1.Introduction

Large-scale cryogenic air separation systems have attracted considerable attention in recentyears,due to the increasing demand for industrial gas.Purification plays an important role in cryogenic air separation systems.It contributes to the elimination of high freezing-point contaminants in the air from previous processes,such as water vapor and carbon dioxide,which could cause problems like freeze-up and explosion[1].Vertical radial flow adsorbers are widely used in purification process of large-scale cryogenic air separation systems.The non-uniformity of air flow distribution in vertical radial flow adsorbers[2,3]has a bad effect on the utilization efficiency of adsorbents.Reforming the structure of the vertical radial flow adsorber is considered as one of the most effective ways to solve the above problem.

From the open literatures,researches have studied on optimizing the air flow distribution in vertical radial flow reactors,which have similar structures as vertical radial flow adsorbers used in large-scale cryogenic air separation systems.Zhang et al.[4]proposed a reasonable design of the uniform fluid distribution device for radial flow reactors.It was based on the measurements of momentum exchange coefficient and perforated resistance coefficients of the divided flow channel and combined flow channel.Chang and Calo[5]carried out a theoretical study to reveal the effect on the air flow distribution caused by four flow configurations in a radial flow fixed-bed reactor.Chang et al.[6]pointed out that uniform flow distribution in a radial flow fixed bed reactor could be obtained by adjusting the dimensions of the reactor.Yoo and Dixon[7]proposed a hydrodynamic model to investigate the im-pactfactors on the flow distribution in a mixed- flow reactor.The results showed that the flow distribution was mainly determined by inlet Reynolds number of air in the center pipe,ratio of center pipe cross-sectional area to annulus cross-sectional area,and ratio of bed resistance to flow resistance.Ponzi and Kaye[8]found that the non-uniformity of air flow distribution had a bad effect on the predicted conversion and selectivity in a radial flow fixed-bed reactor.Kareeri et al.[9]found that the ratio of the center pipe cross-sectional area to that of the annular channel has a significant effect on the flow distribution in a radial flow reactor using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD).Li and Zhu[10]got the conclusion that the uniformity of the pressure profiles in the distributing channels and collecting channels in the axial direction has a significant effect on the flow distribution of each layer.Zhang et al.[11]derived a differential equation by pressure drop analysis in the Z- flow type radial flow adsorber with a cone in the middle of the central pipe.The differential equation determined the ideal cross-sectional radii of the cone along the axis and provided theoretical support for designing Z- flow type radial flow adsorber.Farsi[12]conducted research on reactors with new configurations,and compared the new configurations with the conventional tubular reactors.It was found that production capacity was improved about 2.8%and 3.7%respectively in one-stage and two-stage membrane configurations.Hamedi et al.[13]presented comparisons among a conventional packed bed axial flow reactor,an optimized axial flow reactor and a novel optimized packed bed radial flow reactor.

From the literatures mentioned above,it could be seen that reforming the vertical radial flow reactors structurally could result in better performance of the reactors.Since there are few research found in reforming the structure of the vertical radial flow adsorbers used in large-scale cryogenic air separation systems,a novel parallel connection method was proposed to design the vertical radial flow adsorber in the present work,so as to overcome the non-uniformity of air flow distribution in the adsorber.Experimental apparatus was designed and constructed,and a CFD-based model was developed using commercial software Fluent.The model was verified with experimental data,and simulation results of air flow distribution,the static pressure drop and the radial velocity in the newly designed adsorber were obtained.Comparisons were also made between the height-increasing method and the parallel connection method.Finally,the geometric parameters of annular flow channels and the adsorption bed thickness of the upper unit in the parallel-connected vertical radial flow adsorber were optimized so that the air could penetrate the upper and lower adsorbents simultaneously.

2.Numerical Modeling and Validation

2.1.Geometric model

The traditional vertical radial flow adsorber generally includes a center pipe,an internal porous cylinder,an adsorption bed,an external

if ned as Y direction,and the origin of coordinate was set at the central bottom of the adsorber.The structured quadrilateral grid of the computational domain was generated by Gambit 2.4.6 and the near-wall mesh was re fined,as illustrated in Fig.2(b).

The equal cross-sectional area model was adopted,ensuring that the outer annulus could be divided into two flow channels with the same cross-sectional area,thus the upper and lower unit could have the same adsorption capacity.Eq.(1)should be satisfied as obtaining the radius of the upper external porous cylinder R1:porous cylinder and an outer annulus.From the axial flow direction,the air flow in center pipe and outer annulus could be parallel flow(Z- flow)or counter flow(Π- flow).From the radial flow direction,the air flow directions could be centripetal(CP)or centrifugal(CF).The CP-Z air flow type configuration was adopted in the present work.

The schematic diagrams of CP-Z vertical radial flow adsorbers are shown in Fig.1.In order to increase the air treatment capacity of the traditional adsorber[shown in Fig.1(a)],height-increasing method and parallel connection method were adopted to increase the treatment capacity of air in the adsorbers,as shown in Fig.1(b)and(c).An internal deflector,an external deflector and a middle baffle are used to separate the adsorption bed independently into the upper and lower units with parallel connection method.For the purpose of comparison,the following assumptions were made:1)The adsorption bed thickness in Fig.1(b)remains the same as that in Fig.1(a).The cross-sectional area of outer annulus and the adsorption bed height in Fig.1(b)are doubled,compared with those in Fig.1(a).2)The height of the upper and lower units in Fig.1(c)keeps the same as that in Fig.1(a).The cross-sectional area of outer annulus and the adsorption bed thickness of the lower unit in Fig.1(c)remain the same as those in Fig.1(b).The adsorption bed thickness of upper unit was determined by the volume of adsorbents.3)The inlet air velocities in Fig.1(a),(b)and(c)are the same.

Since the configuration of the adsorber designed by parallel connection method is axisymmetric,half of the adsorber was adopted when developing the geometric model,as shown in Fig.2(a).The axial flow direction was defined as X direction,the radial flow direction was de-

The radius of upper internal porous cylinder R2 could be determined by Eq.(2),thus the upper unit and the lower unit could have the same volume of adsorbents.

Fig.1.The schematic diagrams of CP-Zvertical radial flow adsorbers.1—center pipe,2—internal and external porous cylinders,3—outerannulus,4—adsorption bed,5—internal deflector,6—middle baffle,7—external deflector.

Fig.2.Schematic of the geometric model and the computational mesh for the numerical analysis.

Geometric parameters of the adsorber are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Geometric parameters of the adsorber

No. Parameter Value 1 Radius of upper outer annulus:R0 178.5 mm 2 Radius of upper external porous cylinder:R1 158.9 mm 3 Radius of upper internal porous cylinder:R2 95.5 mm 4 Radius of lower external porous cylinder:R3 136.5 mm 5 Radius of lower internal porous cylinder:R4 50 mm 6 Height of adsorption bed:H 500 mm 7 Adsorbent diameter:D p 6 mm 8 Bed porosity:ε 0.539

2.2.Governing equations

The adsorbents inside the adsorber could be considered as porous media which would have a great effect on the air flow characteristics.As a consequence,the regions in the adsorber could be classified into two sections.Section 1 is the flow channels without adsorbents,while Section 2 is the adsorption bed with adsorbents.

又如上世纪60年代乐善秦腔现代戏《红灯记》，李奶奶讲革命家史的大段念白，诉说了过去，又教育了铁梅，体现了李奶奶的革命气节。

The governing equations of Section 1 are represented as follows.

The continuity equation:

4.系统性。指标体系融合电力企业运营活动，层级分明，同层次的指标应相互独立，保证相互之间不重复，避免指标体系过于庞杂和单因素评价，体现较强的系统性。

The momentum equation:

where is the stress tensor(kg·m·s−2);is the volume force acting on a unit mass of fluid(N·m−3);ρf is the air density(kg·m−3);is the air velocity(m·s−1);p is the static pressure(Pa).

The porous media model is coupled with the governing equations of Section 2[14],details are as follows.

The continuity equation:

The momentum equation:

where is the momentum source term related to porous media(Pa·m−1);ε is the bed porosity.

The momentum source term in Eq.(6)was calculated by the following eqs[14,15].:

where μ is the dynamic viscosity(Pa·s);α is the permeability(m2);C1 is the inertial resistance coefficient(m−1);s m is the mass source term caused by adsorption process(kg·m−3·s−1).

The first term in Eq.(7)is the Darcy term which represents the resistance in porous media.The second term in Eq.(7)is the Forchheimer term which is regarded as the modification of Darcy term.The third term in Eq.(7)is the momentum variation caused by adsorption process.Under the typical operating condition of adsorber(p=0.6 MPa,T=288.15 K),the mass fractions of water vapor and carbon dioxide in air are 0.061%and 0.457%respectively.The ratio of the third term to the firstterm is 5.08×10−5 by calculation,which could be negligible.As a result,it is reasonable to neglect the third term and concentrate on the first and the second term.The airvelocity was determined by the air flow rate and the cross-sectional area of the adsorber.Other parameter values in Eq.(7)are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 The parameter values under the typical operating condition

No. Parameter Value 1 Dynamic viscosity:μ 1.809 × 10−5 Pa·s 2 Permeability:α 1.77×10−7 m2 3 Inertial resistance coefficient:C1 1717 m−1 4 Air density:ρf 7.269 kg·m−3

2.3.Boundary conditions and initial conditions

The boundary condition of inlet is the velocity-inlet type with air flow rate 550 m3·h−1 and initial temperature 298.15 K,while the outlet is the pressure-outlet type boundary condition with outlet pressure 0.1 MPa.The air is considered as an incompressible fluid due to its relatively low velocity.The density and the dynamic viscosity of the air in the adsorber under the conditions of 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa are 1.1685 kg·m−3 and 1.8492 × 10−5 Pa·s respectively.All the walls are considered stationary without slipping,and the standard wall functions were adopted to deal with the conditions near walls.

The turbulence parameters under the inlet and outlet conditions are turbulent kinetic energy(k)and turbulent dissipation rate(ε),which could be calculated by the following equations:where I is the intensity,which could be represented as I=0.16×R e−1/8 and the Reynolds number should be calculated by the maximum velocity of the air in the specific cross-sectional area;l is the turbulence length scale,which could be calculated by hydraulic diameter L with the equation l=0.07 L;Cμis the empirical constant in the turbulence model,which takes the value as 0.09;u represents the average velocity at some specific cross-sectional area(inlet and outlet).

The hydraulic diameter above was determined to be replaced by the equivalent diameter[16].Table 3 shows the inlet and outlet conditions of the air in the adsorber.Furthermore,the porous-jump model was selected to treat the internal and external porous cylinders,and the specific parameter values are listed in Table 4.

Table 3 The inlet and outlet parameter values of the air in the adsorber

Item Parameter Value Inlet Hydraulic diameter:L 0.084 m Velocity:u 3.67 m·s−1 Reynolds number:R e 19400 Intensity:I 4.66%Turbulent kinetic energy:k 0.044 m2·s−2 Turbulent dissipation rate:ε 0.256 m2·s−3 Outlet Hydraulic diameter:L 0.142 m Velocity:u 8.06 m·s−1 Reynolds number:R e 72321.6 Intensity:I 3.95%Turbulent kinetic energy:k 0.152 m2·s−2 Turbulent dissipation rate:ε 0.981 m2·s−3

Table 4 The porous-jump parameter values of internal and external porous cylinders

?

The pressure-jump coefficient C2 could be calculated by the following equation:

where c is the orifice discharge coefficient,equals to 0.62 in the present work[9]as reference.

2.4.Solution methods

The SIMPLE algorithm was used to solve the pressure–velocity coupled equations.The standard k-ε model was adopted.The PRESTO!interpolation algorithm was chosen to solve the pressure term.The first order upward discretization scheme was given to solve the convection term.The central difference method was selected to solve the diffusion term.Convergence standard for all the equation residuals were set within 10−5.

2.5.Grid independence analysis

In order to select suitable grid quantity for a better computational accuracy,the grid independence analysis has been conducted.The mesh was set with six different grid quantities from 25000 to 158000,respectively.Fig.3 shows the calculating pressure at external porous cylinder with the height of 0.3 m,and it could be seen that the percentage difference of pressure calculating at 111376 cells from that using 142360 cells is 0.008%,which means that increasing grid cell number has ignorable effect on improving calculation precision.Thus,the mesh with a cell number of 111376 was chosen in the present work.

Fig.3.Grid independence analysis.

2.6.Validation of the CFD model

In order to verify the reliability of the above model,experiments were carried out for adsorbers designed by both height-increasing method and parallel connection method.Fig.4 shows the experiment apparatus of CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber.The experimental system mainly consists of the air compressor,buffer tank, flow meter,CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber and pressure measurement system.The air is sent into the pipe of the experimental system by an air compressor after removing large particles of impurities from the air by a filter screen,then it enters into the bottom of the adsorber after being stable in a buffer tank and finally flows through the entire adsorber before being discharged from the top of the adsorber.The experiment was carried out at normal pressure and temperature,and the flow rate was regulated by coarse adjustment(valve 1)and fine adjustment(valve 2)in order to maintain the stability of the specific flow rate.Several measurements were set at different height along the axial flow direction of the adsorber.Too many measuring points set will definitely destroy the original flow distribution inside the adsorber,thus a flexible pressure guide measuring system was designed in order to avoid that.The measuring point could be adjusted continuously along the pressure guide pipe in the adsorber height direction.There are three pressure guide measuring devices inside the adsorber,which means that three pressure data could be obtained at each measuring height to ensure the accuracy.Each measuring device consists of a guide rail,a sealing wood and a pressure guide pipe,shown in Fig.5.The guide rail was fixed and the flexible pressure guide pipe was installed inside the guide rail,and the pressure guide pipe was connected with the differential pressure transmitter.The air at the measuring points of the internal and external porous cylinders of the adsorber at different height could be obtained and guided to the differential pressure transmitter by sliding the pressure guide pipe in the guide rail.The radial static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders at different height could be measured by the differential pressure transmitter.

与此同时，农民科技教育中心还应该充分依托自身的职能优势和教育培训体系，不断通过知识更新和农业新技术推广，积极为农民提供高质量的教育培训内容、实用的农业技术咨询服务以及相关的技能培训等。同时充分发挥现代信息技术的优势，对教育和培训资源进行优化整合，不断健全教育培训功能和服务机制，使农民能够通过教育培训切实提升自身的综合科学素质，更好的投入到农业生产过程中。

Fig.4.Experiment apparatus of CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber.1.Air compressor,2.Valve 1,3.Valve 2,4.Buffer tank,5.Flow meter,6.CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber,7.Pressure measurement system.

Fig.5.Flexible pressure guide measuring device.1—Guide rail;2—Sealing wood;3—Pressure guide pipe.

The CFD-based model was adopted to obtain the variations of the radial static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders with the height of the adsorbers designed by height-increasing method and parallel connection method at the same inlet flow rate(550 m3·h−1)respectively.Figs.6 and 7 show the comparisons between the experimental data and simulation results.Δp represents the radial static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders,and H represents the height of the adsorbers.From Figs.6 and 7,it could be concluded that the variation trend of Δp with H for both the simulation results and the experimental data are almost the same,but there still exists slight differences between values for the experimental data and the simulation results(31.78 Pa–58 Pa).

（2）虽然坝肩槽总体岩体质量较好，但局部受层间及层内错动带切割、风化卸荷等影响，爆破后局部容易产生裂隙，在坝基槽开挖的平整度、超欠挖、半孔率等质量质量指标控制上难度较大。

Fig.6.Variation of the radial static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders with the height of the adsorber designed by height-increasing method.

Fig.7.Variation of the radial static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders with the height of the adsorber designed by parallel connection method.

D diameter,mm

From the above analysis,it could be seen that some of the errors could not be avoided,and those are the main reasons for the existence of the slight deviations between the experimental data and the simulation results.But obviously the variation trend for experimental data and simulation results could match perfectly with each other.The conclusion could be drawn that the CFD-based model could be considered as a reliable model.

3.Results and Discussion

In this section,simulation results are obtained by the reliable CFD-based model.The air flow distribution and radial velocity along the height direction of the adsorber are discussed,and comparisons are made between the height-increasing method and the parallel connection method.Finally,the optimal geometric parameters of annular flow channels and the optimal adsorption bed thickness ratio of the upper and lower units are also obtained.

3.1.Comparison of the flow field characteristics

Fig.8 shows the comparison of radial static pressure drop variation along the height of the adsorbers designed by height-increasing method and parallel connection method as the inlet flow rate is 550 m3·h−1.It could be observed that the static pressure drop along the height of the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method ranges from 4.4 Pa to 446 Pa and increases at an increasing speed.While the static pressure drop along the height of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method ranges from 13.7 Pa to 74.6 Pa and increases at a much slower speed.Asharp decline could be observed in the middle position of the adsorption bed height,this discontinuity is caused by the independence between the upper and lower units of the adsorber.In addition,as the adsorption bed height is from 0 m to 0.25 m,the static pressure drop along the adsorber height in the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method is larger than that of using the height increasing method.The reason is that more air passes through the lower unit of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method compared with the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method,which is beneficial to the uniformity of the flow distribution.

To ensure the uniformity of the air distribution along the height of the adsorber,the static pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders should be kept constant along the axial flow direction of the adsorption bed[17].That is to say the ideal static pressure drop should be a horizontal line shown in Fig.8 if the air distribution along the axial flow direction of the adsorption bed is completely uniform.However,from Fig.8,it could be seen that the static pressure drop along the axial flow direction of the adsorber designed by the height increasing method severely deviates from the ideal one.The difference between the maximum and minimum static pressure drop is 441.6 Pa by using the height-increasing method,which could hardly reach the industrial standards.The difference between the maximum and minimum static pressure drop by using the parallel connection method is 60.9 Pa and it is reduced by 86.2%compared with that of using the height-increasing method.Moreover,the upper unit of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method has much lower static pressure drop compared with that of the adsorber designed by the height increasing method.As a consequence,the energy consumption is effectively reduced when the air passes through the adsorption bed as the parallel connection method is adopted.

Fig.8.Comparison of radial static pressure drop variation along the height of the adsorbers designed by height-increasing method and parallel connection method.

Fig.9.Comparison of radial velocity variation along the height of the adsorbers designed by height-increasing method and parallel connection method.

Fig.9 shows the comparison of the radial velocity at the external porous cylinder of adsorbers designed by the height-increasing method and parallel connection method as the inlet flow rate is 550 m3·h−1.From Fig.9,it could be clearly seen that the range of the radial velocity at the external porous cylinder of adsorber designed by the parallel connection method(from 0.054 m·s−1 to 0.471 m·s−1)is narrower than the velocity range at the external porous cylinder of adsorber designed by the height-increasing method(from 0.141 m·s−1 to 0.771 m·s−1).The variation of radial velocity at the external porous cylinder of adsorber designed by the parallel connection method has a discontinuity in the middle position of the adsorption bed height,which is similar to the variation of static pressure drop shown in Fig.8.The comparison of the radial velocity variation along the height of the adsorbers designed by two different methods indicates that the radial velocity at the external porous cylinder of adsorber designed by the parallel connection method is much more uniform,which means that the air distribution along the height of the adsorber could be much more uniform,and the maximum radial velocity at the top of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method is reduced by 39%compared with that of using the height-increasing method.

3.2.Comparison of the uniformity

M uniformity

(4)The optimal adsorption bed thickness ratio of the upper and lower units is 0.966,in which case the upper and lower adsorption units could be penetrated by air simultaneously,thus the adsorbents in adsorption space could be used more efficiently.

The actual air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units equals to the ratio of the average radial velocity at the external porous cylinder of the upper and lower units multiplied by the ratio of the surface area of the external porous cylinder,as represented in Eq.(17):

From the definition of uniformity M,it could be concluded that the greater uniformity M could lead to more uniform air distribution along the height of adsorber.The uniformity M at the external porous cylinder of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method is 0.70,and the uniformity is improved by 80%compared with the uniformity M(0.39)of the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method.Aconclusion could be drawn that the air could pass through the external porous cylinder more uniformly by using the parallel connection method,which is beneficial to the air distribution in the adsorption bed.

Fig.10.Comparison of the uniformity M on certain cross sections by using the parallel connection method and height-increasing method.

In order to clearly show the variation of the air uniformity in the adsorption bed,nine annular cross sections were established from outside to inside direction,and the cross sections were denoted as section-1 to section-9.The uniformity M of every annular cross section of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method and height increasing method were calculated by Eq.(13)and the results are shown in Fig.10.The uniformity M varies slightly along the radial direction of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method,and maintains at a higher level at all the cross sections compared with that of the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method.It is noteworthy that the uniformity M of the air distribution inside the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method decreases along the radial flow direction.The reason is that the flow inside the adsorption bed is two-dimensional,the air flows to the top of the adsorber along the axial flow direction and passes through the adsorption bed along the radial flow direction at the same time which makes the uniformity M decrease.However,in the case of using the parallel connection method,the middle baffle could effectively weaken the axial air flow between the upper and lower units,which avoids the deterioration of the air distribution and maintains the uniformity M at a relatively high level.

3.3.Optimization of geometric parameters of annular flow channels

In this section,the equal hydraulic radius model was established to optimize the geometric parameters of annular flow channels,and comparisons are made with the equal cross-sectional area model mentioned in Section 2.1.

The hydraulic radius of the upper and lower unit is 21 mm in the equal hydraulic radius model since the entire hydraulic radius of annular flow channels is 42 mm.The parameters of the lower unit are kept unchanged,while the parameters of the upper unit will be adjusted.After adjustment,it could be found that the cross-sectional area of annular flow channel in the upper unit is larger than that in the lower unit.As a result,the radius of upper internal porous cylinder R2 could be determined by Eq.(14)in order to match the adsorption capacity of adsorbents in the upper and lower unit.Geometric parameters of the equal hydraulic radius model are listed in Table 5.

Table 5 Geometric parameters of the equal hydraulic radius model

No. Parameter Value 1 Radius of upper outer annulus:r0 178.5 mm 2 Radius of upper external porous cylinder:R1 157.5 mm 3 Radius of upper internal porous cylinder:R2 79.8 mm 4 Radius of lower external porous cylinder:R3 136.5 mm 5 Radius of lower internal porous cylinder:R4 50 mm 6 Height of adsorption bed:H 500 mm 7 Adsorbent diameter:D p 6 mm 8 Bed porosity:ε 0.539

(2)By adopting the parallel connection method to design the CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber,the radial velocity at the top of the adsorption bed could be reduced by 39%,and the uniformity of the air distribution inside the adsorber could be increased by 80%compared with those in the adsorber designed by the height-increasing method.

Fig.11.Comparison of radial velocity at the external porous cylinder along the height of the adsorbers by using equal cross-sectional area model and equal hydraulic radius model.

In order to clearly show the variation of the air uniformity in these two models, five annular cross sections were established from outside to inside direction and the cross sections were denoted as section-1 to section-5.The uniformity M of every annular cross section of the adsorberby using equal cross-sectional area model and equal hydraulic radius model were calculated by Eq.(13)and the results are shown in Fig.12.The uniformity M increases at the beginning and then decreases slightly by using equal cross-sectional area model.The uniformity M maintains at a higher level from section-1 to section-3 and then decreases sharply by using equal hydraulic radius model.It is noteworthy that the uniformity M at the internal porous cylinder by using equal hydraulic radius model is lower than that by using equal cross-sectional area model.The reason is that the adsorption bed thickness of the upper unit using equal hydraulic radius model is much thicker than that of using equal cross-sectional area model,which could lead to lager surface area contraction.Meanwhile,lager surface area contraction means higher air velocity which is not conducive to the uniformity M,as shown in Fig.13.However,the uniformity M from section-1 to section-3 are more significant since the adsorption bed is cylindrical,which means the amount of adsorbents from outside to inside is gradually reduced.Therefore,the geometric parameters of annular flow channels using equal hydraulic radius model is superior to that of using equal cross-sectional area model.

Fig.12.Comparison of the uniformity M on certain cross sections by using equal cross sectional area model and equal hydraulic radius model.

Fig.13.Comparison of radial velocity at the internal porous cylinder along the height of the adsorbers by using equal cross-sectional area model and equal hydraulic radius model.

3.4.The optimization of the adsorption bed thickness ratio

The equal cross-sectional area model of the adsorber designed by the parallel connection method was established by filling the equivalent volume of adsorbents in the upper and lower units.The adsorption bed of the upper unit is thinner and the penetration resistance is smaller than that of the lower unit.The treatment capacity of air in the upper unit thus is much larger than that in the lower unit,the adsorbents in the upper and lower units could not be used efficiently.Optimizing the adsorption bed thickness of the upper unit could make both units be penetrated simultaneously by the air flow and improve the efficiency of using the adsorbents in adsorption space in both units.

(3)设备运行稳定。该装置采用粉尘防爆技术和316L不锈钢材质，适用于粉尘易爆场所，同时避免了硫磺、水等对设备的腐蚀。

Further studies were conducted to determine the optimal upper unit bed thickness.To simplify the problem,some assumptions were made:1)keep the parameters of the lower unit unchanged;2)the optimization was conducted based on the equal hydraulic radius model.Consequently,the adsorption bed thickness could be optimized by changing the diameter of the upper internal cylinder,and the adsorbent filling ratio of the upper and lower units equals to the designed air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units.

Based on the above assumptions, five geometric models of the adsorbers designed by the parallel connection method were established,namely A,B,C,Dand E.The specific parameters of the geometric models are shown in Table 6,Q d is the adsorbent filling ratio of the upper and lower units as well as the designed air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units,δ is the adsorbent bed thickness ratio of the upper and lower units,see Eq.(15)and Eq.(16).where A is the adsorption bed radial cross-sectional area(mm2);H is the height of the adsorption bed(mm);subscripts u and l represent the upper unit and the lower unit respectively.

Table 6 Parameters of five geometric models

No. Q d δ A 1.0 0.712 B 1.1 0.850 C 1.2 0.968 D 1.3 1.104 E 1.225 1.0

The radial velocity distribution of the air at the external porous cylinder was obtained by simulation for the five different geometric models.Fig.14 shows the effect of adsorbents filling ratio on radial velocity at the external porous cylinder along the height of adsorbers with five geometric models.It could be seen that the radial velocity in the lower unit(0–0.25 m)increases with the increase of the adsorbents filling ratio,and the radial velocity in the upper unit(0.25–0.5 m)decreases with the increase of the adsorbents filling ratio.The average radial velocity ratios between the upper and lower units in five geometric models could be obtained by averaging the integrals of the radial velocity of the air at the external porous cylinder along the height of adsorbers,results are shown in Table 7.

Fig.14.Effect of adsorbents filling ratio on radial velocity of the air at the external porous cylinder along the height of adsorbers with five geometric models.

Table 7 Average radial velocity ratios between the upper and lower units in five geometric models

No. Q d Ratio of the average radial velocity A 1.0 1.687 B 1.1 1.391 C 1.2 1.011 D 1.3 0.503 E 1.225 0.901

总之，当前的学习不会再是把书本作为核心，只会背诵不能体现学生的能力，只会灌输也不能彰显教师的高明，而机械地沉迷于书本的学子注定会在以后的漫长人生阶段发展受限，毕竟机灵和思维是竞争的制胜法宝。化学学习也要把提高学生的实际操作与思考能力作为思考的重点。教育者不能剥夺了学生自己动手的机会。教师应该主动地组织一些化学实验操作活动或者竞赛，鼓励班上的学生一起积极参加，互相竞争与学习。教师要进行适当的指导，提升活动的品质。当然，保证学生充分接触前沿化学技术和产品资讯也是保证学生知识全面性的重要途径。

where is the average radial velocity of the air at the external porous cylinder(m·s−1);A′is the surface area of the external porous cylinder(mm2);subscripts u and l represent the upper unit and lower unit respectively.

By Eq.(17),the actual air flow rate ratios between the upper and lower units in five geometric models could be calculated,shown in Table 8.

Table 8 Actual air flow rate ratios between the upper and lower units in five geometric models

No. Q s δ A 1.947 0.712 B 1.605 0.850 C 1.167 0.968 D 0.580 1.104 E 1.040 1.0

Fig.15 shows the effect of the adsorption bed thickness ratio of the upper and lower units on the actual and designed air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units.The X-axis is the adsorption bed thickness ratio of the upper and lower units,and the Y-axis is the air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units.Two curves were obtained by nonlinear fitting of Q d and Q s in five geometric models.The intersection(δ=0.966,Q=1.181)of the two curves means Q d=Q s,i.e.the designed air flow rate ratio matches the actual air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units and the adsorption bed could be penetrated simultaneously.It could be concluded that in order to ensure that the adsorption bed be penetrated by air simultaneously,the optimal adsorption bed thickness of the upper unit should be slightly thinner than that of the lower unit,its ratio is 0.966.

Fig.15.Effect of adsorption bed thickness ratio on the actual and designed air flow rate ratio of the upper and lower units.

4.Conclusions

In order to solve the non-uniformity of air distribution inside the adsorber caused by height increase of the adsorption bed,the parallel connection method was proposed in the present work.A CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber was designed by the parallel connection method,experimental apparatus was constructed and the CFD-based model was developed to investigate the air distribution and radial velocity of the air flow along the height of the adsorber,comparisons were made between the traditional height-increasing method and the parallel connection method.In addition,the optimal geometric parameters of annular flow channels and the optimal adsorption bed thickness of the newly designed adsorber were also obtained.Conclusions were drawn as follows.

(1)The CP-Z flow type vertical radial flow adsorber could be divided into two independent adsorption units designed by the parallel connection method.The difference between the maximum and minimum radial static pressure drop is reduced by 86.2%compared with that of the adsorber designed by height-increasing method,which means the air distribution inside the newly designed adsorber could be more uniform.

Fig.11 shows the comparison of the radial velocity at the external porous cylinder along the height of the adsorbers by using different models as the inlet flow rate is 750 m3·h−1.From Fig.11,it could be clearly seen that the radial velocities at the external porous cylinder using the equal hydraulic radius model are higher than those of using the equal cross-sectional area model in the lower unit,while the radial velocities at the external porous cylinder using the equal hydraulic radius model are lower than those using the equal cross-sectional area model in the upperunit.It indicates that the radial velocity at the external porous cylinder using the equal hydraulic radius model is much more uniform.The reason for that is there is more resistance in the upper unit due to the thicker adsorption bed compared with the equal cross-sectional area model.Consequently,the uniformity of the adsorber is improved when more air passes through the lower unit and less air passes through the upper unit.

(3)Optimization of geometric parameters of annular flow channels was conducted.In order to get higher uniformity,the geometric parameters of annular flow channels using equal hydraulic radius model is superior to that of using equal cross-sectional area model.

where vi is the radial velocity of the air at a certain annular cross section(m·s−1);n is the measuring number of the data points; is the average radial velocity of the air at a certain annular cross section(m·s−1).

The above conclusions show that the parallel connection method could effectively solve the problem of non-uniformity of air distribution caused by height increase of the adsorption bed,and make the usage of the adsorbents in adsorption space more efficiently.This method could be used in purification process of large-scale cryogenic air separation industry to increase the treatment capacity of air efficiently.

网络时代中微博、QQ、微信等软件的出现使得师生间、家校间以及生校间的互动变得更加便捷。同时也使得互动变得双向和多维，形式上的动态化提升了互联网使用的交互性。思政教育交互过程让教育者和被教育者通过交流研究问题、交换意见。如果教育者和被教育者能够通过互动解决问题，达成共识，凝聚人心，那么就达到了思政教育的最佳状态，这也是在交流过程中最关键的最难实现的。多维性的教育需要协同管理，同时也有利于交互的资源按规律合理有序的流动。

Nomenclature

A adsorption bed radial cross-sectional area,mm2

照顾幼童，清扫整理，烹煮洗刷，一日三餐。在屋前屋后种植玫瑰、百里香、迷迭香、薄荷、石楠。有时想起童年花园里的凤仙、牵牛、忍冬、腊梅、兰草，这里的植物都是不一样的。亲自动手做面包。推车带孩子们去镇上超级市场购物，归途时在街边小咖啡店坐下，抽根烟，喝杯咖啡，孩子们笨拙地给店里鹦鹉喂食。有时孩子都入睡，她深夜做工，用各色花布缝制包袋，枕头，垫子，带着孩子们去集市上售卖玩耍，当做一种消遣。

A′ surface area of the external porous cylinder,mm2

看到这起交通肇事案件，可能大家会有疑惑：两条人命的丧生，为什么被告人颜某却仅被判处1年有期徒刑？记者在仔细阅读该起案件的刑事判决书之后发现了几处颇为关键的信息：“被告人颜某在事故发生后，主动到交警大队投案，到案后如实供述其犯罪事实，可认定被告人颜某具有自首情节，依法从轻处罚；案发后被告人颜某近亲属赔偿了被害人近亲属经济损失，取得了被害人近亲属对颜某的谅解；依法从轻处罚。”这两个“依法从轻处罚”，前一个尚好理解，而第二个“依法从轻处罚”则是该起案件的审判长李凌努力换来的结果。李凌说：“判决一起案件，并非只是为了把人‘关进去’这么简单。”

C1 inertial resistance coefficient,m−1

在变电站设备运行的过程中，经常会出现问题，如果工作人员不能科学开展设备缺陷的处理工作，将会导致人们生活与日常工作受到影响，一旦出现问题，将会导致人们的用电受到影响。在此期间，如果不能保证管理工作的全面性，将会对变电站设备的运行造成一定影响，无法满足当前的服务工作要求，一旦出现事故问题，将会影响其长远发展。[1]

C2 pressure-jump coefficient,m−1

高质量的ESP课程教材是高效完成ESP教学的基础和保障。现有的ESP课程由于涉及的学科专业较多，目前还比较缺乏适合高职学生的教材。高职院校可以组织教师根据高职学生自身的特点，来编写可以满足高职学生需求的ESP教材。特别是要根据高职学生的实际就业需求，将英语教学与专业知识有机结合起来，以就业为导向，进行筛选和归纳，并充分考虑高职学生的英语基本掌握程度，突出“实用性”来编写ESP教材。针对不同阶段的学习者，ESP教材的侧重点也应该有所不同，教材的开发与编写过程应该增加大量的实际案例，更多关注与专业相关的具体英语运用能力。

c orifice discharge coefficient

The slight deviations between the experimental data and the simulation results may be caused by two aspects:the experimental measurement and the simulation simplification.From the experimental measurement aspect,some measurement errors could not be avoided.The total error of the pressure measurement system is±13 Pa,including the calibration error(±1 Pa),the differential pressure transmitter error(±10 Pa)and the random error(±2 Pa).The full scale of the differential pressure transmitter is 250 Pa,and the measurement range in the experiment is from 20 to 80 Pa,which is relatively small compared to the full scale,and this will lead to larger measurement errors caused by the differential pressure transmitter.The total error of the flow meter is ±17.25 m3·h−1,including the calibration error(±0.75 m3·h−1),the flow sensor error(±15 m3·h−1)and the random error(±1.5 m3·h−1).From the simulation aspect,simplifications were made in the model:1)The adsorption bed porosity is assumed to be a constant value during simulation rather than a variable in actual experiment.Along the radial flow direction,the porosity on the edge of the adsorption bed is larger than that in the center of the adsorption bed.In axial flow direction,the porosity of the upper adsorption bed is larger than that in the lower adsorption bed due to the gravity effect of the adsorbants and the air flow effect through the adsorbants.2)The momentum source term in the porous media model could not comprehensively express the disturbance effect of adsorbants on the air flow.In the experiment,the disturbance effect not only exists in radial flow direction but also exists in axial flow direction,and the disturbance effect occurred in axial flow direction is not considered in the simulation.

d cylinder thickness,m

f volume force acting on a unit mass of fluid,N·kg−1

H height of the adsorption bed,mm

I intensity

On account of the fact that the radial velocity is not only the function of the pressure drop between the internal and external porous cylinders,but also the function of the axial velocity in the center pipe and outer annulus.Therefore,a quantitative measurement of uniformity M for the axial flow distribution at a certain cross section is defined[18–20]as follow:

n measure number of the data points

p static pressure,Pa

以上我们将《唐风》的十二首诗歌从“勤” “正” “忠” “预” “朴”五个方面进行了论述。 它们之间和晋国的关系则是： “勤”为富国之本源； “正”为走向成功的保证； “忠”为事业的纽带； “预”为成功的前瞻性； “朴”为前进中的校正器。 晋国之所以天下莫强焉，和这密不可分。 从《唐风》反映出来的晋国文化，具有规范的、质朴的、务实的、稳重的、厚重的特征。 他倾向于冷静的、分析的娓娓道来，而不是太热情的、浪漫的、轻佻的描述。 季札之所以用思深、忧远、有传统和历史感来评论之，道理也在这里。

Q flow ratio of upper and lower units

R radius,mm

R e Reynolds number

2018汉诺威林业木工大会(LIGNA.Conference 2018)于12月5日在广州东方宾馆圆满落幕。本届大会吸引了来自海内外400多位家具制造商、经销商、自动化技术等方面的专业人员。大会通过主题演讲、峰会讨论、会场展示等多种形式为供应商和家具制造商提供了高效的技术及商贸交流平台。

momentum source term caused by porous zone,Pa·m−1

s source term caused by adsorption,kg·m−3

T temperature,K

air velocity,m·s−1

v radial velocity of the air at a certain annular cross section,m·s−1

v average radial velocity of the air at a certain annular cross section,m·s−1

Δp radial static pressure drop

α permeability,m2

δ adsorbent bed thickness ratio of upper and lower units

ε bed porosity

μ dynamic viscosity,Pa·s

ρ density,kg·m−3

τ stress tensor,kg·m·s−2

φ cylinder porosity

Subscripts

d design

f fluid

i a certain annular cross section

l lower unit

m mass

p particles

s simulation

u upper unit

0 the upper outer annulus

1 the upper external porous cylinder

2 the upper internal porous cylinder

3 the lower external porous cylinder

4 the lower internal porous cylinder

References

[1]F.G.Kerry,Industrial Gas Handbook,CRC Press,Boca Raton,2010.

[2]J.L.Lu,X.J.Zhang,L.M.Qiu,X.L.Wang,Theoretical analysis of uniform flow distribution in vertical radial adsorption bed,CIESC J.63(S2)(2012)21–25(in Chinese).

[3]Y.Chen,X.J.Zhang,J.L.Lu,L.M.Qiu,X.B.Zhang,D.M.Sun,Z.H.Gan,Flow characteristics of radial flow adsorber and its structure parameters optimization,CIESC J.65(9)(2014)3395–3402(in Chinese).

[4]C.F.Zhang,Z.B.Zhu,M.S.Xu,B.C.Zhu,An investigation of design on the uniform fluid distribution for radial flow reactors,J.Chem.Ind.Eng.28(1)(1979)67–90.

[5]H.C.Chang,J.M.Calo,An analysis of radial flow packed bed reactors,ACS Symp.Ser.168(1981)305–329.

[6]H.C.Chang,M.Saucier,J.M.Calo,Design criterion for radial flow fixed-bed reactors,AIChE J.29(6)(1983)1039–1041.

[7]C.S.Yoo,A.G.Dixon,Modelling and simulation of a mixed- flow reactor for ammonia and methanol synthesis,Chem.Eng.Sci.43(10)(1988)2859–2865.

[8]P.R.Ponzi,L.A.Kaye,Effect of flow mal distribution on conversion and selectivity in radial flow fixed-bed reactors,AIChE J.25(1)(2004)100–108.

[9]A.A.Kareeri,H.D.Zughbi,H.H.Al-Ali,Simulation of flow distribution in radial flow reactors,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.45(8)(2006)2862–2874.

[10]R.J.Li,Z.B.Zhu,Investigations on hydrodynamics of multilayer π-type radial flow reactors,Asia Pac.J.Chem.Eng.7(4)(2012)517–527.

[11]X.J.Zhang,J.L.Lu,L.M.Qiu,X.B.Zhang,X.L.Wang,A mathematical model for designing optimal shape for the cone used in Z- flow type radial flow adsorbers,Chin.J.Chem.Eng.21(5)(2013)494–499.

[12]M.Farsi,DME production in multi-stage radial flow spherical membrane reactors:reactor design and modeling,J.Nat.Gas Sci.Eng.20(2014)366–372.

[13]N.Hamedi,T.Tohidian,M.R.Rahimpour,D.Iranshahi,S.Raeissi,Conversion enhancement of heavy re for mates into xylenes by optimal design of a novel radial flow packed bed reactor,applying a detailed kinetic model,Chem.Eng.Res.Des.95(2015)317–336.

[14]X.G.Zheng,Y.S.Liu,W.H.Liu,Two-dimensional modeling of the transport phenomena in the adsorber during pressure swing adsorption process,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.49(22)(2010)11814–11824.

[15]X.G.Zheng,Y.S.Liu,Y.L.Li,H.Zhang,W.H.Liu,Velocity distribution in axial adsorber with consideration of mass variation,J.Univ.Sci.Technol.B 33(11)(2011)1412–1418.

[16]D.X.Sun,The applicable range,defect and correction of equivalent diameter used hydraulic diameter,J.Eng.Thermophys.8(4)(1987)357–362.

[17]M.Z.Lu,Q.X.Wu,The test and prospect of the vertical radial flow adsorber,Cryog Technol.(2)(1992)15–21.

[18]J.F.Wang,Z.W.Wang,Y.Jin,Z.Q.Yu,Simulation of the gas distribution system for a radial flow moving-bed catalytic reforming reactor in change state flow,Petrochem.Technol.133(1)(1997)31–36.

[19]Z.Z.Mu,J.F.Wang,T.F.Wang,Y.Jin,Optimum design of radial flow moving-bed reactors based on a mathematical hydrodynamic model,Chem.Eng.Process.42(5)(2003)409–417.

[20]T.Petrova,R.Darakchiev,K.Semkov,S.Darakchiev,Estimations of gas flow maldistribution in packed-bed columns,Chem.Eng.Technol.31(12)(2008)1723–1729.