Background

Understanding how and why species richness varies over space and time is a major endeavor in ecology. One of the best documented patterns in community ecology is that species richness increases with area sampled, or the species–area relationship (Williamson 1988;Durrett and Levin 1996). Ecological theory provided three explanations for the increase of species richness with habitat area. The habitat heterogeneity hypothesis assumed that large areas tended to contain a greater diversity of environmental conditions, and thereby, supported more species (Connor and McCoy 1979). The sampling hypothesis assumed that the more species found in large areas was caused by a greater sampling effort in these areas (Rosenzweig 1995). In addition,MacArthur and Wilson (1967) proposed the outstanding equilibrium theory of island biogeography, predicted that species richness in island relied on the dynamic equilibrium of colonization and extinction processes,and species richness should increase with area size and decrease with distance from source pool. Increasing island size affected species richness primarily through increase in niche variety and population size, while isolation decreased species richness by reducing the number of potential colonists dispersing into the island (MacArthur and Wilson 1967; Rosenzweig 1995).

Since being proposed, the equilibrium theory of island biogeography had been applied to explain patterns of species richness observed not only for real islands(Economo et al. 2016), but also for such habitats as isolated forests (Ross et al. 2002; Rybicki and Hanski 2013),mountain tops (Frey et al. 2007), weed lots (Crowe 1979),and small artificial islands (Rejmánek and Rejmánková 2002). A remarkable point in these studies was that researchers usually assumed that all niches on islands had been occupied and maximum species richness had being reached (Bush and Whittaker 1991; Hubbell 1997). This assumption was not verified in all systems. Patch availability in fragmented landscapes or insular islands could vary as a consequence of time since patch or island formation (Valente et al. 2014). In such circumstances, the successful colonization by new species also depended on another factor in addition to area and isolation: the patch or island age (Horsák et al. 2012). Currently, investigations on the role of habitat age has been mainly limited to oceanic archipelagos across evolutionary time scales(Badano et al. 2005; Kreft et al. 2008; Valente et al. 2014).Few previous studies have investigated patchy inland systems (Krauss et al. 2009), which have been limited to short time scales.

垃圾产沼气用于发动机发电是很好的节能减排的方法。但发动机发电后产生的烟气温度高达400℃，大量烟气热量排放大气，造成浪费。发动机本身的缸套水温也高达106～108℃，需通过发动机带的风扇冷却后循环利用，造成大量的低温热浪费。多数大型垃圾填埋场一般会配置多台沼气发电机组，如杭州某填埋场，目前已发电的机组就达到8台，根据未来的沼气产量，沼气机组最终可达到16台。如此多的沼气机组，其余热量也是相当大的。如果加以利用，就可以提高机组的效率，获得更多收益。笔者以某生活垃圾填埋场为例，建立了沼气产气模型，提出了利用余热进行发电的方案。

卡尔松是个足球迷，帕帕国现任总统杨歌派他执行这项军事任务时，他心里一百个不愿意，可是军令如山，他不得不执行。

Human disturbance is also an important ecological factor affecting species richness in natural environments(Fox and Fox 2000; Hiddink et al. 2006; Yuan et al. 2014).Disturbance can be considered as events that promote alteration in system structure, change species competition and resource availability (Sousa 1984). Increased levels of disturbance have been found producing decreased species richness in mammals and seabed benthic biomass (Fox and Fox 2000; Hiddink et al. 2006). Vera and Rocha (2006) also showed that the highest species diversity occurred in habitats with intermediate levels of disturbance frequency and intensity. Moreover, the effect of human disturbance on species richness can occur independently or along with the effects of spatial heterogeneity and patchiness (Tittensor et al. 2007). More studies are needed to simultaneously test the effects of patch area, age, isolation, and disturbance.

例如，教师可以从最基本的启蒙诗词《静夜思》入手，通过为幼儿讲解著名诗人李白创作这首古诗的背景，进而激发幼儿的阅读兴趣。具体来讲，教师可以如是说：“小朋友们，今天我们来一起学习一首古诗，诗的名字叫做《静夜思》，这首诗由我国著名诗人李白所作，李白在创作这首诗的时候，正处于一个皓月当空的深夜，你们想知道作者怎样结合深夜意境创作出这首诗的吗？”幼儿异口同声：“想。”如此，便可以有效激发幼儿的阅读兴趣，继而培养幼儿良好的阅读习惯。

In this study, we studied the summer waterbird species–area relationship from 38 post-mining subsidence lakes in Huainan and Fuyang, Anhui province, China.These lakes had transformed from farms and villages through high groundwater infux after ground sinking caused by large amount deep coal mining from 1980s until now. These lakes, as ecosystems with well-circumscribed boundaries, were an aquatic equivalent to oceanic islands (Wagner et al. 2014), and thus gave us a good opportunity to test the area and isolation effects on species richness, and also the infuences of lake age on species richness. Moreover, located in the most inhabited areas in China, these lakes were under intense human disturbance (i.e. aquaculture activity). So we also estimated the effects of different levels of aquaculture activities on species richness. In addition, we also tested the effect of lake state (still sinking or not sinking). We predicted that: (1) species richness would increase as lake area and lake age increasing; (2) species richness would be also higher for lakes not sinking compared with lakes still sinking; (3) species richness would decrease as isolation and intensity of aquaculture activity increase.

Methods

Additionalfile 1: Table S1.Species richness, area size, disturbance, isolation, age, and state of the 38 subsidence lakes used in linear regressions in this manuscript

徐州邳州市一座跨京杭大运河大桥全长为2147m，桥位水深通常保持在8～14m，水面的总体平均宽度为240m。该桥梁工程施工水域河床底的土质以砂层为主，由于长期采砂使得河床地质坍塌严重，砂层不稳定，加之通航船只多，水体流动性大，流速一般为0.81～1.28m/s。钻孔灌注桩施工是该桥梁工程实际建设过程中最为关键的一道工序，其中的11#-1钻孔桩的基础直径为1.6m，所采用的钢护筒直径为2.1m，壁厚15mm ，护筒总体长度为18m，该护筒入土深度为3.2m。在开展11#-1钻孔灌注桩钻孔工作的过程中，在钻孔深度达到了33.4m时出现了穿孔现象。

We investigated summer waterbirds (Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes and Lariformes)during May 25 to June 12, 2016. We considered each subsidence lake as a sample. To thoroughly record all waterbirds in each lake, we circled the lake by foot when its open water breadth ≥ 300 m, and walked along the long side of the lake when its open water breadth ≤ 300 m.We observed the birds using a binocular (SWAROVSKI 8.5 × 42) and a telescope (SWAROVSKI 20 × 60). We recorded all waterbird individuals occurred at the lakes.

Data collection

Our study area was 38 post-mining subsidence lakes in Huainan and Fuyang, Anhui, China. These lakes,located at an area of 140 km2, 70 km from west to east(116.14°–116.87°E), and 20 km from south to north(32.69°–32.88°N), were formed because ground water and underground water fowed in the subsidence grounds after coals were mined from deep underground. This area belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, with a mean annual temperature of 16.6 °C and mean annual precipitation of 932.9 mm (Wan et al. 2015). As one of the most cultivated areas in China, natural habitats (i.e.,forests, grasslands) have long been transformed to farms,villages and towns. There are abundant water resources,with high groundwater level in this area. Main rivers and natural lakes include Huai River, Ying River, Ji River,Xifei River, Ni River, Cihuaixin River, Jiaogang Lake, Xifei Lake, Chengbei Lake and Ni Lake (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Locations of the 38 post‑mining subsidence lakes and surrounding natural water bodies in Huainan and Fuyang, Anhui, China

We calculated the 38 subsidence lake area sizes (ha)using application Google Earth. And isolation was calculated as the straight line distance (m) between a subsidence lake and the nearest source pool, which was arbitrarily defined as natural lakes or rivers with width ≥ 30 m (see Fig. 1). We calculated the lake age by subtracting the year of lake formation, which was obtained from local villagers or staff of coal mining company, from year 2016. Situated at the most populated areas in China, these lakes were under various human disturbances, such asfishing, irrigation, aquaculture,agriculture activities around the lakes. Among these human activities, aquaculture was a widely existed phenomenon in all lakes and had a direct impact on lakes’ecosystems because it occurred right in the lakes compared to all other activities that occasionally happened in some sites along the lake shores. We measured the extent of aquaculture in each subsidence lake as a representation of disturbance through estimating the percent of area occupied byfishing net or net cage. We defined as “low disturbance” when aquaculture area was ≤ 25% of open water in a lake, “intermediate disturbance” when ＞ 25%and ≤ 50%, “high disturbance” when ＞ 50% (Additionalfile 1: Table S1). We also wanted to compare the waterbird differences between lakes still sinking and lakes with stable state (not sinking). We defined lakes still sinking as category “1” and lakes that did not sink in the previous year before our investigation as category “0” (Additionalfile 1: Table S1).

2017年11月以来，美联储4次加息收紧流动性，欧洲经济停滞不前，土耳其、阿根廷、南非等新兴市场的债务危机涌现，中国经济增速放缓，叠加贸易保护主义加剧，宏观周期向下。而OECD国家原油库存在OPEC+减产的推动下回到5年均值，美国对伊朗、委内瑞拉制裁引发供给缺口担忧，跨大西洋两岸的供需不平衡加大，在WTI与布伦特价差拉宽之后，出口增加拉动美国持续去库存，库存周期占主导。截至2018年10月，布伦特原油价格从60美元/桶上涨至86美元/桶，涨幅43%。

Statistical analysis

大数据条件下，首先要做好的是数据库的基础建设。为此需要紧跟企业业务发展，扩充数据信息资源，实现各类信息资源的有效管理、充分共享以及灵活机动地检索，同时还要有针对性地构建并完善重要数据的搜集渠道，健全结构化数据库，并且打破各部门各业务间的隔离和分化，增强数据的完整性和利用率，进而打造出智能化数据的分析平台，为实现数据的分析和挖掘以及连续、全面的审计提供技术支持。

We tested the effects of area, isolation, disturbance,lake age and lake state on species richness using both multivariable linear regression method and model selection method. Before analysis, we tested multicollinearity between allfive independent variables using Pearson correlations, and all variables were retained in the following analysis because all correlation coeffcients were below 0.6 (Graham 2003). For multivariable linear regression, we included all independent variables in the regression and selected variables by stepwise method.For model selection method, we evaluated the relative support among a priori of 10 models which represented the effects of area, isolation, disturbance, lake age, lake state, and their combinations. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion adjusted for small sizes (AICc) and Akaike weights (wi) to evaluate the strength of evidence among competing models (Akaike 1973; Burnham and Anderson 2002). The most parsimonious model with the smallest AICc value was considered to be the best model. The model weight (wi) was used to indicate the probability of the various models (Hosmer and Lemeshow 2000).

We log10 transformed area, species richness, and isolation + 1 m for each lake before analysis (Lomolino 2001).Regression statistics were conducted in SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute 2003, Cary, NC, USA) and two tailed alpha level was set to 0.05.

Results

Totally we recorded 24 summer waterbird species and 1486 individuals in the 38 lakes (Additionalfile 2: Table S2). The rarefaction curve was an asymptotic line, which indicated that our sample effort was suffcient to count waterbird species in these lakes (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Summer waterbird species accumulation curve of 38 subsid‑ence lakes in Huainan and Fuyang, Anhui, China, 2016

Additionalfile 2: Table S2.Waterbird species and numbers found at the 38 investigated post-mining subsidence lakes in Huainan and Fuyang,

老福说：“行了行了，坐下吧，既然来了，咱们好好聊聊，你们说呢？”他嘱咐母亲去给他们沏壶茶，母亲不情愿地照办了。

Results from multivariable regression and model selection method were consistent, which showed that area(slope = 0.164 ± 0.059, F = 8.50, p = 0.006, R2 = 0.164) had a positive effect on species richness (Tables 1, 2, Fig. 3a),disturbance (slope = − 0.109 ± 0.032, F = 6.78, p = 0.013,R2 = 0.159) and isolation (slope = − 0.042 ± 0.020,F = 4.31, p = 0.045, R2 = 0.076) had negative effects on species richness (Tables 1, 2, Fig. 3b, c). Lake age(slope = 0.003 ± 0.004, t = 0.77, p = 0.445, R2 = 0.016,Fig. 3d) and lake state (slope = 0.056 ± 0.064, t = 0.88,p = 0.384, R2 = 0.021) did not infuence species richness of the lakes.

Further analysis revealed that lakes with intermediate disturbance had higher species richness than lakes under low aquaculture disturbance when area sizes below 100 ha. Lakes under lower aquaculture disturbance had a steeper slope than lakes under intermediate aquaculture disturbance (0.249 vs. 0.135), as a result, species richness of lakes under low aquaculture disturbance was higher than lakes under intermediate aquaculture disturbance when lake size exceeded 100 ha. Lakes under high disturbance were always having lower species richness in all circumstances than lakes under low and intermediate disturbances (Fig. 4).

Discussion

The species–area curve is one of the best documented patterns in community ecology and also central to the theory of island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson 1963, 1967), which assumes species richness increased with habitat patch area and connectivity. In this study, we confirmed that summer waterbird species richness was positively related with area and negatively related with isolation in 38 post-mining subsidence lakes. Moreover,we also found that human disturbance negatively infuenced the existing patterns of species richness, while lake age or lake state (still sinking or not) did not affect species richness.

In consistent with our predictions, species richness increased with lake area and decreased with isolation.The increase in species richness with increasing area had been recurring reported in taxa as diverse as bacteria, plants and animals (Storch et al. 2012; Wagner et al.2014; Economo et al. 2016). Three explanations had been proposed to account for the behind mechanisms: the sampling hypothesis (Rosenzweig 1995), the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis (Connor and Mccoy 1979) and the equilibrium theory of island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). Our results showed that summer bird richness increased with increased lake area and decreased isolation, which supported the area per se theory. Lakes with greater area sizes might provide more niches than smaller lakes. Relatively small variance was explained by isolation in this study (R2 = 0.076). This could be attributed to the relatively shorter distances between our study lakes and natural water bodies, or a more complex connectivity (i.e. landscape structure) between lakes from birds’ own perspective of view (Tischendorf and Fahrig 2000, 2001). We did not test the habitat heterogeneity and sampling effort hypothesis because of lack of data. We encourage further investigation on the effectsof habitat heterogeneity as this has been found to be an important factor in determining species richness pattern in some other studies (Power 1972; Fox and Fox 2000).

Table 1 Summary of multivariable regression selected by stepwise method and Akaike’ Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size on summer waterbird richness of 38 post mining subsidence lakes, Anhui, China, 2016

Variable Estimate SE Partial R2 Model R2 F p Area 0.164 0.059 0.164 0.164 8.50 0.006 Disturbance − 0.109 0.032 0.159 0.323 6.78 0.013 Isolation − 0.042 0.020 0.076 0.399 4.31 0.045

Fig. 3 Linear regression of summer waterbird species richness against 38 post-mining subsidence lakes’ area (a), disturbance (b), isolation (c) and lake age (d), Anhui, China, 2016. Figures with black line showed independent variable has a significant effect on species richness (p ＜ 0.05)

Table 2 Model selection results, ranked by change in Akaike’s Information Criterion (ΔAICc) adjusted for small sample sizes and Akaike weights (wi), used to evaluate in fl uences on summer waterbird species richness in 38 subsidence lakes in Huainan and Fuyang, Anhui, China,2016

Models AIC AICc ΔAICcwi Isolation + area + disturbance − 136.0 − 135.29 0.00 0.79 Area + isolation + disturbance + state + age− 134.0 − 132.13 3.17 0.16 Disturbance − 127.2 − 127.09 8.21 0.01 Area − 127.0 − 126.89 8.41 0.01 Area + isolation − 126.9 − 126.56 8.74 0.01 Age + state + disturbance − 125.1 − 124.39 10.90 0.00 Isolation − 123.2 − 123.09 12.21 0.00 State − 121.5 − 121.39 13.91 0.00 Age + state − 121.7 − 121.36 13.94 0.00 Age − 121.3 − 121.19 14.11 0.00

Although the fact that larger areas contain more species than smaller ones is quite obvious, the shape and slope of the species–area relationship have remained largely unexplained (Storch et al. 2003). The slope of species–area relationship found in this study (0.16)was lower compared with results in most of other studies, which was usually between 0.20 and 0.40 (Connor and Mccoy 1979; Economo et al. 2016). This might be because post-mining subsidence lakes in our study area are relatively small. Many studies had concluded that slope of species–area relationship was scale dependent, with a more gentle slope (Palmer and White 1994;Scheiner 2003) and more frequent extinction probabilities in smaller systems (Simberloff 1976). Waterbirds are very mobile animal groups and species found in this study were mostly general species. These might also contribute to similar species composition, lower rates of species turnover among lakes, and thus a gentle slope of species–area relationship.

We calculated mean values of lake area, lake age, and isolation. We drew species accumulation curve to see whether our sample method was suffcient using rarefaction method in EstimateS software (Amato et al. 2013).

Fig. 4 Effects of aquaculture disturbance on the summer waterbird species–area relationship at 38 post-mining subsidence lakes, Anhui,China, 2016. Cross: low disturbance; open circle: intermediate disturbance; black circle: high disturbance

In accord with our prediction, aquaculture had a significantly negative effect on species richness. Extensive aquaculture in this study might has both direct and indirect effects on species richness. On the one hand, aquaculture activities might directly disturb waterbirds and reduce their resource utilization. On the other hand,aquaculture usually needs to build dike, thus destroy littoral aquatic plants, which indirectly decrease waterbird richness through reducing their resource availability.The effect of aquaculture might not always be detrimental to species richness. For example, Feaga (2014) investigated abundance of wintering waterbirds, seeds, and invertebrates in six production and idled aquaculture facilities and found that aquaculture impoundments produced suitable conditions for waterbirds in terms of food and habitat. In our study system, suitable habitats for most waterbirds (i.e. shallow water) were likely to be destructed as deep waters (usually more than 1 m)were preferred forfisheries. Our results also suggested the effect of aquaculture on species richness was scale dependent (Fig. 3). Species richness was always lower under high disturbance level compared with under low and intermediate disturbance levels. However, species richness was higher for lakes under intermediate disturbance than lakes under low disturbance when lake area was smaller than 100 ha. This result was in consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (Connel 1978), which assumes species number was highest under intermediate disturbance. Species richness in lakes under low disturbance exceeded intermediate disturbed lakes when lake area larger than 100 ha. This might be because that a greater diversity of habitats existed in bigger lakes compared with smaller ones.

Contrary to our prediction, we did not found lake age affect waterbird species richness. This was surprising as our study sites represented an age gradient of 30 years and secondary successional theory predicts an increase in species richness with the succession of systems (Odum 1969; Brown and Southwood 1987). Vegetation composition and structure were found to be important in affecting waterbird habitat selection and utilization (Lantz et al. 2010; Ma et al. 2010). However, aquaculture activities were likely to impede the vegetation growth and spread, and also keep them in an early successional stage,which might impede usfinding a relationship between lake age and species richness in our study system. Despite aquaculture could increase resource availability for somefish eating species, such as Little Grebe and Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), more profound negative effects might come through both destroying littoral vegetation for dike construction and incurring competition for food resources between waterbirds andfishes(Scheffer et al. 2006).

研究发现，久坐会使内颞叶缩小的进程加快。每天静坐超过15小时，内颞叶会比只坐5小时的人小10%。而且，久坐时间超过15小时后，内颞叶每小时就会缩小2%。

Despite the significant effects of area, aquaculture disturbance and isolation have been found in our study, relatively low explanation abilities (total R2 = 0.399) suggested variables that were not incorporated in our study might also have important infuences on species richness. Habitat heterogeneity, both from the lake per se and lake connectivity, could play important roles in shaping summer waterbird communities. And the various human disturbances, such as cultivation category and extensity, traffi c fow, and other unpredictable human activities, such asfishing, which frequently occurred around these lakes would also have profound effects on habitat use of summer waterbirds. We encourage a more comprehensive study to incorporate all these factors to understand waterbird species richness of these subsidence lakes in the future.

Conclusions

Summer waterbird species richness in 38 post-mining subsidence lakes was positively related with lake area and negatively related with isolation. Aquaculture activity had a negative effect on species richness and the effect on species richness was complicated, with the highest species richness found in intermediate disturbed lakes less than 100 ha, and low disturbed lakes above 100 ha.Lakes under high disturbance always had lowest species richness. Lake age since formation has no significant effect on species richness, which might attribute to that aquaculture activities impede lake vegetation growth and spread, and thus keep these lakes in an early successional stage.

Additionalfiles

Study area

在2017～2018年，国务院常务会议已决定创新农业支农惠农救灾机制，面向全国13个粮食主产省200个县推出专属农业大灾保险之后，2018年中央“一号文件”已经提出：“探索开展稻谷、小麦、玉米三大粮食作物完全成本保险和收入保险试点，加快建立多层次农业保险体系”的三大中国农业大灾保险发展路径。[注]《2018年中央一号文件重磅发布：其中有8处提及保险》，和讯网，http://insurance.hexun.com/2018-02-07/192418696.html，2018年2月7日。

The most common waterbird species were Little Grebe(Tachybaptus ruficollis, 310 individuals in 37 lakes), Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus, 307 individuals in 36 lakes), Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax, 189 individuals in 24 lakes) and Whiskered Tern(Chlidonias hybrid, 175 individuals in 24 lakes). Mean lake area was 129.8 ± 26.1 ha (SE, range: 5.6–933.9 ha).Mean lake age was 11.3 ± 1.3 years (range: 2–30 years).Mean distance from subsidence lakes to natural water bodies was 1210.3 ± 211.5 m (range: 0–6230 m, Additionalfile 1: Table S1).

生物质颗粒燃料的加工工艺主要包括原料接收、粉碎、混合、除尘、成型、冷却、筛选回收和计量包装等工序，具体工艺流程图如图1所示。

Anhui, China, 2016

Hainbuch最新推出的MAXXOS六棱锥形（非圆锥形）心轴按照严格的制造要求和工艺可靠性设计，满足了特定领域用户对更高性能和更可靠流程心轴不断增长的需求。由于其夹具是六角锥形，因此可实现最大的转矩传递。与传统的Mando T211心轴相比，MAXXOS T211反涨心轴夹具转矩传递率高达155%，弯曲刚度高达57%，其带六边锥形底座的涨套与锥形夹具完全匹配，可实现最大的切割性能。

JZ and LZ conceived the research project. JZ collected and analyzed the data. JZ and LZ wrote and approved the manuscript. Both authors read and approved thefinal manuscript.

综合上述两种观点,依据《刑法修正案(八)》对危险驾驶罪的规定,笔者认为,醉酒驾驶行为属于抽象危险犯。《刑法修正案(八)》规定:“道路上醉酒驾驶机动车的处拘役,并处罚金”。首先,当行为人在酒后或者醉酒的情况下,在道路上驾驶机动车行驶的行为本身对公共安全造成很大的隐患,其行为的危险性在于其行为本身,而非造成实质的危害后果，此行为本身构成犯罪。其次,抽象危险犯同具体危险犯相比,对法益的要求程度较低,即只要法益受到较低的侵害时犯罪就成立。立法者本意只是为了防止醉酒驾驶这种危险情况的存在,更好地保护人民生命和财产安全,因此,醉酒型危险驾驶罪应当定性为抽象危险犯。

Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous local villagers who gave us a ride during our investigations.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are included in the paper.

Consent for publication

Authors’ contributions

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The waterbird investigations comply with the current laws of China in which they were performed.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 31472020).

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