1.Introduction

In recentyears,the crises of energy and environment problems have been frequently mentioned.Many efforts were made to improve the present situation,including the effective utilization of the extant resources,researching the reproducible,clean energy and so on.Combined with the energy reserves of China(rich coal,meager oil and little gas)[1],put into action to improve utilization efficiency of coal.It has been proved in many excellent studies that synthetic natural gas(SNG)is a source of clean energy which is synthesized from the coal.This process includes the coal gasification,the purification of gas,and methanation.Methanation is a critical step for the synthesis of SNG[2].It notonly takes full advantage of coal butalso reduces the emission of greenhouse gas.Nowadays,there are mainly two kinds of catalysts for methanation including the Ni catalysts and Mo catalysts.The Nibased catalysts have been applied commercially in industry because of their higher CO conversion and CH4 selectivity.However,the feed gas has to have a higher H2/CO(e.g.H2/CO=3)ratio and the content of H2S needs to be under 0.1 μl·L−1 with the traditional Ni based catalysts.In this point,the novel catalysts should be developed to overcoming the above-mentioned limits.Recently,Mo-based catalysts have attracted more and more attention due to their good property of sulfur resistance and developed catalytic activity of methanation.It is mentioned that MoS2 catalyst has been used in hydrotreating reaction,such as HDS and water-shift-gas[3–5].In the sulfur-resistant methanation,the CO hydrogenation reaction on Mo-based catalysts was carried out according to the following reaction(1),described as directmethanation[6].

2）停工退油难度较大。停工过程中污油量大，退油管线细能力有限，退油过程中水击、机泵抽空等不确定性因素多，系统重污油管线允许使用时间有限，停工退油难度较大。

It is important to highlight that MoO3 instead of MoS2 is welldispersed on the supports in our study,and molybdenum trioxide has no catalytic activity for methanation.Hence,it is necessary for MoO3 catalysts to be presul fided with the H2S/H2 before the evaluation of catalysts.The catalytic activity in the sulfur-tolerant methanation is lower than that of Ni catalysts,which is the mainly challenge for the Mo-based catalysts.Therefore,great efforts have been focused on improving the catalytic activity,including the employment of CeO2–Al2O3 composite supports[7],diversification of the Mo precursors[8],and using some promoters like Co[9,10]and citric acid[11].Currently,the catalysts modified with boron has been demonstrated in plenty of study that the addition of boron could improve the monolayer loading over the alumina and weaken the interaction between the active component and supports[12].Morihige and Akai[13]have reported the effect of boron on MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts,indicating that the boron addition actually promoted the Mo dispersion on the surface of γ-Al2O3 and reduced the amount of the crystalline MoO3.In addition,the suitable contents ofB2O3 would cause the little changes of morphological parameters on the supported-Mo catalysts[14],as wellas NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts[15,16].It was proposed that the addition of boron could weaken the interactions between the molybdenum oxides and Al2O3[14,17].The intrinsic activity of cobalt–molybdenum catalysts improved in the TOF on CoMoS phase when the catalysts presulfided at 673 K for the hydro desulfurization of thiophene.Similarly,Chen et al.[18]studied the supported molybdenum catalysts modified by boron acid in the HDS,and the results suggested the acidity on the alumina surface had changed with the means of infrared spectroscopy,which has a positive influence on the active phase,and these are in agreement with Yu et al.[19].There were also numerous studies about the boron modified catalysts in the hydrodenitrogenation[20],hydrogenation[21,22],dry reforming of methane[23],and the oxygen-free conversion of methane[24].The addition of B2O3 could improve actually the catalytic activity.

结合《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》的实施，编制国家健康旅游发展总体规划，坚持“多规合一”，做好健康旅游与相关规划的合理衔接；出台促进健康旅游全面发展的宏观政策，提出2030年健康旅游产业的发展目标和战略任务。鼓励和引导各地通过科学规划、精心设计、完善举措，统筹健康旅游资源利用和产业发展，编列专门预算，实施财政、土地和税收等优惠政策。创新行政管理体制和机制，在国家层面建立健康旅游产业发展协调委员会，推广安徽省成立健康文化旅游产业促进会的做法，在地方层面形成相应的部门综合推进机制。

There are few studies on the impact of B2O3 on the sulfur-resistant methanation so far.This study would try to modify the MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts with B2O3.In the present work,it was devoted to the influence of the B2O3 modified catalysts on the dispersion of active component,acidic sites on the surface,and catalytic properties.

2.Experimental

2.1.Catalyst preparation

2.1.1.The preparation of composite supports

现行海岛垃圾处置方式分为就地处置和异地处置。距离大陆较近、人口较多且经济条件好的海岛采用异地处置方式，生活垃圾由专用垃圾运输船或车辆外运处置，如山东庙岛群岛、万山群岛中的东澳岛等。采用就地处置方式的岛屿，如福建南日岛、屿头岛等，它们有的居住人口较少，无条件建设车渡码头或购买专用垃圾运输船；有的远离大陆，垃圾运输距离很远，运输成本非常高，政府无法持续性承担运输费用。但是海岛垃圾就地处置方式还较为原始且处置率低，多数采用简单填埋或不规范焚烧［11］，不仅浪费资源还会污染海岛空气、土壤、地下水和周边海域，环境风险巨大。

NH3-TPD analysis was performed using a TP-5076 TPD/TPR dynamic adsorption instrument(Xianquan,Tianjin,China).With the same goals as the pretreatment,the samples with N2-physisorption analysis were swept with argon(99.999%)at 400°C for 60 min and cooled to 100°C,before the measurements were taken out.Then,the flow of ammonia was passed through the product at 100°C for 60 min,and the gas was replaced by argon,in order to get rid of the adsorbed NH3.The process of desorption was performed by heating the products from 100°C to 700 °C at the rate of 10 °C·min−1.The quantity of desorbed ammonia was tested by a TCD detector.

2.1.2.Preparation of catalysts

MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts were prepared with impregnation of the composite support with a solution of ammonium heptamolybdate((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O)(Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co.Lit.,Tianjin,China),as the precursor of MoO3.The impregnated samples were dried at room temperature,dried at 120 °C for 4 h,and calcined at 600 °C for 4 h.The 20%MoO3/25%CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts with different contents of B2O3 were denoted as Mo/CeAl-x,where x was the B2O3 content in mass percent.

2.2.Catalyst characterization

The prepared catalysts were characterized by N2-physisorption analysis,X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD),NH3-TPD,and H2-TPR.

The temperature programmed reduction(TPR)analysis was conducted by an Auto Chem 2910 analyzer(Micromeritics,USA).Before the measurements were collected,the sample(approximately 200 mg)was swept with nitrogen at 200°C,aimed to remove the water traces and some foreign gas absorbed on the surface of catalysts,then cooled to 60°C.The reduction temperature of samples was increased up to nearly 1000 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C·min−1,this process was kept in a gas mixture of 10 vol%H2/Ar.

The NH3-TPD profiles of the Mo/CeAl catalysts with various B2O3 contents were shown in Fig.3,which were divided into the low temperature and high-temperature regions,respectively.These corresponded to weak and strong acid sites.According to previous studies[27,28],ammonia could be adsorbed on the acid sties of catalysts,and the peaks of NH3 desorption increased by increasing the number of acid sites on the surface of catalysts.It can be seen in Fig.3 and Table 2 that the total acidities of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts with B2O3 were higher than those of catalysts without B2O3.The Mo/CeAl catalysts exhibited two desorption peaks,one at the range of 200–400 °C and another at above 500°C which indicated that the weak and strong acid centers existed on the surface of Mo/CeAl catalysts.As for the catalysts with the loading of B2O3 under 0.5 wt%,the higher temperature peak ascribed to the strong acid center almost disappeared and the amount of weak acid centers increased obviously,which was revealed in Table 2.However,increasing the addition of B2O3,the amount of weak acid sites of the Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts sharply decreased and the strong acid sites were found again.These indicated that the addition of B2O3 could actually change the proportion of weak and strong acid sites.

N2-physisorption analysis was performed on a Tristar-3000 apparatus(Micromeritics,USA),in order to acquire the textural properties,such the BET surface and pore size.The trace water and the foreign gas were removed out from the samples(about 0.1–0.2 g)at 300 °C for 3 h,before any measurement was carried out.

目前云南省MS7.0级地震长期平静，地震灾害风险加大。随着城镇化进程的推进，地震活动及其潜在威胁将成为区域经济社会发展的严重制约和重大隐患。

The CeO2 crystallite sizes of the series of Mo/CeAl catalysts were calculated from their XRD FWHMs,which were summarized in Table 1.

据他介绍，医护人员最初到外面宣讲时，当地群众并不太愿意接受，开始也遭受到一些阻力。科普服务队不断探索改进，以健康教育形式推广，组织“星星急救”成员开展健康、急救知识讲座等活动，逐渐站稳脚跟。经过数年坚持，他们在当地逐渐建立起知名度和影响力。

2.3.Evaluation of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity for sulfur-methanation had been evaluated in a fixed-bed continuous- flow reactor,whose inner diameter was 12 mm and length was 700 mm.The loading of catalysts was 3 ml[pellets,830–380 μm(20–40 meshes)].Before catalytic evaluation,all catalysts were firstly sulfided with 3 vol%H2S/H2,which was described by Jiang et al.[25].And then the sul fide gas was switched into the syngas.The catalytic activity measurements were carried out under the following conditions:syngas(H2/CO ratio=1.0)including 0.27 vol%H2S and 10 vol%N2,P=3.0 MPa,GHSV=5000 h−1,T=550 °C.The out gas was analyzed on-line using a GC equipped with a thermal conductivity detector(TCD)and flame ionization detector(FID).

Finally,the CO conversion and selectivity to hydrocarbon were calculated with the following equation:

从上面的计算得知，即使闭口间隙小于最小值，但通过磨合减小Rz峰值，使闭口间隙增大，达到最小允许值。这时柴油机一般情况下也不会出问题，但会显得很“娇气”。这是由于柴油机进气系统及燃烧过程中难免会有一些微小颗粒产生，闭口间隙难免受到其影响。所以在最小闭口间隙的基础上，其闭口间隙要修整增加0.10mm［7］，满足柴油机在各种恶劣环境下能正常使用，使起重设备更好地适应采区坡长、坡陡及粉尘大的工作环境。

兰江大桥高高地矗立着。蒋大伟把车开到路边，两人仰头看着大桥。桥上，车辆在不停地穿梭流动。蒋大伟低声地：这就是兰江大桥！郑馨默默看着大桥，没有说话。蒋大伟继续说道：我没说错吧，兰江大桥很有气势，很美。郑馨还是没说话，她打开车门，蒋大伟：就这么下车了，不想再说点什么吗？郑馨仍然没说话，蒋大伟急了：等等！临死之前，还有什么未了之事，或许我能再帮你个忙。郑馨皱紧眉头，像竭力想着什么。蒋大伟说：反正是快死的人了，没什么不好说的。郑馨想了想，咬牙切齿地：我想等陈晓来，让他看看我是怎么死的！

3.Results

3.1.Textural properties of the Mo/CeAl-x catalysts

As shown in Table 1,the information about the BET surface areas,pore volume and pore size of all the samples can be obtained.Thetextural properties of all catalyst samples were changed by adding boron into CeO2–Al2O3 composite supports.It can be seen from Table 1 that the BET surface area slightly changed from 103 m2·g−1 to 123 m2·g−1 with the loading of B2O3 under 0.5 wt%,but decreased significantly to 61 m2·g−1 with a further increase of B2O3 to 2.0 wt%.The pore size of Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts was largerthan that of other catalysts,and it was mainly caused by penetrations of the dispersed super fluous B2O3 into the pores of support,resulting in passage through some hole and partial collapse of structure.

Table 1 Textural properties and DXRD for the Mo/CeAl-x catalysts

①D XRD:calculated with the Scherrer equation using values of the XRD peak of CeO2 at 2θ =28.5°.

Sample BET surface/m2·g−1 Pore volume/cm3·g−1 Pore size/nm DXRD①/nm Mo/CeAl 119 0.19 5.97 6.5 Mo/CeAl-0.2 103 0.22 6.67 8.2 Mo/CeAl-0.5 123 0.23 6.53 7.6 Mo/CeAl-2.0 61 0.24 12.6 13.2

3.2.XRD

The XRD spectra of the Mo/CeAl-x catalysts are shown in Fig.1.All catalysts revealed the diffraction peaks at 2θ =28.5°,33.3°,47.6°,and 56.5°,which were assigned to CeO2 species[25],and one peak of γ-Al2O3 was found at 67.1°(PDF:08-0384).Compared to MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3,the diffraction peak of crystalline MoO3 was not detected at 23.1°.Thus,we could consider that the molybdenum species were dispersed easily on the CeO2–Al2O3 supports after adding B2O3.It should be pointed out that the diffraction peak of B2O3 at 45.6°(PDF:80-0338)was detected when the B2O3 loading was 2.0 wt%.This indicated that the addition of B2O3 was presented as highly dispersed on the surface of support when B2O3 content was below 2.0 wt%.The crystalline B2O3 was found in Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts.This suggested that 2.0 wt%boron was super fluous,which was in agreement with BET analysis.

Fig.1.XRD spectra of MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3 with and without boron:Mo/CeAl(a),Mo/CeAl-0.2(b),Mo/CeAl-0.5(c),Mo/CeAl-2.0(d).

The Raman analysis of all spent Mo/CeAl-x catalysts was performed by a DXR Raman spectrometer(Thermo Fisher,USA)and the emission line at 532 nm was used,in order to obtain information about the MoS2 species after the methanation reaction.

As shown in Table 1,the CeO2 crystallite size of catalysts was larger than that of the Mo/CeAl-x(x=0,0.2,0.5 wt%)catalysts.This indicated that the 2.0 wt%loading of B2O3 may cause the increased aggregation of CeO2,compared with the catalysts with the addition of B2O3 less than 0.5 wt%.And the CeO2 particles were dispersed unevenly resulting from the growth of CeO2 crystallite size.

3.3.H2-TPR

TPR measurements were performed in order to investigate the dispersion and state of Mo species on the surface of composite supports,which were modified with boron addition.Fig.2 shows the TPR patterns of the MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3 with various B2O3 contents.Generally,the TPR patterns of Mo catalysts showed the lower temperature peak at 490°C or the higher temperature peak at about 600°C.For the reduction of Mo species,the H2 consumption peaks contained the reduction of octahedrally coordinated Mo+6 to Mo+4,which were well-dispersed on the surface of supports between 350 and 560°C,whereas the reduction of crystalline of MoO3 occurred atabout600°C[25].The reason for the migration of H2 absorption peak was the stronger interaction of crystalline MoO3 than that of amorphous form.As for Mo/CeAl catalysts,there was only one peak at 600°C,indicating that large amounts of crystalline MoO3 existed on the surface of catalysts without B2O3.The temperature of H2 consumption peak decreased from 600 °C to 490 °C with an increase in B2O3 concentration from 0.0 to 0.5 wt%,which indicated that the higher amounts of amorphous Mo species were dispersed on the supports in the absence of boron.It also suggested that the addition of boron in the MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts weakened the interaction between active component and the supports[12].As for the Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts,the H2 consumption peak was at 570°C which was higher than that of Mo/CeAl-0.5 catalysts.In combination with the results of XRD,the crystallite size of CeO2 sharply increased for Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts,resulting in uneven distribution ofCeO2 on the Al2O3 surface.This result led to the formation of Al2(MoO4)3,which caused the stronger interaction between active component and the supports[26].

Fig.2.TPR profiles of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts:Mo/CeAl(a),Mo/CeAl-0.2(b),Mo/CeAl-0.5(c),Mo/CeAl-2.0(d).

3.4.NH3-TPD

XRD analysis was characterized by a RigakuD/max-2500 X-ray diffractometer(Rigaku,Japan),which was with a Ni- filtered Cu-Kαradiation source(λ=0.154 nm).The sweep angle was from 5(°)to 90(°).The crystallite sizes of all catalysts were calculated by the Scherrer equation and the values of the full-width in the XRD spectra.

Fig.3.NH3-TPD profiles of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts:Mo/CeAl(a),Mo/CeAl-0.2(b),Mo/CeAl-0.5(c),Mo/CeAl-2.0(d).

Table 2 Acidity amount of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts

Sample Weak acid/μmol·g−1 Strong acid/μmol·g−1 Mo/CeAl 537 127 Mo/CeAl-0.2 2280 –Mo/CeAl-0.5 3067 –Mo/CeAl-2.0 1275 813

It was proved that the acidity on the catalysts had a direct influence on the properties of molybdenum sulfide[18],which was in favor for hydrogenation activity of the active phase.Thus in the sulfur-resistant methanation,the number of weak acid of Mo/CeAl catalysts with B2O3 loading under 0.5 wt%was greater in those of the Mo/CeAl catalysts,resulting in better dispersion of active Mo species which was prove by the results of H2-TPR and better catalytic performance.Although the number of strong acid sites of the Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts and crystalline size of CeO2 were more than those of the Mo/CeAl-x(x=0.2,0.5)catalysts,suggesting the superfluous boron was harmful to the catalytic performance,the correlation between the contents of acidity and catalytic performance was reported in study[20,28].The complete details of the catalytic activity caused by boron would be discussed below.

3.5.Raman

The Raman profiles of spent Mo/CeAl-x catalysts with various B2O3 contents were displayed in Fig.4.It was seen that all spent catalysts with and without boron revealed peaks found at 379 cm−1 and 402 cm−1,which were assigned to MoS2 species according to the literature[29].In addition,the intensity of peaks of sulfide Mo changed significantly as the catalysts were added into boron and these Raman peak intensities of Mo/CeAl-0.5 catalysts were higher than those of other catalysts in Fig.4,it was indicated that the amount of MoS2 on the surface of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts increased clearly when the contents of B2O3 increased up to 0.5 wt%,followed by a decrease with a further increase of B2O3.Compared with the results of XRD,H2-TPR and NH3-TPD,the addition of boron had a positive effect on the dispersion of active catalytic precursor and interaction between support and Mo species which could improve the formation of disulfide Mo.

Several CeO2–Al2O3 composite supports with different concentrations of B2O3 were prepared by deposition precipitation,as described in our previous study[7].The concentration of the CeO2 in the support was 25 wt%and the loading of MoO3 was 20 wt%.The high CO conversion and selectivity of CH4 were confirmed by a pre-experiment for sulfur-resistant methanation.First,Al(NO3)3·9H2O and Ce(NO3)3·9H2O(Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co.Ltd.,Tianjin,China)[C(Ce+3+Al+3)=1 mol·L−1]were dissolved in deionized water.Then,15 wt%ammonia solution was added with continuous stirring.First,the suspension was agitated for about 30 min as adding the desired boron acid,followed the mixture standed for 60 min.The products were filtrated,washed with deionized water until the pH of the filtrates was close to 7.These products were first dried at room temperature for 24 h.After drying at 120 °C overnight,the solids were heated to 600 °C,and kept for 4 h in a muffle furnace.Finally,the samples were crushed and sieved to granules(≤180 meshes)for synthesis of catalysts.

Fig.4.Raman profiles of spent Mo/CeAl-x catalysts:Mo/CeAl(a),Mo/CeAl-0.2(b),Mo/CeAl-0.5(c),Mo/CeAl-2.0(d).

Fig.5.CO conversion and selectivity to hydrocarbon of Mo/CeAl-x catalysts:Mo/CeAl(a),Mo/CeAl-0.2(b),Mo/CeAl-0.5(c),Mo/CeAl-2.0(d).

3.6.Effect on the catalytic performances of Mo/CeAl catalysts

The effect of boron on the CO conversion and selectivity to hydrocarbon over the Mo/CeAl-x catalysts is displayed in Fig.5.As shown in Fig.5,the catalytic activity on the sulfur-resistant methanation increased from 47%to 62%as the B2O3 contents rose up to 0.5 wt%,however the conversion of CO decreased with increasing boron addition to 2.0 wt%.In other words,the catalysts modified by 0.5 wt%B2O3 showed the highest catalytic activity.It was noted that the catalysts with 0 wt%and 0.2 wt%B2O3 exhibited fairly similar activity toward methanation.However,the catalysts modified by 2.0 wt%showed a drastic decline as seen from Fig.5,which showed the lowest CO conversion,about 35%.This indicated that the addition of boron can improve the CO conversion because of the satisfactory dispersion of Mo oxides and the weak interaction between active phase and supports.The reason for the sharp decrease on the catalytic activity was that the interaction between the Mo species and supports was enhanced and the crystalline MoO3 was formed.The CeO2 layer had not been formed,maybe resulting from the formation of Al2(MoO4)3.This was in agreement with the results of H2-TPR and XRD.Further,it was shown that the addition of B2O3 could make no significant effect on the selectivity to hydrocarbons.As for all Mo/CeAl-x catalysts,the selectivity of CH4 maintained a high level about 95%while trace of C2H6 and C3+was formed.

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4.Conclusions

MoO3/CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts with various contents of B2O3 in the sulfur-resistant methanation were investigated.The study found that the addition of B2O3 could change the percentage of acid sites on the surface of catalysts.As for sulfur-resistant methanation,the Mo/CeAl-0.5 catalysts showed the highestcatalytic activity and the COconversion could increase up to 62%.The catalysts with the B2O3 loading under 0.5 wt%increased the proportion of weak acid sites while the strong acid sites nearly disappeared,resulting in the weak interaction between the active components and CeAl supports.However for Mo/CeAl-2.0 catalysts,the strong acid sites on the surface of catalysts were found again and the largestcrystalline size of CeO2 led to the uneven distribution of CeO2 and the formation of Al2(MoO4)3.Thus,these indicated that a small number of B2O3 could increase the percentage of weak acid site strength which was in favor of the higher sulfur-resistant methanation activity,and strong acid sites were disadvantageous to the sulfur-resistant methanation.

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