1 Introduction

The protection devices of a conventional substation are usually installed in a control or protection room and use direct sampling and tripping via electrical cables. The distance between the primary and secondary equipment results in longer cables, which present some problems such as current transformer (CT) saturation, multi-point grounding, crosstalk, distributed capacitance discharge, and failure in data sharing [1].

Smart substations make data sharing possible by adding intelligent electronic devices, which include a merging unit and an intelligent terminal. These process-level devices can solve the problem of long cables through nearprocess installation in the control cubicle. However, new devices and installation methods present new problems such as the following. 1) A 5–10-ms actuation time delay is added because the installation of intermediate devices(transmission, sampling, and tripping), which also reduces the reliability and quick action of the main protection and makes the grid operate at the boundary condition.2) The malfunction rate of the process-level devices is relatively high because they are installed in control cubicles of the primary equipment; thus, they operate under poor environmental condition, which affects the system reliability [2-5].

Reference [3] proposed a strategy of a smart substation with vertically integrated device design and system integration based on discrete components. This strategy integrates the functions of merging units, protection devices, and intelligent terminals in different plugins but uses the same equipment to solve the problem of complicated configuration and redundant devices.However, the integrated equipment still needs to be installed in local control cubicles because its protection grade and anti-interference ability are not better than those of conventional secondary equipment. The problems of high malfunction rate and difficulty in inspection/debugging still exist. On the other hand, although this method reduces the intermediate transmission devices,different functions are realized in different plug-ins, which causes transmission time delay and provides little response improvement.

2.2.1 fs/i的测定 取“2.1.2”下混合对照品溶液，进样分析，纪录各成分的峰面积，以金丝桃苷为内参物，按照下式分别计算朝藿定B、朝藿定A、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、木犀草素、槲皮素、川陈皮素、山柰酚、宝藿苷I的fs/i，结果见表2。按照外标法测定内参物峰面积As，利用各成分的fs/i和内参物的实测值，即可计算待测成分的含量。

“一带一路”沿线65个国家中有53种官方语言。[15] 目前中国大多数高校为非英语专业学生开设的语种主要是英语，只有北京外国语大学和上海外国语大学能够开设一些非通用语种。 造成这一现象的原因很多，最主要的是师资的匮乏，短时期很难培养出非通用语种的教师。 因此，英语作为全球通用语在很长一段时间仍是我们进行跨文化交际最主要的语言工具。 面对这样的困境，对“一带一路”沿线国家文化知识的输入就显得尤为重要，跨文化交际中除了语言交际外，还有非语言交际和超语言交际，极大地利用好这两种交际方式可以弥补语言交际上的不足，仍然可以顺利地实现跨文化交际。

This study focuses on line-protection problems in terms of quick action, reliability, and maintenance in conventional and smart substations. We propose a vertically integrated in-site line-protection scheme based on the SoC technique to improve line protection through integrated design,which vertically integrates the merging unit, protection device, and intelligent terminal in a single cubicle. The improvements are as follows:

2 System architecture and design idea

We consider a 220-kV system as an example. Fig. 1 shows the in-site protection system architecture. In this system, the in-site line protection is redundant. The two set protections are independent and both are mounted outdoor with integrated main and backup functionalities.Meanwhile, each set protection has an output switch installed inside the near-process breaker control cabinet for breaker closing and opening. It has a matching operation cabinet mounted on the near-process breaker control cabinet to control the closing and opening of the breaker and the voltage switching.

By adopting the design idea of vertical integration of the function, the single device of an in-site line protection can achieve three class functions. The first class functions are as follows: analog data acquisition, data processing,and sampling value (SV) data input and output (to the same as the functionality of the merging unit). The second class function is the logic operation of the protection and communication functionality. The third class functions are the following: switch input/output (I/O) state and generic object-oriented system events (GOOSE) data transceiving (similar to the functionality of an intelligent terminal). To be more specific, the line protection applies a conventional transformer to directly generate the protection current, protection voltage, and synchronous voltage of the corresponding bay via copper cables. In addition, the line protection applies a relay to send trip and close commands and receive related information from the breaker and isolation switch, such as the breaker position, low-pressure blocking reclosing, blocking reclosing (mutual blocking of two set protections),isolated switch position, and so on.

“养成性的实践教学”对职前、职后一体化的教师教育具有多方面的启示。例如，无论是师范生学习还是教师在职培训，都需要培养教师关键素质中的情智结构：促进师生和谐交流的心理品质——“热情和同情心”；在充满心理冲突与情感碰撞的教育情境中，摆脱失败的阴影，淡化成功与荣耀的虚妄，保持平和朴实的职业心境的自我力量——“情感成熟品性”；互换心理位置，敞开心扉走进学生心理世界的移情能力；衣着得体、语言健康幽默、举止文明礼貌的仪表仪容等。这些品性，是支撑优质教学的重要基础，需要教师用一生去涵养。

Fig. 1 Structure of In-site line protection in substation

The in-site line protection integrates the functions of the merging unit and inputs the protection voltage and protection current (non-measurement and control of the SV) through SV network publishing. The sampling rate is 4 kHz (4000 sampling points per second), which supports the subscription of the published bus voltage (for synchronous reclosing) using a bus potential transformer(PT) subsidiary device applied for substation area protection, safety, and device stability, as well as faultwave recording and so on.

A 220-kV transmission line real-time digital simulation(RTDS) model for computer simulations is shown in Fig. 7.The configurations are performed based on the vertically integrated local protection of SoC, vertically integrated protection of the discrete plug-ins, smart substations, and conventional substations, to compare the performance of the in-line differential protection. The protection configurations and algorithms are consistent. The tests include internal and transformational faults. The results are listed in Table 1. The response time is from the fault occurrence to reception of the tripping in the RTDS breaker.

国有企业在我国国民经济中的独特地位和作用，其会计信息披露工作就尤为重要。我国国有企业传统的发展模式存在的弊端使得国有企业的经营和发展存在着很多漏洞，长此以往，不只会影响到国有企业的正常经营和发展，对于我国经济社会发展也会起到不利的影响。所以在当今的经济社会背景下，国有企业只有通过会计信息披露，加强公众对其的监督，才能够保证国有企业的健康稳定发展。

We develop the system as shown in Fig. 8, to test the merging-unit performance. The tests include device module independence, punctuality error, re-synchronism performance, sampling response time, SV message integrity,AC analog sampling accuracy, and sampling synchronization accuracy tests. The results are listed in Table 2.

The in-site line protection adopts a standardized interface as the design idea. By taking a 220-kV line protection as an example, three electrical connectors and one optical connector are used. The electrical connector is used to connect the DC power supply, I/O signal,AC analog signal, and other analog signals. The optical connector includes the longitudinal channel interface, SV/GOOSE interface, MMS communication interface, highavailability seamless redundancy (HSR) communication interface, debugging interface, and so on. It can support many types of substation network structures such as the unity of SV and GOOSE network + independent MMS network, “three-in-one networks” (SV, GOOSE, and MMS), bidirectional HSR looped network, and so on. The connector interface seal that employs a special processing technology meets the waterproof and dustproof demands.Different interfaces have different color rings and faulttolerant knob position designs in case of erroneous plugging. Thus, interface standardization reduces the possibility of wrong contact and wrong wiring, and eventually facilitates realization of a replacement method for secondary equipment maintenance and PnP operation.

利用实时在线获取多类别精细化气象数据和多源预警预报信息融合处理新方法，实现了多源海量异构空间数据、业务数据的同步处理和一体化管理；运用归一化、信息量和证据权三种算法实现了多模型预警结果的比较分析、相互检验及辅助修改；完成了全省坡度、岩性、构造、地震、人类工程活动等综合致灾营力分区图，研发的山东省地质灾害气象风险精细化预警预报软件网格精度达到了0.25 km×0.25 km，提高了预警预报的准确度。

3 Technical scheme of vertical function integration

3.1 Line-protection system analysis in smart substations

In a smart substation, the merging unit performs analog sampling, the line protection implements logic operation, and the intelligent terminal executes a trip command. Fig. 2 shows that the sampling and tripping taches are numerous. Moreover, in the data and signal transmission, a certain delay after each tach results in a time delay. To be more specific, the maximum time delay is 2 ms after the merging unit processes the sampling data. In addition, with a 2–3ms time delay due to processing inside the protection and transmission between the printed circuit boards(PCBs), the sampling delay in the intelligent protection is 5 ms more than that in conventional protection.The protection-tripping signal, including the internal transmission and packet sending, packet parsing, and execution in the intelligent terminal and other taches,leads to a 2–3-ms delay. Therefore, compared with the conventional protection, the group action time of the digital protection in a smart substation is 7–8 ms more(slightly different among different manufacturers) [9-13].

Fig. 2 Flow chart of line protection sampling and tripping in smart substation

Fig. 3 Functional schematic diagram of vertically integrated device based on discrete plug-ins

Reference [3] described the vertically integrated device scheme based on discrete plug-ins. The plugins include analog-to-digital (AD) sampling, main CPU,process-level interface, and intelligent I/O plug-ins. In Fig. 3, shows that these modules communicate with one another through a high-speed bus. The vertically integrated device reduces the processing time of the SV and trip message (GOOSE) transmission. However,compared with the conventional protection, additional repeat sampling, low-pass filtering, and plug-in mutual communication taches are present, which further delay the sampling tach by 3–4 ms.

3.2 Vertical integration of in-site line protection

According to the smart substation system architecture,the vertical integration of in-site line protection combines the line-protection, merging-unit, and intelligent-terminal functions as well as the other functions into a single PCB of the protection device. On the one hand, this scheme reduces the data-transmission time to improve the real-time performance of the application and satisfy the requirements of the line-bay SV and control information sharing. On the other hand, this scheme imposes a high requirement on the hardware because the conventional single-core CPU can hardly perform all the functions. Therefore, the in-site line protection applies advanced SoC technology,and the overall system is mainly realized using a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) and a multi-core CPU.Specifically, the FPGA implements high-speed sampling and preprocessing of an AD converter, IRIG-B decoding,time processing, hardware interruption, synchronous processing of all sequence types, processor data interaction,and other functions. In the multi-core CPU, the digital signal processor (DSP) implements the application functions of the in-line protection, merging unit, and intelligent terminal. The functional framework of the entire device is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 In-site line protection and its function frame

The independence of the functions requires that the management, merging-unit, and intelligent functions, as well as the other functions, are distributed in separate cores.Each DSP spends different interrupt-time dispatching tasks according to the difference in the application function.The CPU management function implements device system configuration, event, wave recording, and other management functions. DSP1 implements protection and intelligent terminal functions, and one interrupt cycle(INT0) is 833 µs (1.2 K). DSP2 implements the mergingunit function, and one interrupt cycle (INT1) is 250 µs (4 K).

When the system operates, the sampling FPGA generates INT0 (1.2 K) interrupt to protect the CPU and implements 24-kHz (2400 points per second) high-speed sampling based on the INT0 interval. It also samples one datum every 20 points for CPU protection. To let the differential protections perform data synchronization on both sides of a fiber, the INT0 interval needs to be adjusted while a 24-kHz high-speed sampling interval is adjusted in real time based on INT0. The protections at both sides of the fiber realize sampling synchronization with the high-speed sampling and sampling-interrupt interval adjustment. This method needs no resampling, simplifies the calculation, and reduces the sampling delay.

The theory of the 4-kHz sampled value realization of the merging-unit function is explained by the sampling of the 24-kHz sampled data in the FPGA register and the sampling instant (the sampling interval may be real-time adjusted, but each sampling instant is recorded) in the highspeed sampling buffer. The sampling instant minus the hardware low-pass filtering delay is equal to the practical sampling instant. The sampling FPGA analyzes the external clock to achieve time synchronization of the devices and to track the external effective second pulse for the generation of the same interval 4-kHz interrupt (INT1). If no external second pulse is present, the FPGA performs an interrupt based on the internal second pulse where the interrupt interval is the secondary sampling output instant of the merging-unit function. The sampling FPGA implements Lagrange interpolation using the practical and secondary sampling instants to obtain the sampled value output by the merging unit. The sampled value is also transmitted for the application of merging-unit function module DSP2. The schematic diagram that illustrates the overall data sampling is shown in Fig. 5.

做好孕妇及其家属的沟通交流，告知其检查前的注意事项，签署知情同意书。为其讲解检查相关知识及注意事项，以消除或缓解患者各种负面情绪。孕中期是胎动的高峰，住孕妇及其家属此期尽量不要接受检查，以免胎动影响成像。检查前排尿，减少伪影产生，指导孕妇呼吸，嘱其检查时平稳呼吸。孕周较小的孕妇检查时尽量屏气，以免腹式呼吸影响成像。但也有学者认为，屏气时胎儿宫内缺氧，反而加重胎动。该点目前存疑。

Fig. 5 Data sampling of In-site ling protection

Fig. 6 Flow of In-site line protection sampling and tripping

4 Experimental verification

4.1 Quick-action test

The in-site line protection integrates the functions of an intelligent terminal. It uses a GOOSE network to publish the trip/close and other state signals of the protection device and to subscribe the relative signals of the protection or control device, such as the start of breaker failure, remote tripping, remote transmission,tripping signal of the substation-area protection, safety and stability of the device, and so on.

We can deduce from Table 1 that the tripping time of the vertically integrated in-site protection of the SoC is basically consistent with that of the conventional substation, which is 6–8 ms faster than that of the smart substation and 3–5 ms faster than that of the vertically integrated protection based on discrete plug-ins.

4.2 SV output performance test

By considering independent sampling, decoupling from protection to measurement, control, and other principles, the bus protection, measurement, and control devices do not adopt the merging unit and intelligent terminal functions of the in-site line protection.

杜邦公司于1984年在北京设立办事处，目前在中国大陆共有近50家独资及合资企业，拥有企业员工约7 500名，产品和服务涉及化工、农业、食品与营养、电子、纺织和汽车等多个行业。杜邦公司高度集中其创新能力于全球三大发展趋势和不断增长的需求，即粮食供应、减少对化石燃料的依赖及保护人类自身安全与环境。

Table 1 RTDS trip time test of internal fault

Vertical integrated local protection based on SoC Conventional substation line protection(conventional sampling and tripping)M side N side M side N side M side N side M side N side K2-AN 12.4ms 15.3ms 16.5ms 19.7ms 20.3ms 23.4ms 12.6ms 15.6ms K2-BCN 11.7ms 14.5ms 15.6ms 19.7ms 19.6ms 22.8ms 12.0ms 14.9ms K2-ABCN 10.8ms 13.6ms 14.7ms 17.7ms 20.3ms 23.4ms 11.1ms 13.8ms K3-BN 13.7ms 13.9ms 17.5ms 18.0ms 21.9ms 22.0ms 13.9ms 14.1ms K3-AC 12.5ms 12.7ms 16.7ms 17.1ms 20.6ms 20.8ms 12.7ms 12.8ms K3-ABCN 11.3ms 11.8ms 15.2s 15.3ms 19.1ms 19.5ms 11.6ms 12.0ms K4-CN 15.4ms 12.6ms 19.8ms 16.5ms 23.6ms 20.6ms 15.6ms 12.6ms K4-AB 14.7ms 11.9ms 19.9ms 16.0ms 22.9ms 20.1ms 15.0ms 12.1ms K4-ABCN 13.9ms 10.9ms 17.9ms 14.9ms 23.6ms 20.5ms 14.1ms 11.3ms K1AN-20ms-K2BN 32.6ms 35.7ms 36.6ms 39.7ms 40.9ms 43.6ms 32.8ms 35.9ms K1AN-20ms-K2ABN 31.9ms 34.9ms 35.6ms 39.9ms 40.1ms 43.1ms 32.2ms 35.1ms K1AN-20ms-K2BCN 31.1ms 33.7ms 34.7ms 37.7ms 40.7ms 43.7ms 31.3ms 33.9ms K5BN-40ms-K4CN 55.9ms 52.0ms 59.9ms 56.7ms 63.1ms 60.7ms 55.9ms 52.8ms K5BN-40ms-K4ACN 55.0ms 52.0ms 60.1ms 56.0ms 63.1ms 60.5ms 55.2ms 52.3ms K5BN-40ms-K4BCN 54.2ms 51.2ms 58.1ms 54.9ms 63.8ms 60.4ms 54.3ms 51.4ms Fault Type Vertical integrated protection based on discrete component Intelligent substation line protection (SV sampling, GOOSE tripping)

Table 2 Test results of output function

Function Line protection merging unit test indicator Merging units indicator standard Sync accuracy ＜±300ns ≤±1μs 10 min punctuality accuracy ＜±4μs ≤±4μs Sampling interval discrete value ＜±5μs ≤±10μs Message time delay of point-to-point SV port ＜±10μs ≤±10μs Sampling response time 540μs ≤ 1ms CT error Level 5P20 Level 5P20 PT error Level 3P Level 3P Synchronous error of different analog sampling port Voltage：≤±4μs；Current：≤±10μs Voltage：≤±10μs；Current：≤±60μs

Fig. 7 220kV simulation model

Fig. 8 Diagram of merging unit function for insite line protection

We can deduce from Table 2 that the main indicators of the merging units integrated in the in-site line-protection meet the standard.

5 Conclusions

In recent years, the development of system on chip(SoC), highly reliable protection techniques, and highly reliable connector techniques have made integrated and local design of protection devices possible [6-8]. A verticalfunction-integrated in-site line-protection scheme based on SoC is presented in the present paper. The functions of the merging units, intelligent terminal, and line protection are integrated in a single plug-in to shorten the response time,minimize the device types, and simplify the configuration.The miniaturization design supports outdoor installation.The standard connector interface realizes plug and play(PnP). The performance test and comparison analysis are discussed in the last section.

颈源性头痛患者远比大多数学者想象的多的多。笔者门诊每天接触的头痛患者中,按笔者提的诊断标准诊断,1/3可诊断为颈源性头痛。以笔者提出的颈源性头痛的治疗标准治疗,大部分患者疗效显著,复发率低。鉴于颈源性头痛患者数目庞大,如按笔者提出的诊断、治疗标准进行,临床医生将更容易掌握该病的诊断、治疗。尤其是基层医生的诊断将变的更容易,治疗操作更简单,风险更低,患者更安全,将使更多的颈源性头痛患者免于漏诊,更多的患者将受益,更多的医疗资源将会节省,更易在基层推广。

After adopting the vertically integrated technology,the sampling and tripping processes of the in-site line protection are shown in Fig. 6. On the one hand, the sampling transmission delay is as long as that in the conventional protection and is 5–6 ms shorter than that in the smart substation because software processing, internal transmission, and data sending in the merging unit as well as the SV interface handling and internal transmission in the protection are removed. On the other hand, the trip signal directly drives the trip relay through the bus, which results in the same tripping delay in the in-site protection as that in the conventional protection and in shorter delay than that in the smart substation. The reason is that the internal-tripping-signal transmission among the protective PCBs, transmission between the protection and intelligent terminals, receiving and processing in the intelligent terminal, and other processes are removed. Thus, the tripping speed of the in-site line protection is almost the same as that of the conventional protection and is 7–8 ms faster than that of the smart substation protection.

1) Supports outdoor no-protection installation and shortens secondary cables.

Because a liquid crystal display (LCD) cannot adapt to low-temperature environment, the in-site line protection adopts a no-LCD design. Specifically, the design sets a smart management unit in the control center as the insite line-protection human–machine interface and uses the IEC61850 unified modeling technology to achieve interface display, control operation, configuration management, backup management, on-line protection watch and diagnosis, and other functions. This technology performs remote smart management for in-site secondary equipment.

2) Uses standard interface design and realizes PnP and replaceable inspection.

[11]Nation,P.(2001a).Learning vocabulary in another language．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.

3) Realizes data sharing and provides data collection,control, support for in-station protection, and safety stabilization devices.

4) Reduces intermediate functions such as sampling and tripping, and the response time is the same as that in conventional substation and 7–8 ms faster than that in smart substation.

5) Abolishes the SV and GOOSE virtual links between the protection and merging unit/intelligent terminal to simplify the configuration.

6) Reduces the number of secondary devices, improves integration level, and reduces the device fault rate.

With the development and application of this new technique, the merging of intelligent primary and secondary equipment becomes a significant direction in smart substation development. This study proposes a vertically integrated-function in-site line-protection scheme based on SoC and aims to provide reference to future localization of secondary equipment in smart substations and the merging of primary and secondary equipment.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Project of SGCC Headquarters(521101180004, Research on Outdoor Installation Protection Scheme and Key Technologies); National Key Research and Development Program of China( 2016YFB0900600).

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