1.Introduction

Recently, there are a lot of interests in researching of bandnotch antenna design concepts. The main objective of the designs is to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI)problems by introducing the intrinsic frequency filtering properties to an antenna. Hence, this guides to the benefit of the band-notch antenna about its capability to eliminate the interference of other existing communication services without the needs of using additional external band-stop filter devices.

Various band rejection techniques[1]-[3] were proposed, such as applying the split ring resonator (SRR)[2],[5], quarterwavelength resonator, adding slots into the radiator[8], adding slots into the ground[5],[6], adding slots inside the feeding line[11],adding embedded parasitic elements[1],[9],[10], and the hybrid techniques[3],[4]. Most of the mentioned techniques are not easy to implement, for example, the SRR method requires precisely double-side fabrication, adding slots onto the ground patch may increase the antenna size, adding slots into the radiator may introduce a significant effect to the designed antenna’s bandwidth, and adding slot into the tiny microstrip feeding line will be quite difficult to implement.Therefore, we used the embedded parasitic elements technique, as it is simple and it has the least problems on implementation than the others.

Furthermore, the emerging mobile applications also require antenna to be reconfigurable to achieve both of multifunction and adaptability properties, which will help the communication system to work more efficiently in the real-world congested communication environment. Using a set of micro-switches to reconfigure an antenna is a popular method which is used in[1],[4], and [6]-[8] to modify the configuration of an antenna.Therefore, we will apply the trick and use more switches to attach/detach parasitic elements to an antenna patch to achieve the multi-reconfigurable band-notched antenna.

This paper presents a design of a multi-reconfigurable band-notched coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed[11],[12] slot antenna.The designed antenna could be used as a wideband antenna for IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLAN) standard of 2.4 GHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band, 3.6 GHz,5 GHz ISM band, high-performance radio local area network(HIPERLAN)/2 (5.15 GHz to 5.35 GHz and 5.470 GHz to 5.725 GHz), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 3.5 GHz applications. By changing its microswitches status, the antenna could be reconfigured to stop one of the defined frequency bands: 4.5 GHz to 5.3 GHz, 3.4 GHz to 4.4 GHz, 2.925 GHz to 3.925 GHz, and 2.425 GHz to 3.6 GHz.

2.Antenna Analysis and Design

This section describes the analysis and design steps to achieve a multi-reconfigurable band-notched antenna[13],[14] for wideband applications. We model the antenna by using the CPW structure with the fr4 substrate of 1.60 mm thickness,its relative permittivity is 4.5 and the loss tangent is 0.02.The designed antenna impedance is targeted to be matched to 50 Ohm transmission line. Overall, the antenna design procedures could be decomposed to 3 major steps: The first step is to design a wideband antenna, the second step is to study on the effect of the shape and size of the added parasitic elements to the antenna bandwidth, and the final step is to add the reconfigurable property by applying micro-switches into the parasitic elements’ structure.

2.1　Design a CPW-Fed Wideband Antenna

在没有时间同步机制的情况，网络运行1小时后，簇头和节点之间的最大累积误差达到近25 ms，即每秒6.9 μs误差。从图8可以看出，单个节点与簇头之间每隔两分钟的累积时钟偏差维持在一个稳定的范围内[14-16]。因此，节点可通过估算相对频率偏差在枪声事件发生后调整自身检测时间。

Fig. 1. CPW-fed wideband antenna.

2.2　Study on the Effect of Parasitic Elements

As described in [1], [9], and [10], adding parasitic elements to an antenna will result in creating a band-notch/band-notches within the antenna operating frequency. We use a pair of symmetric L-shaped strips and inverted-L-shaped as parasitic elements. The L-shaped strips are attached to the radiation patch at the top corners. Their structure and dimension parameters such as R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are declared in Fig. 2.This introduced a band-notch to the CPW antenna.

Fig. 2. CPW-fed wideband antenna with L-shaped parasitic.

In order to understand the effect of adjusting the L-shaped parasitic elements on the generated band-notch[15]-[17], three schemes of the experiments are setup: Scheme 1) adjusting R7,Scheme 2) adjusting R8, and Scheme 3) adjusting R9. For each scheme, the other parameters are fixed except the interested parameters of the scheme. In general cases, R5 = 1.0 mm, R6 =0.6 mm, R7 = 10.1 mm, R8 = 0.5 mm, and R9 = 4.0 mm.

• Scheme 1: Effect of adjusting R7 of L-shaped strip

主瓣干扰发生时,主瓣内谱线相位将会明显改变,因此可以将主瓣内谱线的相位作为主瓣干扰的判据。余弦组合窗是目前最常用的一类窗函数,其时域通用表达式为

从图7，图8可以看出，在小尺寸的测试集中，改进的网络结构相比于固定尺寸输入的AlexNet和GoogLeNet模型的效果有大约平均5%的性能提升。由于GoogLeNet的网络结构比AlexNet深很多，对于小尺寸的输入，其像素信息相对较少，所以会出现GoogleNet模型准确率低于AlexNet的情况，同时对于GoogleNet和AlexNet，尺寸可变网络对AlexNet的性能提升更加明显。

Fig. 3. Return loss of the antenna when adjusting R7.

• Scheme 3: Effect of adjusting R9 of L-shaped strip

In this case, we have tried to adjust the width parameter R8 of the L-shaped strips to be 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 1.00 mm accordingly. The simulation results in Fig. 4 show that varying the parameter R8 of the strips would also have an effect on the return loss of the antenna. It is noticeable that a wider parasitic L-shaped strip will lead to a larger notch that expands in both directions, the lower frequency and the higher frequency. The experiments also show that the width parameter R8 has a very small effect on the lowest-operating frequency and the highestoperating frequency of the original antenna whereas the bandnotch width is sustained.

OTSU算法常用于分割图片的前景与背景。由于一般的图片会有前景与背景之分，一般前景会比较明亮，背景较为昏暗，要想将其前景与背景分离，就需要找到合适的灰度值即阈值，把两部分图像通过二值化分割出来，即背景为黑色，前景为白色。

Fig. 4. Return loss of the antenna when adjusting R8.

• Scheme 2: Effect of adjusting R8 of L-shaped strip

Because of the different lengths of any part of the L-shaped parasitic elements could affect the produced band-notch. Thus,we modify the structure of the L-shaped parasitic elements to be a set of broken-line strips that can be reconstructed to be a pair of symmetric L-shaped strips of different lengths by setting the status of micro-switches, such as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7.The structures of the modified antenna and the location of micro-switches are presented in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, accordingly.The status of each micro-switch can be controlled separately.

Dual-band mode 2: Switches S1, S3, and S4 are ON, the operating frequency will be within the ranges of 2.05 GHz to 3.40 GHz and 4.40 GHz to 6.45 GHz as shown in Fig. 10.

沙沟内地形陡峻，分布中志留系统韩家店组页岩，岩性软弱、风化强烈，为区域易滑地层，沟内滑坡、崩塌、坍塌等不良地质现象十分发育(图2)，为泥石流的形成提供了丰富的松散固体物质来源。经野外勘查，沟内共有滑坡2个，崩滑体10个，崩滑堆积物源总量8.31×104 m3；沟内还堆积了丰富的沟道冲洪积体，体积2×104 m3，坡面强风化页岩体积11×104m3。物源总量为21.31×104 m3，其中可参与泥石流活动的动储量为10.2×104 m3(表2)。

Fig. 5. Return loss of the antenna when adjusting R9.

2.3　Reconstruct the L-Shaped Parasitic Elements by Using Micro-Switches

To study more on the effect of the size parameter R9 of the parasitic L-shaped strips on the band rejection, we have adjusted R9 to 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm, respectively. The simulation results in Fig. 5 show that varying R9 had an effect on the return loss as well, the longer R9 will give the wider notch that expanded only in the lower frequency, whereas the original antenna’s lowest-operating frequency and highest-operating frequency are almost sustained.

3.法制因素——尚未形成系统的石油能源法律体系。目前，我国还没有完整的、专门的能源法律体系，对于石油等能源的规定，散见于《矿产资源法》、《矿产资源法实施细则》、《能源标识管理办法》、《石油天然气管道保护法》等条例规章及其他政策性文件中，效力层次低，影响力弱，对危害石油企业生产经营的违法行为惩治不力，违法成本低。

In order to continue the ongoing work on reconfigurable antenna design[1], we model a CPW-fed wideband antenna in an octagonal shape with the size of 40 mm × 43 mm. The ground plane is etched to have an octagonal slot which contains a rectangular patch. The rectangular radiation patch is connected to a microstrip feeding line with the width of 2.6 mm. The overall design of the antenna is shown in Fig. 1 and the dimension parameters of the slot and the radiation patch are as followings: L = 31 mm, W = 23 mm, L1 = 25 mm, and W1 =17 mm. The radiation patch is rectangular with its size parameters: R1 = 17.00 mm, R2 = 13.00 mm, and R3 =1.75 mm. The design gave a wideband antenna that can operate for applications in the 1.9 GHz to 6.5 GHz frequency range.

Fig. 6. Modified structure of L-shaped parasitic strips.

Fig. 7. Micro-switches location on L-shaped strips’ structure.

3.Simulation Results

By applying a different set of the micro-switches’ status,we configure the designed CPW-fed antenna to function as a single wideband antenna, or a dual-band antenna which works on one of following dual-band modes.

Single-band mode: All switches are OFF, the operating frequency of the antenna will be within the ranges of 1.90 GHz to 6.55 GHz as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Return loss of the antenna when all switches are OFF.

Dual-band mode 1: Switches S1 and S2 are ON, the operating frequency will be within the ranges of 2.0 GHz to 4.5 GHz and 5.300 GHz to 6.575 GHz as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9. Return loss of the antenna when switches S1 and S2 are ON.

The experiment results approve the assumption on the different shapes and sizes of parasitic elements, which would give different effects on the operative frequency of an antenna.Thus, we will utilize these properties to enhance the antenna design in the next step.

In this case, we adjusted R7 to 9 mm, 10 mm, and 11 mm,respectively. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that the effect of increasing R7 of the L-shaped strips is shifting the band-notch (the rejection band) to the lower frequency, and reducing the operating bandwidth of the antenna in high frequency whereas sustaining the band-notch width.

Fig. 10. Return loss of the antenna when switches S1, S3, and S4 are ON.

Dual-band mode 3: Switches S1, S3, S5, and S6 are ON, the operating frequency will be within the ranges of 2.025 GHz to 2.925 GHz and 3.925 GHz to 6.350 GHz as shown in Fig. 11.

Dual-band mode 4: Switches S1, S3, S5, and S7 are ON, the operating frequency will be within the ranges of 2.100 GHz to 2.425 GHz and 3.60 GHz to 5.95 GHz as shown in Fig. 12.

Fig. 11. Return loss of the antenna when switches S1, S3, S5, and S6 are ON.

Fig. 12. Return loss of the antenna when switches S1, S3, S5, and S7 are ON.

The comparisons of the return loss in all cases are shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 13. Comparisons on the return loss of all cases.

4.Conclusions

The proposed design delivers an antenna with reconfigurable parasitic elements which can be reconstructed to different sizes of parameters R7 and R9. As a conclusion from the experiments that increasing the strip length R7 has an effect on shifting the band-notch to lower frequency and on decreasing the antenna bandwidth of the higher frequency where the width of the notch could be sustained. Whereas increasing the strip length R9 has only an effect on slightly extending the band-notch to the lower frequency. Therefore,the sequence of schemes to change the micro-switches’status tends to give the longer S7 and the longer S9, which will result in shifting the band-notch to the lower frequency band. The difference among the center of each adjacency notch is 1.0000 GHz, 0.4750 GHz, and 0.4125 GHz consequently where the band-notch’s width is slightly changed from 0.8 GHz to 1.0 GHz, and from 1.0 GHz to finally be 1.175 GHz.

这种理论在比较法上的支持是德国的实践。早在1902年，德国帝国法院即在“Duotal Lagend”案中确认了对于根据专利方法(一种生产制造专利方法)直接获得的产品，在权利人投入市场后，在其上的专利保护的效力就用尽了[注]Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen, Erster Band, Der ganzen Reihe einundfünfzigster Band., Verlag von Beit und Comp. 1903, 139.。

Thus, by applying this concept we design an antenna that has multi-reconfigurable properties through adding a set of micro-switches into its structure. The designer could define different sets of length parameters to give the desired different band-notch characteristics to an antenna, conveniently.

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