Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation (81460587); Program of Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhuang Medicine of Guangxi (Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2013]20); Key Laboratory Project of Zhuang Medicine of Guangxi (Gui Ke Ji Zi[2014]32); Key Discipline Zhuang Medicine Program of Guangxi (Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2013]16); Eight Scholar Program of Guangxi "TCM Innovation Theory and Efficacy Research".

1 Introduction

Plant growth substances refer to the substances regulating the growth and development of plant, and consist of plant hormones and plant growth regulators[1]. (i) Plant hormones are trace organic compounds (below 1 μmol/L) which are synthesized in plants and can be transported elsewhere and have a significant effect on the growth and development of plants. In the process of cell division and elongation, tissue and organ differentiation, flowering and fruiting, maturation and aging, dormancy and germination, and in vitro tissue culture, they mutually regulate the growth, differentiation and development of plants[2]. Plant hormones are mainly divided into auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin acid (GA), Cytokinin (CTK), abscisic acid (ABA), ethyne (ETH) and brassinosteroid (BR). (ii) Plant growth regulators are some synthetic substances with plant hormone activities, including IAA, GA, CTK, ABA, ETH, BR, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), paclobutrazol and polyamines.

四旋翼飞行系统作为一种欠输入系统，其在四个输入力的作用下可以产生垂直运动、俯仰运动、滚转运动、偏航运动、前后运动、侧向运动这六种输出状态[16]。其飞行动作皆可通过控制电机转速来实现，本文着重介绍垂直运动、俯仰运动、偏航运动。

DENDROBII OFFICINALIS CAULIS is the dry stem of D. officinale Kimura et Migo. D. officinale Kimura et Migo is sweet in taste and slight cold in nature; it has functions of promoting the production of body fluid and benefiting stomach, nourishing yin and clearing away heat; it can cure impairment of body fluid due to heat disease, dry mouth and thirst, stomach yin deficiency, retching due to less eating, suffering from fever after illness, hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, bone-heat syndrome and fever in chronic consumptive diseases, dim eyes, and soft bones and muscles[3]. Chemical components of D. officinale Kimura et Migo mainly include polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, phenanthrene, stilbene, bibenzyl compounds, but also contains phenylpropanoids, lignans, phenols, volatile oils, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Modern studies have shown that D. officinale Kimura et Migo has the functions of enhancing immunity, anti-fatigue, anti-oxidation, promoting digestion, lowering blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, anti-liver injury, anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects[4]. However, due to its smaller seeds and less embryo endosperm, D. officinale Kimura et Migo will germinate only in the condition of intergrowth with orchid bacteria; in the natural wild conditions, the reproduction rate is only 10%-17%[4]. Thus, tissue culture rapid propagation is an effective way to ensure the source of D. officinale Kimura et Migo.

对于高速公路工程建设过程中的中心试验室工作人员来讲，要根据工程实际施工质量，不断学习先进的试验检测技术，并定期向工程管理人员汇报工作质量，不断提升高速公路工程的整体管理效率。例如，在某高速公路工程当中，中心试验室检测人员通过与工程管理人员进行有效沟通，不仅能够提升高速公路工程整体管理效率，而且有效降低工程施工材料的损耗率[3]。

2 Functions of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo

2.1 Application of plant growth regulators in the germination of seeds ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo Deng Ruiyun etal.[8] found that the optimum medium for seed germination of D. officinale Kimura et Migo is 1/2 MS + 0 2 mg/L NAA + 100 g/L potato juice + 25 g/L sucrose juice, but the ratio of 6-BA and NAA is not favorable for seed germination[9].

At present, the production of D. officinale Kimura et Migo is mainly adding proper amount of plant growth regulators to the MS culture medium through stem segments or sterile seeds, such as 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), KT, IBA and so on, and adding certain amount of natural additives such as sucrose, agar, banana juice and potato juice , coconut juice, etc., to obtain tube seedlings through the protocorm breeding[6-7].

Wei xiaoxin etal.[21] found that using 1.25 mg/L 6-BA +0.52 mg/L NAA ratio to treat protocorms of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, the protocorm dry weight was up to 14.68 g/L; when the concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA was 1.41 mg/L +0. 36 mg/L, the maximum content of protocorm polysaccharides was 274.2 mg. In N6 liquid medium, adding 1.0 mg/L KT + 1.0 mg/L NAA + 5% potato juice + 5% banana juice was favorable for proliferation of protocorm and accumulation of polysaccharides, but the growth curve took on an "S" shape, and the content of polysaccharides reached 24.2% in 25 d, and the fresh weight of protocorms after culturing 30 d was up to 122.9 g/L[22]. Su Jiang etal.[23] found that 0.6 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5 mg/L KT was the optimum combination promoting the formation of protocorm dry matter, and 0.4 mg/L NAA + 1.5 mg/L KT was most appropriate for promoting synthesis of protocorm polysaccharides.

2.1 试验条件的优化 影响试验结果的因素包括NaCl浓度和ssDNA浓度，确定两者最适浓度可以确定检测方法的最佳结果。在银纳米溶液中加入不同浓度的NaCl溶液，引起银纳米粒子的聚集，使得A608/A418值不同。由图1可知，当控制NaCl体系浓度在40 mmol/L时，A608/A418值最大，银纳米粒子聚集程度最大。继续增加浓度，比值几乎不变。在此基础上，同理，可测得ssDNA体系浓度为8 nmol/L时，A608/A418值最小，银纳米粒子分散程度最大。由此可知，NaCl和ssDNA最佳浓度分别为40 mmol/L和8 nmol/L。

Teng JianBei etal.[28] regularly sprayed 50 μg/L 6-BA on the leaves of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, and found that it can increase the activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and results indicate that 6-BA can enhance the resistance of D. officinale Kimura et Migo to a certain extent. Yang Lan etal.[29] studied the injury of high temperature to D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings, and found that 1.5-2 mol/L SA treatment can significantly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and POD in leaves of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, increase the accumulation of free proline (Pro), soluble protein and soluble sugar, and effectively reduce MDA content; 0.5-1.5 mol/L LSA treatment can significantly increase the activity of CAT and ascorbateperoxidase (APX) in leaves of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, indicating that exogenous SA could effectively increase the heat tolerance of D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings and alleviate the injury of high temperature to D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings.

2.4 Application of plant growth regulators in the seedling growth and rooting ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo Plant growth regulators that promote seedling growth and rooting of D. officinale Kimura et Migo are mainly NAAs. For example, Deng Ruiyun etal.[8] considered that the optimal culture medium for seedling growth and rooting was 1/2 MS + 0.2 mg/L NAA + 100 g/L banana juice + 25 g/L sucrose juice + 0.5 g /L activated carbon, and Lin Xiulian etal.[14] used 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 15% banana puree + 20 g /L sucrose + 6 g /L agar. Wu Ju etal.[12] used 3/4 MS + 1.0 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L 6-BA + 10% L potato juice, and Luo Guanyong etal.[10] used banana + 30 g/L sugar + 8.6 g/L carrageenan to harden seedlings and realize rooting.

According to the study of Chang Meihua etal.[10], the optimum culture medium formula for seedling rooting was 1 /2 MS + 2.5 mg/L NAA + 15% potato juice + 2 g/L activated carbon, the rooting rate reached 90.4%-98.2%; Yang Lichang etal.[19] used MS + 0.4 mg/L IBA + 0.3 mg/L NAA for root induction, while Chen Jianrong etal.[20] recommended using N6 + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L IBA.

女人还听杨剑说，那个姓田的科长不满足，跟杨剑许诺说只要给了他房子，他答应帮杨剑在以后的工程中做偷税漏税的手脚，保准杨剑赚大钱。

网络层由互联网、各种私有网络、无线网、网络管理系统和云计算平台等组成，负责传递和处理感知层获取的信息。而多种通信网络的融和将会充分发挥已建设起的网络基础设施的应用价值，也为物联网的发展提供了一个高水平的网络通信墓础设施条件。

3 Effects of plant growth regulators on the changes in polysaccharide content ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo

In DivineFarmer’sClassicofMateriaMedica, there are records that D. officinale Kimura et Migo is sweet in taste, it mainly functions for treating the injury of the middle, eliminating rheumatism, lowering qi, supplanting the consumptive disease, weak and thin, and strengthening yin; long time of taking can strengthen stomach and extend the life. Nourishing yin and tonifying deficiency are main functions of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, while polysaccharides are main active components of D. officinale Kimura et Migo.

2.2 Application of plant growth regulators in the proliferation of protocorms ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo The methods for promoting the proliferation of is protocorms of D. officinale Kimura et Migo varied, but the main growth regulators are 6-BA and NAA. Luo Guan Yong etal.[10] used 1/2 MS + 2 mg/L 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA + 100 mg/L coconut milk + 25 g/L sugar + 8.6 g/L carrageenan medium, and the protocorm proliferation rate reached 5 times. Chang Meihua etal.[11] used MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 2 g/L AC culture medium, the protocorm proliferation rate reached 34.98%; when using MS + 0.5 mg/L 6-BA + 0.8 mg/L 2, 4-D + 2 g/L AC culture medium, the protocorm proliferation rate reached 89.6%. Wu Ju etal.[12] considered that when using protocorm-induced medium 3/4 MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.2 mg/L NAA and the protocorm proliferative hormone concentration of 1.0-2.0 mg / L 6-BA + 0.1-0.2 mg/L NAA, the effect was the best. However, 2,4-D significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of protocorms; when the concentration of KT was 1.0 mg/L, the protocorm proliferation was more suitable[9,13].

Plant growth regulators can also regulate the content of polysaccharides by regulating the changes of substances in D. officinale Kimura et Migo. According to the study of Qin Jieming, 2.0 mg/L 6-BA or 4.0 mg/L GA3 can significantly increase the root growth rate of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, and both can reduce the stem growth rate of D. officinale Kimura et Migo; 2.0 mg/L 6-BA or 6.0 mg/L GA3 can reduce the chlorophyll b content, while 4.0 mg/L 6-BA can increase chlorophyll content; 2.0 mg/L GA3 can increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a and carotenoid content; different concentrations of 6-BA had no significant effect on chlorophyll a and carotenoid content; 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 6.0 mg/L GA3 can increase the soluble sugar content[24]. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, protein and proline in D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings, reduce the content of soluble sugar, and increase the stress resistance of D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings. Among them, 1 mmol/L SA had the best effect on the D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings, while 1.5 mmol/L SA had the optimum effect of increasing the proline content[25]. Yuan etal.[26] also found that SA can reduce the glucose content of D. officinale Kimura et Migo and increase the mannose content by regulating the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes, thereby increasing the polysaccharide content. According to the study of sucrose synthase activity of 6-BA treatment, 70% coverage, and control group D. officinale Kimura et Migo, the sucrose synthase activity was the highest in May and the lowest in October; for the control group, the activity of sucrose synthase in May was higher than that of the artificial intervention group, while the condition was the opposite in October and the next January[27].

2.3 Application of plant growth regulators in the protocorm differentiation ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo Plant growth regulators that promote protocorm differentiation of D. officinale Kimura et Migo are 6-BA + NAA with certain concentration[12,14]. Luo Guan Yong etal.[10] used MS + 1 mg/L 6-BA +0.1 mg/L NAA +20 g/L potato juice +30 g/L sugar +8.6 g/L carrageenan, the protocorm differentiation rate was above 85 %; Chang Meihua etal.[11] used protocorm MS + 1.2 mg/L 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L IBA + 2 g/L activated carbon, the protocorm differentiation rate reached 89.6%; when using 1.0 mg/L KT, the effect of protocorm differentiation rate was more significant[13,15]. Ouyang Fan etal.[16] contended that the optimum hormone ratio for induction of adventitious buds was 1.0 mg/L NAA + 2.0 mg/L 6-BA, and the proliferation of clustered buds was MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA, and clustered buds were higher, stems were thicker, and chlorophyll content was higher.

4 Functions of plant growth regulators in the stress resistance ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo

When exogenous plant growth regulators are used to treat D. officinale Kimura et Migo, the level of endogenous hormones is also subject to certain changes. For example, exogenous polyamines can release the inhibitory effect of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors methylglyoxal bis guanylhydrazone (MGBG) and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on protocorm-like bulb buds by increasing the level of endogenous polyamines, to increase the endogenous spermidine (Spd) and putrescine Putrescine and Put) significantly, accordingly reducing the activity of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), and increasing the level of endogenous cytokinins (CTKs), increasing the activity of indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAox) and reducing the level of endogenous IAA, so that the ratio of total CTKs/IAA increased, promoting differentiation and germination of protocorms; when the content of exogenous polyamine was 20 mM, the effect was best[17-18].

Liu Wei[30] pre-cultured protocorms of D. officinale Kimura et Migo with a certain concentration of ABA, and found that it can improve the tolerance of protocorms to dehydration. Among them, the effect of 5 μmol/L ABA was the best, pre-culture was excellent at 24 h, after rapid dehydration, the survival rate increased about 10 times compared with the control group. However, ABA did not significantly induce the accumulation of sucrose, proline and other substances within 24 h of pre-culture, but the content of soluble polysaccharides increased to a certain extent. The microstructure observation fond gradual degradation of starch grains during ABA pretreatment, which may be the reason for the increase in soluble polysaccharide content.

5 Discussions about functions of plant growth substances in the growth ofD. officinale Kimura et Migo

From the effects of plant growth regulators on the regulation of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, it can be found the regulation is realized many in the following ways. (i) Plant growth regulators promote the growth and development of D. officinale Kimura et Migo through regulating the changes of its endogenous hormones, for example, changing the ratio of CTKs/IAA to promote the tissue differentiation, growth and development of D. officinale Kimura et Migo. (ii) Plant growth regulators affect the accumulation of polysaccharide content in D. officinale Kimura et Migo through regulating the changes in chlorophyll content and activity of invertase, sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) involved in sucrose metabolism. (iii) Plant growth regulators can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, CAT, and APX) of D. officinale Kimura et Migo, to increase its stress resistance.

Many factors can affect the content of endogenous hormones in D. officinale Kimura et Migo. For example, Wei M etal.[31] treated the protocorms of D. officinale Kimura et Migo at the ultrasonic power of 300 W for 5 min, the ultrasound inhibited the oxidase activity of decomposing CTK and enhanced the decomposition of IAA Enzyme activity, so that the endogenous IAA reduced and CTKs increased, favorable for germination, and promoting the synthesis of polysaccharides of D. officinale Kimura et Migo. In D. officinale Kimura et Migo, the inoculation of sphingomonas paucimobilis zjsh1, it was found that it can significantly promote the growth of D. officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings, increase the content of polysaccharides, increase the content of endogenous hormones SA, IAA, ZT and ABA, especially, the SA and ABA are higher[32]. The mechanism of how plant hormones promote plant growth is still a hot spot of research in plant physiology. Therefore, the mechanism of how plant hormones regulate the growth of D. officinale Kimura et Migo has to be further studied.

Molecular biology clarifies the essence of the phenomenon of life through biological macromolecules. The same applies to the study of D. officinale Kimura et Migo. Using fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis, Xu Guo etal.[33] studied the biosynthetic pathway of alkaloids from the gene level. Meng Hengling etal.[34-35] made a preliminary study on the sucrose synthase gene and sucrose phosphate synthase gene of D. officinale Kimura et Migo and found that its polysaccharide, mannose, alkaloids and other content are different in different growth years[36]. Therefore, it is a feasible path to use molecular biology techniques to study the related mechanism of the active ingredients synthesis of D. officinale Kimura et Migo from the gene level, combined with the changes in plant hormones, the key enzyme in plant hormone synthesis and gene expression analysis, to study the content of active components of D. officinale Kimura et Migo.

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