1 Introduction

According to the BP Energy Outlook data(2016),the world population will increase up to 8700 million people by 2035.In addition,1600 million people will be in great necessity of energy.Production of energy will be growing worldwide by 1.5%per year over the period from 2012 to 2035.This will require development of new energy technologies.Despite mainstreaming of renewable energy technologies,the share of natural gas as an energy source will continue to grow(Fig.1).

江冬英(1977-)，女，福建省福州人，硕士，福建生物工程职业技术学院，讲师，研究方向：药物政策法规。

混合教育模式能够使师生共同走进课程，体验、感受、领悟和思考，成为课程的创造者和主体，不仅充分发挥了教师的积极性、创造性，还能调动学生学习和探索的积极性、自主性、创造性[1]。目前，典型的混合式教学平台有学堂在线、蓝墨云班课、智慧职教云等。每个平台都有其优点：

Gas consumption will increase from 31%in 2012 to 34%in 2035.Pipelines will remain the major means of gas transportation(Fig.2),but the share of liquefied natural gas(LNG)transportation will increase from 32%in 2012 to 46%in 2035(BP 2016).

Global demand for LNG has doubled over the last 10 years and is over 200 million tons per year.In 2014,the volume of LNG transportation was about 243 million tons(according to BG Group).According to the World LNG Market Forecast 2016-2020,capital investments in the LNG market will reach the mark of$241 billion over the period from 2016 to 2020.

As seen from the obtained dependencies(Fig.11),when the exhaust gas temperature corresponds to the nominal operation mode of the UGT 2500,it is possible to perform efficient conversion of ethanol and butane(reduction in specific fuel consumption is equal to 20%and 18%,respectively).The thermochemical recuperation of the GT exhaust gas heat when converting propane and butane is less efficient(16%and 12%,respectively).

The dimensions of such ships are determined by the volumetric cargo capacity of liquefied natural gas measured in cubic meter.The standard volume of an LNG carrier is equal to 155,000 m3,but 31 Q-flex gas carriers and 14 Q-max gas carriers built during 2007-2010 have the cargo capacities of 216,000 and 266,000 m3,respectively.

According to the requirements o f Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex V I,the Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI)is a mandatory mechanism of the energy efficiency standard for ships.The attained EEDI is a measure of a ship’s energy efficiency determined as follows(IMO 2014,2016):

The attained EEDI must be calculated for each new ship.

Fig.1 Shares of primary energy sources(BP 2016)

One of basic ways to influence the EEDI is application of innovative devices for power(electric)generation on board,such as Electricity from waste heat recovery.

The thermochemical recuperation(TCR)is the promising way of waste heat recovery of heat engine(Fig.3).

A substantial part of fuel energy introduced to heat engine is recovered with the engine exhaust gases.The energy of the exhaust gases can be used to provide endothermic reactions of hydrocarbon fuel transformation.The exhaust gases are directed into the chemical reformer and then into the vaporizer.The reformed fuel gas is used in the heat engine.

It should be noted that the innovative plasma technology(Gatsenko and Serbin 1995;Matveev et al.2013,2014;Matveev and Serbin 2012;Serbin et al.2014,2015)can be used for thermochemical transformations,to convert different types of hydrocarbons into hydrogen-rich gas and other fuels,as well as electricity and other forms of energy.

Hydrocarbon fuel can be converted into hydrogen containing gas through steam reforming.A heat engine is supplied with the gaseous products of fuel reforming,mainly the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide(synthesisgas).For example,if using methane,after absorbing heat in the reformer,the methane reacts with the steam according to the following reactions:

2015年12月28日，天成控股的前身云南西仪工业股份有限公司（以下统称“天成控股”）做定向增发，购买承德苏垦银河连杆有限公司（下称“苏垦银河”）股权，买卖双方约定“自标的股权过户至上市公司名下的工商变更登记手续办理完毕之日起，基于标的股权的一切权利义务由上市公司享有和承担”。

Fig.2 Distribution of the methods of natural gas transportation(BP 2016)

Fig.3 Heat engine with thermochemical recuperation(Tartakovsky et al.2011)

Comparing the synthesis gas to the base hydrocarbon fuel,the fuel calorific value is increased.

The paper is organized as follows:Section 2 considers the analysis of key factors affecting the efficiency of thermochemical recuperation of secondary energy resources,Section 3 deals with the study of the efficiency of a combined gas turbine and diesel plant with TCR,and Section 4 deals with the study of a combined propulsion plant with thermochemical recuperation of secondary energy resources for LNG carriers.

2 Analysis o f Key Factors Affecting the Efficiency of a Power Plant with TCR

The main factors that affect the efficiency of a power plant with TCR are as follows:

- Temperature potential of the flows of the waste heat energy sources in engines

- Dependence of change in the rate of increase of the base fuel calorific value HU on the reaction temperature

- Heat input of the exhaust gas necessary for fuel conversion

Efficiency of the thermochemical conversion of hydrocarbon fuels can be calculated as follows:

由表4说明，土样2土壤中没有添加化学修复剂时，其中锌含量最高的是阔小麦天，最高值为500.3mg/L，最低的是马铃薯，最低值为411.7mg/L。铅含量最高的是油菜，最高值为100.3mg/L，最低的是狼尾草，最低值为70.2mg/L。铬含量最高的是马铃薯，最高值为30.2mg/L，最低的是刺儿菜，最低值为25.2mg/L。铜含量最高的是狼尾草，最高值为29.7mg/L，最低的是刺儿菜，最低值为24.3mg/L。砷含量最高的是油菜，最高值为7.7mg/L，最低的是狼尾草，最低值为5.7mg/L。镉含量最高的是油菜，最高值为2.2mg/L，最低的是狼尾草，最低值为1.5mg/L。

where TR is the reaction temperature is the difference between the low calorific values(LCV)of the conversion products and the base hydrocarbon fuel

As base equations,steam conversion reactions for ethanol,butane,ethane,and propane were used.

Based on the fundamental properties of substances(Dean 1999),the rate of conversion was calculated using the equilibrium constants of the main reactions at a pressure of 0.1 MPa.

The calculation results were processed with the use of the regression analysis method proposed by the authors:for ethanol

The diagram of a three-section thermochemical reactor is shown in Fig.9.After mixing,ethanol and water are preheated by the exhaust gases in the heat exchanger T1.Then,the resultant steam is superheated in the heat exchanger T2.The thermochemical reactor is modeled as an equilibrium reactor defined by the condition of minimization of the Gibbs free energy and taking into account the chemical and phase equilibrium.

where T4 is the gas temperature downstream of the GT.

for propane

for ethane

for methane

第三，咬字。歌唱是表达人们情感和意愿的一个最原始的方法，唱之所想，唱之所感。既然是歌唱，那就一定会有语言的出现，一旦有语言就要牵扯到吐字的问题。美声唱法的形成以意大利语为语言基础，意大利语的音速及其发音较汉语简捷的多［3］。虽然国外的歌曲歌词的发音没有中国要求字头、字腹、字尾那样严格，但也是要唱清楚，该发的卷舌音和清辅音一定要发清楚，不然就会产生歧义，或是词不达意，让听众不知在唱什么，这样就破坏了音乐的表现力。

The rate of increase of the calorific value of the base hydrocarbon fuel is determined as follows:

The results of determination of the increase in calorific capacity of the conversion products in correlation to the base fuel characteristics are shown in Fig.4.The calculation is carried out with the use of the equilibrium constants of the basic reactions under the pressure of 0.1 MPa.

Fig.4 Rate of increase of the calorific value of the base hydrocarbon fuel as a function of the reaction temperature

Of special interest is the analysis of the temperature potentials of waste heat in such basic energy-converting machinery as a medium speed four-stroke diesel engine(4SDE)and a gas turbine engine(GT).

Figure 5 shows the waste heat potentials of the GT and 4SDE of a comparable power.

Comparison of the calculation results and analysis of the GT and 4SDE waste heat potentials allow concluding the following.For the available temperature range of exhaust gases of the modern series-production gas turbine engine(up to 450°C),conversion of ethanol,butane,propane,and ethane is efficient.The thermal potential of secondary energy sources of the 4SDE allow s for a moderate ethanol conversion,but does not allow converting other hydrocarbons efficiently.

3 Study o f the Efficiency o f Combined Gas Turbine and Diesel Power Plant with TCR

Gas turbine technologies hold a special place in the energy sector.Gas turbine engines of a simple cycle are moderately efficient.High temperature of the exhaust gases of a gas turbine engine can be used in complex and combined cycles to increase its efficiency.Korobitsyn(1998)points out that development of these technologies often follows an S-shaped path(Fig.6).

A gas turbine engine with thermochemical recuperation(CRGT)is based on steam conversion of a hydrocarbon fuel by means of recuperation of the exhaust gas heat.During that process,the advantages of TCR are manifested by enhancement of the energy and environmental characteristics of the fuel properties.

Fig.5 Comparison of waste heat potentials of secondary energy sources of the gas turbine and four-stroke diesel engine

There are various techniques of thermochemical and plasma conversion of a base carbohydrate fuel(Korobitsyn 1998;Nosach 1989;Kesser et al.1994;Alves and Nebra 2003;Tartakovsky et al.2014;Serbin et al.2011,2016).Thermochemical recuperation with steam conversion is the most widespread one.

The criterion of the plant efficiency is taken to be its specific fuel consumption SFC,kg/(kW h).

Analysis of the results of calculation of the GT and 4SDE waste heat potentials shows the prospects of using a combined gas turbine-electric and diesel engine plant with thermochemical recuperation of waste heat.

Fig.6 Technology development paths

The diagram of the combined gas turbine and diesel power plant with thermochemical recuperation of the exhaust gas heat by means of steam conversion of a hydrocarbon fuel,in this case—bioethanol(shown in Fig.7),was developed at the Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding(Cherednichenko 2015).

The pumps(12,15)deliver water and ethanol in appropriate proportions from the tanks(13,14)to the evaporators(11,16).There,the heat of exhaust gases from the GT(1)causes sequential heating,evaporation,and super heating up to the start temperature of steam conversion.The resulting vapors of ethanol and water are mixed in the mixer(10)and fed to the reactor(9).Induced by the heat of the GT exhaust gases flowing in the tubular annulus of the TCR reactor,the conversion reaction takes p lace with output in the form of a hydrogen-containing gas.Afterwards,the synthesis gas enters the heat exchanger(8),where it is cooled to the desired temperature.After the cooler,the hydrogen containing gas enters the CO2 neutralizer(7),from which pure hydrogen is injected through the solenoid valve(6)onto the inlet of the turbocharger assembly compressor(2)and is fed further with air directly to the cylinders of the 4SDE(4).

The main aim of the study is the high-level analysis of interrelations between thermodynamic parameters of the gas turbine plant with thermochemical heat recuperation and characteristics of the internal combustion engine that runs on the products of the hydrocarbon fuel conversion.

The key assumptions used to simplify the analysis are as follows:

1)The input of the exhaust gas heat required for fuel conversion is determined by the heat balance of the thermochemical reactor

where G gasis the flow rate of the GT exhaust gases,сP is the mean mass heat capacity of the exhaust gases at a constant pressure in the relevant temperature range,and ΔT=fis the reduction in the exhaust gas temperature required for fuel conversion.

2)The maximum allowable temperature of the endothermic reaction of fuel conversion T R is determined respectively as:

首先，要注重材料采购管理的作用，特别是招标管理文件内容，应确保供应商是一般纳税人，且对外合同签订名称要统一，确保专用发票的购买方信息和企业始终是相同的。

Fig.7 Combined gas turbine and diesel power plant with the thermochemical heat recovery

1. gas turbine; 2. compressor of turbocharger; 3. turbine of turbocharger; 4. diesel engine; 5. charge air cooler;6.solenoid-operated valve; 7. neutralization tank; 8. synthesis gas cooler; 9. thermo-chem ical reactor; 10. mixer; 11. water vaporizer; 12. water pump; 13.water tank; 14.ethanol tank;15.ethanol pump; 16. ethanol vaporizer

The developed ASPEN Plus turbine blade-cooling model shown in Fig.8 was incorporated into the simulation model.

根据图纸的“导向标识一览表”与“正常营运状态导向指示牌指引表”来审核新线导向是否完整连续。一般情况下，设计师按站外500m路引标识、站厅导向（含连接通道导向与出入口形象标识柱导向）、站台导向分页进行设计。

for butane

The presented internal combustion engine model in the ASPEN Plus shown in Fig.10 and includes the following:substance flows of fuel,air and gas,flow mixers,turbochargers,intermediate charge air coolers,expansion unit,compression unit,and reactor.A turbine(or expansion block)is used to simulate expansion processes in cylinders;a compressor is used for compression process modeling,and combustion processes are modeled in the reactor.

Fig.8 ASPEN Plus turbine blade-cooling model

Brown&Levinson(1987)的礼貌与面子观认为，礼貌的基础是“面子”，面子是个体的自我体现。交际中，为了礼貌起见，人们会尽量避免或减少伤害面子行为的数量和程度，具体表现为以下几种礼貌策略：“直接性策略、积极礼貌策略、消极礼貌策略、间接性策略和放弃实施威胁面子行为。”[5]与Brown&Levinson的礼貌框架相对应，Culpeper(2005)的不礼貌框架也包括五大类策略[6]：

因为高中学生接触实验时间少，大多数时间都是啃书本.所以，在实验时难免手忙脚乱，极易引起安全事故.比如，未按顺序加热试管、组装仪器，在分液时，未能正确的倒出上下层液体，直接加热烧杯，在加热装有液体的试管时管口指向同学.可见，教师应当做好督促工作，在实验前认真讲解注意点，确保实验探究安全、成功的结束.此外，也要充分挖掘有限的实验时间，提高实验探究的效率.教师可提前设置问题，并让学生预习书本，了解实验步骤、注意点.在进入实验时后，立即组织实验.

We analyzed the change in the specific fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine operating as a part of the gas turbine and diesel plant with thermochemical recuperation of the heat of the GT exhaust gases(Fig.7).The modeling concerned the power plants on the basis of the gas turbine engine UGT 2500 of the power=2.8 MW(Table 1)and the medium speed 4SDE engine Wärtsilä 18V32,5L64,18V46.

The examples of the calculation results are shown in Fig.11.

The fleet of LNG carriers,which are also called“floating pipelines,”consists of 455 ships,and 111 more ships comprise the “book of orders” (Lloyd’s List Intelligence 2017).

Fig.9 ASPEN Plus three-section thermochemical reactor model

Fig.10 ASPEN Plus internal combustion engine model

Increase in the calorific value of the LNG conversion products from the reaction temperature ΔH U=f(T R)can be presented as follows:

以上程序完成了对SINUMERIK 828D数控系统OPC UA数据访问，在这个过程中由于SINUMERIK 828D数控系统版本的问题，需要注意如下的不同，一是SW4.7版本支持的最大监控变量个数为100个，而SW4.5版本支持的最大监控变量个数为20个；二是SW4.7版本中的连接字符串中新增加了账户名和密码，这些需要在数控系统中进行设置。

2017年，中宣部确定了主题出版重点出版物选题共97种（图书77种，音像电子出版物20种），其中纪念建军90周年的18种（图书13种、音像电子出版物5种）。深化党中央治国理政新理念新思想新战略的17种（见表1）。[2]同时，主题遴选是从顶层设计角度对主题出版的总体规划，也是舆论宣传中明晰的议程设置。

4 Characteristics of a Propulsion Plant with Thermochemical Recuperation o f Heat of the Secondary Energy Resources of LNG Carriers

The gas evaporating during the LNG transportation is commonly referred to as boil-off gas(BOG).According to the data presented by Głomski and Michalski(2011),about 0.1%-0.2%of the volume of the transported cargo evaporates daily.The BOG can be used as a fuel for the power plant.

Classification of the propulsion plants of LNG carriers includes two major groups of plants depending on the BOGapplication:those re-liquefying the cargo vaporized during transportation and those using it as a fuel.

Table 1 Parameters of the GT UGT 2500

Parameters Value Number of compressors 1 Number of turbines 1 Turbine inlet temperature,T3/°С 951 Compressor pressure ratio,πк 12 Exhaust gas flow,G gas/(kg s-1) 14.7 Exhaust temperature,T4/°С 450 Power,Ne/MW 2.8 Efficiency/% 28.5

Presently,there is a large number of configurations of the propulsion plants for LNG carriers(Oka et al.2004;MAN Diesel A/S 2007;Chang et al.2008;MAN Diesel&Turbo 2013;Fernández et al.2017).The plants based on dual-fuel engines using BOG as a fuel currently have the most widespread use.The DFDE(dual-fuel medium speed diesel with electric propulsion)plants are most popular,as they involve implementation of dual-fuel four-stroke diesel generators and electric propulsion motors.

GE Marine,Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company(DSIC),and Lloyd’s Register have collaborated on the project of the COGES(combined gas turbine and steam with electric propulsion)plant for 174,000 m3 of the LNG carrier.The plant includes one 30-MW gas turbine engine,one heat utilization turbine generator,and two dual-fuel diesel generators for operation on the low power consumption modes,and as a power reserve.The main advantage of the plant is reduction of polluting emissions,improvement of the mass-dimensional parameters,and reliability.Fuel consumption for the DFDE and COGES plants is approximately the same(GE Marine 2013;GE Marine 2014).

The publication of Dzida and Olszewski(2011)considers the GOGES power plants with the power of 40-50 MW for a LNG carrier with the cargo capacity of 266,000 m3.According to the studies presented in the paper,the GOGES plant based on four GTEs Cyclone SGT 400(Siemens)and a steam turbine waste-heat loop with two-pressure boilers has the efficiency of 50.7%.The generated power of the steam turbine waste-heat loop is 49%of the total plant power,which raises some doubts about feasibility of such a configuration in the ship’s conditions.

Fig.11 Specific fuel consumption of the diesel engine as a function of the gas turbine exhaust gas temperature.a Primary hydrocarbon fuel ethanol,b butane,c propane,and d ethane.Diesel engine:1.Wärtsilä 18V32;2.Wärtsilä 5L64;3.Wärtsilä 18V46

The publication of Pan et al.(2015)indicates that the CRGT is a promising option for the ship power plant due to its efficiency and low level of emissions.

The diagram of the combined gas turbine-electric and diesel-electric power plant with thermochemical recuperation of the exhaust gas heat by means of steam conversion of natural gas or the cargo evaporation products(COGED+TCR)is shown in Fig.12.

The COGED+TCR 45-MW propulsion plant was considered to comprise the gas turbine engine Siemens SGT 400(Table 2)and three medium speed engines Wärtsilä 5L64.

The LNG composition varies substantially,which affects the conversion efficiency.The works(Benito 2009 and Dobrota et al.2013)suggest using the LNG classification according to its density(Table 3).

The calculations show that the heat potential of the exhaust gases of the UGT 2500 is sufficient to produce the quantity of synthesis gas required for operation of the 4SDE Wärtsilä 18V46 engine.At that,the ratio of powers of the diesel and gas turbine enginesis about 6.

where a,b,c,d,e,f,g,and h are the coefficients obtained by processing the calculation results by means of regression analysis(Eqs.11-14).

The method of mathematical modeling was applied to analyze the change in the specific consumption of LNG in the COGED+TCR during its operation on the convertible synthesis gas of various compositions.

The following two variants were considered:

Variant 1.The GT operates on natural gas,while the 4SDE runs on the convertible synthesis gas.

Variant 2.Simultaneous operation of the GT and 4SDE on the convertible synthesis gas.

The results of the calculation are presented in Table 4.

More efficient plant operation on the Heavy LNG is caused by high content of ethane in gas of this type.In this conversion temperature range(500-550°C),the increase in calorific value of the ethane conversion products is three times higher than that of methane(Fig.3).Hence,it is of interest for further studies to assess efficiency of the suggested power plant configuration with regard to gas carriers specializing in transportation of liquid ethane.

Fig.12 Combined diesel-gas turbine power plant with the thermochemical heat recovery

1. LNG tank; 2. LNG pumps; 3. LNG vaporizer; 4. LP compressor;5. preheater; 6. HP compressor; 7. heat recovery preheater; 8.thermo-chemical reactor; 9. synthesis gas cooler; 10. neutralization tank; 11. gas turbine; 12. diesel engine; 13. turbocharger; 14. heat recovery steam generator; 15. water pump; 16. water tank

Table 2 Parameters of the gas turbine Siemens SGT 400 used in the COGED+TCR propulsion plant

Parameters Value Number of compressors 1 Number of turbines 2 Turbine inlet temperature,T3/°С 1251 Compressor pressure ratio,πк 16.8 Exhaust gas flow,G gas/(kg s-1) 39.4 Exhaust temperature,T4/°С 555 Power generation,N e/MW 12.9 Efficiency/% 34.8

Table 3 LNG classification based on density

Parameter Letter identification LNG Light Medium Heavy Density/(kg m-3) ρ 427.7 445.7 464.8 Composition(%)Methane(CH4) Y M 98.0 92.0 87.0 Ethane(C2H6) Y E 1.4 6.0 9.5 Propane(C3H8) Y P 0.4 1.0 2.5 Butane(C4H10) Y But 0.1 0.0 0.5 Nitrogen(N2) Y N 0.1 1.0 0.5

According to the data on Q-max LNG carriers given in Cw ilew icz and Górski(2011),up to 180 tons of cargo evaporate daily at the cargo passage with full loading.The calculations show that this is sufficient for operation of a combined diesel and gas turbine plant with TCR of the total power of 45 MW.

5 Conclusions

The results of mathematical modeling of the characteristics of diesel and gas turbine power plants with thermochemical heat recovery of the gas turbine exhaust gas heat by means of hydrocarbon fuel converting show possibilities for reducing fuel consumption in the diesel engine up to 20%.

化学镀镍废水从废水调节池输入到沉淀池A，加稀盐酸调节并保持废水的pH为4 ～ 6，加入螯合剂使镍离子沉淀完全。在处理后的废水中取样，加螯合剂后不再有沉淀物生成即可。

Table 4 Analysis of the effectiveness of the COGED+TCR ship power system

Type of power plant Type of LNG Light Medium Heavy Plant efficiency/%COGED without TCR 44.0 COGED+TCR,var.1 46.5 46.7 46.7 COGED+TCR,var.2 48.2 48.5 48.9

The gas turbine waste heatcan provide efficient conversion of hydrocarbon fuels at the ratio of the powers a diesel engine and a gas turbine engine being up to 6.

时光的脚步来到了11月，寒风乍起，西北风着地而行，吼地生寒。不知不觉间，季节已悄然转换。清晨开窗时，扑面而来的凉，是否吹醒了昨夜的倦意？站在窗前的你，看着眼前落光了叶子的银杏树和枫树，会不会无声地感慨：冬天，真的要来了！

The obtained theoretical results concerning the working processes in the combined diesel and gas turbine plants with TCR show that simultaneous operation of the diesel and gas turbine engines on the LNG vapor conversion products increases the efficiency coefficient of the plant by 4%-5%.

References

Alves LG,Nebra SA(2003)Thermoeconomic evaluation of a basic optimized chemically recuperated gas turbine cycle.Int J Thermodynamics 6(1):13-22

Benito A,2009.Accurate determination of LNG quality unloaded in receiving terminals an innovative approach.IGU.Buenos Aires 1-23

BP Energy Outlook 2035(2016)

Chang D,Rhee T,Nam K,Chang K,Lee D,Jeong S(2008)A study on availability and safety of new propulsion systems for LNG carriers.Reliability Eng Syst Saf 93(12):1877-1885.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2008.03.013

Cherednichenko O(2015).Analysis of efficiency of diesel-gas turbine power plant with thermo-chemical heat recovery.MOTROL.Commission of motorization and energetics in agriculture.Lublin-Rzeszow,vol.17,№2,pp.25-28

Cwilewicz R,Górski Z(2011).Proposal of ecological propulsion plant for LNG carries supplying liquefied natural gas to Świnoujście terminal.Journal of Polish Cimac,Energetic aspects,Vol.6,No.1,Gdańsk.25-31

Dean JA(1999).LANGE’S handbook of chemistry.Fifteenth Edition.McGrawHill,Inc.

Dobrota D,Lalik B,Komar V(2013).Problem of boil-off in LNG supply chain.Transactions on Maritime Science,02.91-100.DOI:https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v02.n02.001

Dzida M,Olszewski W(2011).Comparing combined gas turbine/steam turbine and marine low speed piston engine/steam turbine systems in naval applications.Polish Marit Res,4(71),Vol 18,43-48.DOI:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10012-011-0025-8

Fernández IA,Gómez MR,Gómez JR,Insua AB(2017)Review of propulsion systems on LNG carriers.Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:1395-1411.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.095

Gatsenko NA,Serbin SI(1995)Arc plasmatrons for burning fuel in industrial installations.Glas Ceram 51(11-12):383-386.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00679821

Głomski P,M ichalski R(2011).Problems with Determination of Evaporation Rate and Properties of Boil-off Gas on Board LNG Carriers.Journal of Polish CIMAC,Energetic aspects,Vol.6,No.1,Gdańsk,133-140

GE Marine(2013).Gas turbine-based power&propulsion systems for LNG carriers.LNG 17

GE Marine(2014).Compact GE marine gas turbines for next generation LNG carrier…more cargo,same size hull.(10-15)AE 71856

IMO(2014).Guidelines on the method of calculation of the Attained Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI)for new ships(2014).MEPC 66/21/Add.1 p:1

IMO(2016).Train the trainer(TTT)course on energy efficient ship operation.Module 2-Ship energy efficiency regulations and related guidelines

Kesser KF,Hoffman MA,Baughn JW(1994).Analysis of a basic chemically recuperated gas turbine power plant.ASME J.Eng.Gas Turbines Power,116(2),277-284

Korobitsyn MA(1998).New and advanced energy conversion technologies.Analysis of cogeneration,combined and integrated cycles.Printed by Febodruk BV,Enschede,pp.54-55

Lloyd’s List Intelligence(2017).Available from https://www.lloydslistintelligence.com/llint/gas/index.htm[Accessed on Feb.27,2017]

MAN Diesel A/S(2007).LNG carriers ME-GIengine with high pressure gas supply system,Copenhagen,Denmark

MAN Diesel&Turbo(2013).Propulsion Trends in LNG Carriers,Copenhagen,Denmark

Matveev I,Serbin S(2012).Investigation of a reverse-vortex plasma assisted combustion system.Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Summer Heat Transfer Conference,Puerto Rico,USA,HT2012-58037,8.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1115/HT2012-58037

Matveev IB,Washcilenko NV,Serbin SI,Goncharova NA(2013)Integrated plasma coal gasification power plant.IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci.41(12):3195-3200.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2013.2289908

Matveev IB,Serbin SI,Washchilenko NV(2014).Sewage-to-power.IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci,42,12,3876-3880.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2014.2352275

Nosach VG(1989).Jenergija topliva.Printed by Naukova dumka,Kiev,148

Oka M,Hiraoka K,Tsumura K(2004).Advanced LNG carrier with energy saving propulsion systems:two options.Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,Ltd.LNG 14.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.002

Pan F,Zheng H,Luo P,Yang R(2015).Configuration discussions of the chemically recuperated gas turbine powering a ship.International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics,1701-1707.DOI:https://doi.org/10.2991/ameii-15.2015.316

Serbin SI,Matveev IB,Mostipanenko GB(2011)Investigations of the working process in a“lean-burn” gas turbine combustor with plasma assistance.IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 39(12):3331-3335.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2011.2166811

Serbin SI,Matveev IB,Goncharova NA(2014).Plasma assisted reforming of natural gas for GTL.Part 1.IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci.,42,12,3896-3900.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2014.2353042

Serbin SI,Matveev IB,Mostipanenko GB(2015)Plasma assisted reforming of natural gas for GTL:Part II-Modeling of the methane-oxygen reformer.IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci.43(12):3964-3968.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2438174

Serbin SI,Kozlovskyi AV,Burunsuz KS(2016)Investigations of nonstationary processes in low emissive gas turbine combustor with plasma assistance.IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 44(12):2960-2964.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2016.2607461

Tartakovsky L.,Baibikov V.,Gutman M.,Mosyak A.,Veinblat M.(2011).Performance analysis of SI engine fuelled by ethanol steam reforming products.SAE Technical Paper,2011-01-1992.DOI:https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1992

Tartakovsky L,Baibikov V,Gutman M,Poran MA,Veinblat M,2014.Thermo-chemical recuperation as an efficient way of engine’s waste heat recovery.Applied Mechanics and Materials,Vol.659(2014),pp.256-261.DOI:https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.659.256