.

The Supervision Law of the People’s Republic of China is adopted at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress on March 20, 2018.Dong Ning

Zeng said the Supervision Law will be part of this“peerless capability,” and when the law is promulgated, China’s supervision work will de finitely broaden.“The Supervision Law is a national law on anti-corruption, widening the persons subject to supervision,gathering the scattered supervisory forces and making the supervisory institutions more authoritative,”said Zeng.

Ke Jianhua, an NPC deputy and Party Secretary of the CPC Guigan Community Committee of Lucheng District in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, said that as a community-level deputy, she is in favor of incorporating management team members from communitylevel organizations into the supervisory commissions as prescribed in the draft Supervision Law. “Classifying us ‘non-officials,’ as ‘officials’ in the eyes of ordinary people, subject to supervision shows that the country attaches great importance to and is responsible for community-level organizations, and this will, in effect, help supervise community-level governance,” Ke said. She added that this will deter all those performing public duties from illegal activity and will help protect community-level management teams.

此前一直被诟病的金融业脱实向虚问题，一方面反映了金融业偏重于体系内空转、陶醉于“钱生钱”的金融游戏、忽略了对社会客观金融需求的照顾；另一方面也表明实体经济面临困境，这显然也不利于金融业的可持续发展。

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Jia Yu, an NPC deputy and chief procurator of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Procuratorate, has participated in the reform of the supervisory system in the province. He said formulating a Supervision Law that incorporates all practices proved to be effective in the past will ensure that the reform of the supervisory system and supervision operates in a legal framework.According to Jia, since Zhejiang was selected as a province for the pilot reform program, procuratorates across the province have been supporting and cooperating with the effort. All institutions, functions and staff members of the province’s investigative departments in charge of duty-related crimes and corruption prevention have been transferred to supervisory commissions as planned.In the province, 1,645 staff members from procuratorates have been transferred to supervisory commissions,accounting for 15.4 percent of total staff members in the procuratorates.“They are the backbone in procuratorates and will play an important role in supervisory commissions at different levels in the province,” said Jia.

According to the Supervision Law, everyone in the public sector is under supervision, including civil servants, quasi-civil servants, persons engaged in public affairs in organizations with public management authorization, management team members in stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and public educational institutions, academic researchers, healthcare and sports professionals, management team members in community-level self-governance organizations, and others performing public duties in accordance with the law.

教学评价方式对于教学起到很重要的作用。文秋芳指出：“目前教学中普遍存在的问题是，教师对学生完成的口头表达任务评价空泛，对听众的表现置之不理;对学生完成的笔头表达任务过多注意语言形式上的简单错误，忽视语义表达的准确性和内容组织的逻辑性。”因此，教师对学生成绩的评定可采用教师评价、学生互评、自我评价多种评价方式相结合的办法，每种评价方式各占一定的比例。

“Reform of the supervisory system is a historic response to the deepening of political system reform,”said Zeng Wenming, an NPC deputy and mayor of Ganzhou, East China’s Jiangxi Province. He said the supervisory system reform will be of great and farreaching signi ficance for strengthening the Party’s uni fied leadership on anti-graft work; establishing a centralized, uni fied, authoritative, and highly efficient supervisory system; as well as promoting modernization of the country’s governance system and governing capacity.

More on the Way

“Once the Supervision Law is passed, we need to revise many other related laws so that they are consistent with the amended Constitution and the Supervision Law,” Liu said.

Liu said based on the reform requirements put forth by the CPC Central Committee, Zhejiang has seen government supervision go from a narrow view to a broader one by covering those in the public sector that had not been covered by intra-party supervision or party discipline. Before the reform, 383,000 people in Zhejiang were covered by administrative supervision, but since the reform was implemented,701,000 people are now covered by national supervision, up by 83 percent. The detention measure has been applied to all persons in the public sector,including those from Party and government departments, SOEs, universities, rural and urban community-level organizations, and hospitals.

Fang Lingmin, an NPC deputy and director of the Supervisory Commission of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, agrees with Liu. According to the amendment to the Constitution, the supervisory organs will coordinate with judicial organs, procuratorial organs, and law enforcement departments in the handling of duty-related offenses. Fang said that as the reform of the supervisory system deepens and the Supervision Law is promulgated, more laws will have to be revised to keep in line with the supervisory system reform and the Supervision Law, requiring that related departments better cooperate with each other.

“After the Supervision Law has taken effect, the Criminal Procedure Law, the Law on the Organization of the People’s Procuratorates, the Public Procurators Law and the State Compensation Law must be revised. We also need to establish and improve some other related systems and institutions,” Fang said.

Before being appointed director of the Supervisory Commission of Zhejiang, Liu was director of the International Cooperation Bureau of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. He said that China’s supervisory system reform reviewed all excellent cultural traditions and governance measures in the country’s history. It also evaluated the experiences of anti-corruption practices and incorporated them into a law.

Fighting corruption with an open mind, China is ready to exchange ideas and cooperate with other countries to combat corruption, which will also help the country run the supervisory system better, Liu said.

抓取系统由一个四自由度可折叠机械臂及控制系统构成，如图3所示，通过单片机对五路舵机的脉冲控制，实现精确到达轨迹范围内空间任意一点位置的功能.

“In the future, we will also strengthen anti-graft cooperation with other countries, including the exchange of ideas and collaboration in measures and speci fic cases. If other countries need help from China in fighting corruption, China is ready to lend a hand,” Liu said.