1 Development of UHVDC transmission capabilities

The economical development of China is closely connected with safe and reliable power supply. Load centers e.g. in central and eastern China need huge amounts of electrical power. Available energy resources and consumption areas are often distributed inverse. As a consequence it is necessary to import electrical power to load center areas in an economic and efficient way.

Since many years there are successfully implemented± 500 kV HVDC connections and UHVAC grids to enable power transmission in the range of 1000 km. For distances up to the range of 2000 km ± 800 kV UHVDC systems are introduced in the power transmission grids.

其中， bij（0-t）表示在时间段 （0-t） 内， i地区j产业的增长速度，表示在时间段（0-t）内j产业在全国的增长速度。

From some power generation areas with even longer distances to the load centers an even more economic way of power transmission has to be implemented. In 2010 State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) has decided to introduce ± 1100 kV UHVDC as a new voltage level. This enables connection of electrical power sources and load areas in the range of 3000 km and more.

(1)在美国，2011年出台了“先进制造伙伴关系计划”(AMP)；2012年2月，发布了《先进制造国家战略计划》；(2)同时欧洲地区，在欧盟地七框架计划的资助下，名为“3D打印标准化支持行动(SASAM)”的项目发布了一份3D打印标准化路线图。(3)另外，我国也对3D打印技术高度重视。2015年8月23日，李克强总理主持国务院专题讲座，讨论加快发展先进制造与3D打印等问题。

记录手术时间、术中出血量、并发症和置钉失败率，采用腰背痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability in⁃dex,ODI）和日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopaedic As⁃sociation,JOA）评分评定治疗效果。定期复查腰椎正侧位X线片、CT平扫并三维重建，评估椎间融合情况，观察螺钉有无松动、断裂，以及椎间融合器有无移位。

At the sending site power will be collected from the 765 kV AC system. On the receiving site power will be transferred to the 1050 kV UHVAC grid and the 550 kV AC grid.

2 SGCC UHVDC transmission system“Changji – Guquan” 1100 kV 12 GW

The SGCC project “Changji - Guquan” will carry 12 GW of electrical power from the rectifier station in Changji to the inverter station in Guquan. The overhead line voltage is 1100 kV DC.

The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) also addresses UHVDC interconnection to transport electrical power from major renewable resources to load centers. Distances in the range from 2000 km to 5000 km are reported. The implementation of related UHVDC power transmission lines is discussed. Maybe in future also voltage level higher then ± 1100 kV DC have to be considered to ensure economic electrical power transmission.

In this mockup the 1100 kV DC exit lead with barrier systems, the 765 kV AC exit lead with barrier system and the related winding entrance models were assembled.To verify the insulation design the mock up was tested according insulation levels given in Table 1. Furthermore the DC bushing was also tested according to the specified test voltage (see Table 1). In addition to that the AC system replica was tested, too. The voltage levels here for are also given in Table 1.

3 Product development challenges

The new UHVDC voltage level of 1100 kV and power rating of 12 GW also lead to a significantly increased rated voltage level and rated power level for UHVDC converter transformers.

As a consequence dedicated R&D was implemented to identify an adequate product design.

A good impulse voltage withstand capability of the valve winding is determined by a good insulation within the winding and a low oscillation behavior of the winding at lightning impulse stress. An optimized conductor design increases the inner impulse capacitance of the winding.Consequently the voltage stresses between the conductors/ discs are remarkably reduced and so the paper thickness of the conductor could be held in a normal range to support proper cooling. The optimized design of the conductor also enables the use of small strands. This is important to minimize the losses in the winding which are generated by the stray flux.

Fig. 1 SGCC UHVDC power transmission “Changji - Guquan”, location

The base map is sourced from SGCC 2017 corporate social responsibility report

Fig. 2 SGCC UHVDC power transmission “Changji -Guquan”, electrical scheme

Transportation requirements:

The line commutated converter system is split into 4 DC levels: ±275 kV DC, ± 550 kV DC ± 825 kV DC and ± 1100 kV DC. In each station and in each level 6 HVDC converter transformers carry power to or from the converter, 3 single phase HVDC converter transformers on the positive polarity side and 3 single phase HVDC converter transformers on the negative polarity side. The 7th single phase HVDC converter transformer is used as spare unit.

All tests are carried out according to IEC. In August 2012 the mockup and the bushing successfully passed all tests. Fig. 3 shows the mockup in the test bay.

Table 1 Insulation level of 1100kVDC mockup

Tested system No Type of test Insulation level DC system transformer level 01 DCapplied (2h) with PD measurement＋1745 kV 02 PR (90/90/45) with PD measurement±1354 kV 03 LI (FW) -2300kV 04 SI -2100kV 05 ACapplied(60min) with PD measurement 1260 kV DC system 06 ＋1995kV bushing level 07 ±1540 kV AC Um = 765kV system 08 LI (FW) -1950 kV 09 SI -1550 kV 10 ACLD 785 kV

Fig. 3 Prototype test of the 1100 kV bushing at the test bay of the Nuremberg transformer factory

The mock up test was an important milestone for the development of a real 1100 kV DC transformer. It has shown that the implemented R&D results work. However,in the mockup only the dielectric needs could be tested.

Other topics like magnetics were still to be discussed and could be only verified on a real transformer.

如果我们回到一般城邦的具体的人员构成上，就会发现，在寡头制和平民制中，穷人阶层和富人阶层可以得到很好的混合，即形成一个人数较多的中产阶层，他们既不太穷，又不太富，而是拥有中等家资。这是贫富混合得适中、恰到好处的一个阶层。如果他们执政，则可以兼得平民制和寡头制的好处，能服务于所有公民；同时，这种财富状况对于他们的政治美德培养是一个极好的基础，因为他们“最容易听从理性”[2](P144)，可以避免人的两种极端的性格品质。这样的城邦就是尽可能地由平等或同等的人所组成，这样他们之间就能坦荡地交往，并且产生出公民友谊，所以，这样的城邦就将是现实中最优良的城邦，能得到最出色的治理。

Additionally in parallel other important topics were investigated: e.g. impact of DC bias in core and clamping design, harmonics and their effects, consequences of increased power rating and optimization of oil directed(OD) cooling inside of windings, size and efficiency of our cooling equipment, stray flux distribution and management inside of the transformer tank and compatibility tests for newly introduced materials.

To study effects 3D simulations were introduced to a significant extent.

In 2014 the 800 kV DC transmission got a new impulse to increase once again the power by increasing the current.The new projects should now have a power transmission of 10 GW at 800 kV DC voltage transmission. For that reason the transmission power of the 1100 kV DC transformer was increased up to 12GW.This increase has had a great impact on the design of the 1100 kV DC transformer and also on the bushing.

As a result of the higher current the temperature rise within the bushing needed to be reconsidered and led to an increase of the diameter of the current carrying copper bar.An increased diameter of the copper bar would result in a larger weight. So the mechanical strength of the bushing also needed to be reconsidered. At the end the increased current led to a new bushing development.

随着网络的发展，现如今用户不仅可以通过图书馆获取信息，例如人民网、CCTV、新华网、新浪等新闻媒体顺应时代需求，建立网络门户，即使是学科论文，也可以从中国知网、百度文库中查到。所以，即使在家里，通过计算机、手机就可以查到自己所需的相关信息。面对如此激烈的信息服务机构的竞争，公共图书馆需要评价体系提高自身服务水平，促进图书馆的发展。

4 Transformer requirements

Final specification was released in 2016. The following tables are an excerpt of the transformer specification and are valid for the 1100 kV DC transformer.

Table 2 Site conditions:

Max. temperature 40.7 °C Min. temperature -13.8 ℃Altitude ＜1000m Average relative humidity 79%Seismic intensity 6 degree Dynamic acceleration peak value 0.2g

Table 3 Main parameter 1100kVDC transformer:

Line side winding Valve side winding Rated power 587.1 MVA 587.1 MVA Rated current(@rated tap position)1993.8 A 4454 A Rated voltage 510kV/ 228.3kV/Impedance voltage (22±1.0)%

Continue

Line side winding Valve side winding Tap range -5/+25*1.25%Grounding type of line side neutral point direct earthed DC bias current 10A Type single-phase two- winding, oilimmersed

Table 4 Test parameter 1100kVDC transformer:

Kind of test Terminal valve winding in kV 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 Um 550 52 1100kV DC-Level ACapplied 60 Duration in min Terminal line winding in kV1292 ACapplied 1 95ACSD 1 680305ACLD 1 550246ACLD 60 476213SIPot. —2100 SIind.—1175399SIind.—1175399 LI (FW / CW)1550/1705LI (FW)185LI (FW / CW)2300/25302300/2530 DCapplied 180 LI (FW / CW)1786 PR 120/120/601384

In a first step a 10.5 GW transmission was investigated.That means the transformer should have a rated power of 541.5 MVA which corresponds to a rated current of 3878 A for the HY transformer on the valve side. According to these requirements a mockup was developed to check the components like bushing and barrier system.

Maximum transportation dimensions (L×W×H) (mm):15500×5500×6500

Maximum transportation weight (t): 600

The above mentioned parameters adumbrate a huge size of the 1100 kV DC transformer. Due to the fact that the low end transformer are connected to a 1050 kV AC grid the size of these transformer are also huge. Handling the manufacturing of all these transformers is not easy and the manufacturing time increases a lot compared to normal AC transformer units. Consequently the manufacturing of the transformer for Guquan is distributed to keep the delivery time short.

小江干流沿线共解译出18条比较明显的泥石流沟谷，如图4所示的红色区域，其中小江干流西岸有13条，从北向南依次升序编号，东岸有5条，依次进行编号。小江干流长度为44.25 km，分布有18条大型泥石流沟和大量的冲沟，从图4中可以看出泥石流沟分布比较密集，且都分布在小江干流沿线，东西部分布不均匀，西部分布更加密集，而且数量更多。

5 Design of the 1100 kV transformer

宁静，是创新环境的必要特征，宁静才能致远。创新型国家建设和实现科技强国需要高质量的科技创新，而高水平的科学技术成果常常是长期持续努力的结果，需要坐得住冷板凳，需要坚韧不拔的努力。为此，要能让科技工作者静心做事、专心工作；要深度改革社会治理，切实解决好上学、养老、医疗、住房四大民生问题；要革除社会上普遍存在的浮躁、浮夸之风。深度改革是第一生产力。40年前，正是改革开放，吹响了向科技进军的号角。解放思想、实事求是，凝聚强大的社会共识，才能推进高质量的新型发展。

A specialty of HVDC transformers is that the valve winding needs to be tested with voltages that correspond to the connected system voltage. However the voltage between the terminals of the valve winding is low. This leads to a low number of turns of the valve winding, but a high voltage level of the lightning impulse.

Major efforts were taken to e.g. optimize the insulation system between windings as well as the insulation to ground as a basis to study other operational behavior. Due to the fact that the UHVDC level was increased by 37.5% it was decided to prove R&D results by a physical mockup test.

20% of the nominal power is stored as reactive power in the stray flux. For that reason the magnetic design and so the reduction of losses becomes very important. The evaluation of the magnetic measures cannot only be done by standard procedures. Many 3D simulations of the active part and tank are necessary to find the right magnetic screening measures to conduct stray flux and to avoid any overheating.

Such simulations are also done for the electrical field.Also here many simulations are necessary to ensure a safe and reliable insulation design of the winding, exit lead,intermediate electrode and bushing electrode.

Another challenge in the design was to ensure appropriate outside arcing distances between bushings and earth. As a consequence also proper mechanical stiffness of the tank was investigated by 3D finite element calculations.

The overall weight and dimensions of the UHVDC converter transformer itself are a challenge in several manufacturing stages. The impact in the individual production steps were investigated carefully and necessary adjustments were tested and introduced, e.g. active part drying and oil filling procedures for 300t of oil.

列车运营日计划编配问题可表述为：在时刻表/车次信息、股道信息、车组信息已知情况下，对列车运营日计划表进行编配。列车运营日计划要满足道岔转换最小时间约束、早高峰指定车次约束、出库便捷性约束和唯一性约束，选用合适的良好车组去担当特定的列车车次。

It is obvious that the design of the 1100 kV transformer is very challenging in regard to several topics.

6 Test results

In November 2017 the type test of the first 1100kV UHVDC converter transformer took place at Siemens power transformer plant in Nuremberg.

The size of the test object, test parameters, necessary test equipment and right positioning inside of the test facility was challenging as well. Finally all type and routine tests were conducted and completed successfully. Fig. 4 shows the transformer in the test bay.

7 Conclusion and outlook

From 2010 to 2017 significant development steps were taken to successfully produce the first 1100 kV UHVDC converter transformer based on experiences with 800 kV UHVDC converter transformer production.

The industrial experiences on the way to deliver all necessary transformers for the SGCC UHVDC project“Changji - Guquan” will contribute to further optimize the product and procedures.

从此，一个以中国精武体育和精武精神为核心的东亚和东南亚体育文化圈逐渐形成，并不断向世界扩散，成为一定时期内唯一能相对于国际奥林匹克文化有竞争力的世界性体育文化。当然，由于其在各国组织建设的松散性，也因为20世纪30年代后中国遭到日本帝国主义的侵略，最终其失去了更好的发展良机。

These experiences shall be discussed in the light of adaptation of existing international standards as well.

Fig. 4 Prototype test of the 1100 kV bushing at the test bay of the Nuremberg transformer factory