1 Introduction

Miniaturization and low cost are the two most fundamental demands for the radio frequency(RF)receiver front-end.Nowadays,dual-function or multifunction integrated modules become more and more popular in wireless communication systems for their miniaturized circuit size and satisfying overall performance.For example,the noise figure of a RF antenna-filter low-noise-amplifier(LNA)system has been significantly improved with the co-design strategy[1].In[2],antennas were co-designed with the amplifier and transceiver to attain higher integration degree.The filter and the antenna are independent component inmost of the RF front-end.The antenna is used to receive and transmit signal,and the bandpass filter is cascaded right after the antenna for filtering the spurious signals.Generally,the bandpass filter and antenna are designed separately and connected by a 50 Ω transmission line.This transmission line not only degrades the performance of the system but also occupies the additional circuit area.Recently,many scholars have begun to study the co-design method for the bandpass filter and antenna.Based on the open literatures,it is possible to categorize co-design approach in five main categories:1)Codesign by optimizing the interfacing impedance;2)co-design according to the synthesis approach of filter;3)co-design by embedding novel resonators within the feeding structures;4)co-design by employing auxiliary physical structures;5)other methods.

2 Survey and Analysis

2.1 Co-Design by Optimizing the Interfacing Impedance

One of the simply co-design way by optimizing the interfacing impedance between the filter and antenna is displayed in Fig.1.Here,the filter and antenna are layered and share the same ground plane to reduce the dimensions[3].The advantages of this co-design approach are that the miniaturized dimensions can be obtained compared to the version before the co-design.Also,the design process of the filter and antenna is mutually independent.By optimizing the impedance at the interfaces of the filter and antenna,the performance can be improved.Various integrated filtering antennas using this method have been reported[3][6].An example has been developed in[3].The S11 and gain before and after the co-design are shown in Fig.2.It can be seen that,for the co-designed version,the measured passband is located at 4.064.26 GHz.As compared to 4.034.14 GHz for the traditional version,a wider bandwidth is obtained.Meantime,the corresponding peak gain is4.3 dBi,better than 2.8 dBi for the traditional version.

▲Figure1.A co-designed filtering antenna.

2.2 Co-Design According to the Synthesis Approach of Filter

In this approach,the last stage of filter network is replaced with an antenna which acts as one of the resonators.The synthesis and design process is same as the filter.The advantages of this approach are that the realized filtering antenna has a high integration degree.The disadvantages are,in some designs,extra filtering circuits are inserted to the antenna feeding networks,causing extra insertion loss and degrading antenna gains.

(3)教学方法通过教师赋予该方法的内容发挥作用，好的教学设想，如果没有好的内容支撑，就是苍白无力的空想，因此，多挖掘教学资源蕴含的教学价值是达成教学目标的必经之路.

Many of the filtering antennas according to the synthesis approach of filter use the micro strip structure[7][15].Most of them obtained compact dimensions,such as 0.41lg×0.6lg[12]and 0.23lg × 0.29lg[13].A typical example and corresponding results can be found in Fig.3[9].It is demonstrated that this simple filtering antenna possesses a flat realized gain response within its operational band and has good band-edge selectivity.

▲Figure2.a)Measured and simulated S11 and b)Measured gains for the co-designed and traditional filtering antennas.

This approach is often used to realize multi-band and UWB filtering antennas[21][28].Typical planar structure can be found in[23].Its configuration and the corresponding S11,gain are shown in Fig.6[23].It can be seen that the two operating bands locate at 1.9 GHz and 2.6 GHz for LTE applications.The out-of-band gains are less than 10 dBi,indicating more than 16 dB out-of-band radiation rejection levels,which can meet the requirement of LTE MIMO for customer premise equipment(CPE).It is also seen that radiation nulls are generated at 1.85 GHz and 2.10 GHz for the lower band,and 2.50 GHz and 2.91GHz for the upper band,resulting in better filtering performance for two bands.

It is worth mentioning that in[28],the tunability has been achieved by centrally loading the resonator with only a single varactor diode(Fig.7).Since the frequency tuning technique is achieved at the feeding line of the antenna without affecting the antenna radiation characteristics,the radiation patterns are stable over the interesting frequency range.This makes the proposed filter-antenna convenient for the interweave Cognitive Radio(CR)communication applications.In addition,in[24],a filtering antenna which consists of the conventional microstripfed monopole antenna and the recently developed high frequency selective two-stage filter based on the twist modified Split Ring Resonator(SRR),is demonstrated in Fig.8.To filter out the unwanted out-of-band radiation,the used filter unit is inserted directly into the feeding line of the monopole antenna without adding extra space.

In order to improve the integration and reduce the insertion loss caused by inserting extra filtering circuits,filtering antennas by employing auxiliary physical structures are proposed[32][35].Since no extra filtering circuit is involved,the antenna is very simple.Moreover,due to eliminating insertion loss of filtering elements,this type of filtering antennas can provide a relatively high-gain.

▲Figure3.a)The first electricals mall filtering antenna and b)measured and simulated|S11|and realized gain values of the filtering antenna.

▲Figure4.a)Layout of the proposed reconfigurable filtering slot antenna and b)simulated and measured S11 and gain of the FSA for OFF and ON states.

▲Figure5.Photograph fed by auniform power divider network.

2.3 Co-Design by Embedding Novel Resonators Within the Feeding Structures

In order to control the performance of filtering patch antennas,many designs embed the resonator within the feeding structure of antenna.The advantages of this approach are that its design can be more flexible and free.Also,since no complex filtering and matching networks are involved,the proposed dual-band filtering antenna is very compact and the insertion loss of feeding circuit is desirably low.

This co-design method can also be used for filtering antennas fed by coplanar waveguide(CPW)[16][18]and filtering dielectric resonator antennas.Especially in[17],a reconfigurable filtering slot antenna(FSA)is designed.Its structure and results are shown in Fig.4[17].Compared to the ordinary slot antenna,the proposed FSA has a wider bandwidth,flat antenna gain in the passband,and good frequency skirt selectivity in both states.

▲Figure6.a)Fabrication prototype of the dual-band filtering antenna and b)simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna.

▲Figure7.Schematic of the proposed tunable bandpass filtering antenna:a)The top layer;b)the bottom layer.

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In this co-design approach,the auxiliary physical structures can be merged with the original antenna[32]or realized in the driven patch[33],[34].For example,in[32],the filtering antenna is realized by adding a parasitic loop to a unidirectional loop antenna.As a result,two radiation nulls in the gain curve versus frequency are obtained at the lower and upper band-edges,showing enhanced skirt selectivity.In[33],as a high efficient radiator,the metasurface is elaborately designed to provide a sharp roll-off rate at upper band edge for the filtering function.In[34]and[35],a filtering antenna composed of a driven patch and a stacked patch is proposed.In the driven patch,three shorting pins and a Uslot are embedded to enhance out-of-band suppression and skirt selectivity near the lower band-edge,whereas the stacked patch provides a sharp roll-off rate at the upper band-edge and also an enhanced gain.

▲Figure8.Photographs(top view and back view)of the co-designed filtering antenna and the conventional planar printed monopole antenna.

▲Figure9.a)Photograph of the designed wideband filtering CP antenna and b)configuration of the proposed wideband filtering CP antenna.

2.4 Co-Design by Em ploying Auxiliary Physical Structures

Recently,this co-design method is applied for designing the filtering micro-strip antenna array[19],[20].In[20],two filtering microstrip antenna arrays fed by a uniform/nonuniform power divider network have been designed,fabricated,and measured.Fig.5 displays its photograph fed by a uniform power divider network[20].Both the antenna arrays have achieved good impedance matching characteristic as well as filtering response,such as a flat gain frequency response,sharp band edge characteristic,and high stop band suppression.The filtering antenna array fed by a nonuniform power divider has presented a low sidelobe performance.

目前，在国土资源财政税收预算管理中存在预算管理资金不足的问题，很大一部分原因是决策层或管理人员对预算管理工作的不重视，财政划拨的资金非常有限，再加上部分职能部门削减必要费用，使得预算管理工作难以顺利开展。这在很大程度上违背了财政税收保障资源分配合理使用的初衷，也无法使财税预算管理工作有效开展，更无法从根本上提高预算管理工作的质量。

This co-design method can also be used for the filtering dielectric resonator antenna(DRA)[29][31].The common performance of three designs are that they show better second harmonic suppression,with out-of-band suppression of more than 23 dB within very wide stopband.To the best of our knowledge,it is the broadest passband and stopband that can be obtained thus far from a simple co-designed broadside filtering antenna.Fig.9 shows the interesting filtering circular polarization(CP)antenna in[31].Here,the coupled line sections are introduced on the flexible snowflake shaped patch element to obtain wideband,excellent bandpass filtering and harmonic suppression characteristics.A hollow DRA is integrated with this coupler for the implementation of a wideband filtering CP antenna.The realized antenna exhibits a wide overlapping bandwidth of 27.8%.Moreover,the proposed antenna achieves a wide stopband up to the third harmonics with a suppression level larger than 19 dB.

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2.5 Other Methods

In addition,there are other kinds of filtering antenna,such as horn filtering antenna[36]and substrate integrate waveguide(SIW)filter-antenna[37][40].In[36],the single and dual-band split-ring resonator(SRR)etched on a Rogers Duroid RT5870 dielectric substrate are inserted within the metallic flare of the horn at a proper distance from the throat.At the resonant frequencies of the SRR,transmission is highly reduced and the notched bands are obtained.For the SIW filter-antenna,it is demonstrated that the co-design can be used to reduce the transmission loss,enhance bandwidth and suppress signals of adjacent frequency band.This antenna array can be used as mm-wave front end which demands for compact size and low noise disturbing.

3 Conclusions

An overview of reported filtering antenna in open literatures has been presented.As the requirement for various applications grows,there are a greater number of filtering antennas that can be classified in a wide range of different types.This article reports the filtering antennas based on the co-design approaches.It is demonstrated that the co-design is an efficient method to improve the integration degree,reduce the size and cost,and optimize the performance.

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