Supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Association of Chinese Integrative Medicine (ZXYK-1213).

1 Introduction

In China, with the constant improvement of economic development and material life, some parents of primary and middle school children let their children take various health food products. In this situation, whether health products have a negative effect on growth and development of children becomes a concern of parents. A large number of Chinese health food products are made using the "medicine and food homology" in traditional Chinese medicine theory, and extracted and processed by modern processing technology to foods with specific health care functions. At present, more than 200 kinds of extracts of traditional Chinese medicines have been used in health food products. Panaxginseng, Codonopsispilosula, and Pseudostellariaheterophylla are common traditional Chinese medicines used in health food products with functions of nourishing. This experiment is intended to study the effects of three kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (P. ginseng, C. pilosula, and P. heterophylla) on the sexual maturity of SD female rats and to explore their impact on growth and development of children.

全书共分十七章：第一章认识疼痛、才能远离疼痛；第二章头晕、“脖子痛”是连接头颈的肌肉弄伤了；第三章患者常问几个有关颈椎病的问题；第四章上肢麻木疼痛；第五章让人痛苦的肩关节痛；第六章中老年驼背和背痛的原因；第七章中老年人脊柱骨质疏松和压缩性骨折；第八章危害儿童身心健康的儿童脊柱侧弯；第九章腰痛的总根是腰肌平衡失调；第十章让人腰痛、走不动的脊椎滑脱和椎管狭窄；第十一章为什么患腰椎间盘突出；第十二章髋部疼痛；第十三章膝关节疼痛的原因；第十四章髌骨软化症；第十五章足踝部疼痛；第十六章延缓衰老的脚步，减少老年病痛；第十七章BZY电刺激生物反馈疗法对肌肉疼痛的治疗机制。

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental animals In this study, 33 clean-grade female SD rats, four weeks old, with body weight of 85-90 g, were bought from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd.

2.2 Experimental reagent P. ginseng granule, C. pilosula granule, and P. heterophylla granule were bought from Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jiangyin Tianjiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; P. ginseng granule production batch number: 1507019; C. pilosula granule production batch number: 1507095; P. heterophylla granule production batch number: 1508038); the granules of three kinds of traditional Chinese medicines were dissolved in sterile water for injection at 1∶1 ratio, 10 mL solution contained 10 g medicine.

单纯数词儿化(如“零儿”)，或单纯量词儿化(如“分儿”)的现象非常少见，而数量短语儿化却较为多见。数量短语儿化常常表示程度轻、数量少的意思。如：

第三，误同是人类一种幻觉式认同，也是新修辞学中最深奥且最具有创新性与哲学意义的理论。误同最能体现出新修辞学与古典修辞学的区别，它更多关注人们沟通过程中无意识的“因素”。误同经常表现出人们对自己所在处境上的误同。例如，现实生活中，许多商业广告就常运用误同来吸引潜在的消费者。一些广告商聘用年轻貌美、气质佳的明星做产品推广或者在网络商业平台上打出“明星同款”等宣传语，消费者往往会不自觉地将自己误同为广告中的明星形象而购买商品。误同对人的思维具有重大的指导作用，它告诫人们要审视自己的认知，透过现象看本质，避免因认知局限而做出误判。

2.7 Statistical processing The experimental data were processed with the aid of SPSS 18.0 software, and results were denoted by mean value ± standard deviation ±s). Measurement data (rat serum E2 content, ovarian index, uterus index, body weight) adopted single factor variance analysis or rank sum test; counting data (number and ratio of sexually mature rats) adopted the exact probability method; comparison between groups adopted LSD detection. P<0.05, indicating significant difference.

Ovary has reproductive and endocrine functions, and it mainly synthesizes estradiol and estrone. Estradiol mainly comes from granulosa cells and plays an important role in follicular development, maturation, and ovulation[2]. Estrogen content has a certain correlation with the age of rats. For normal rats, the estrogen content rises with the increase of age, and basically keeps unchanged after end of the adulthood[3]; in the case of younger week age of rats, the higher E2 level means more mature rats. In ancient books and records of traditional Chinese medicines, C. pilosula has functions of reinforcing the middle and benefiting qi, quenching the thirst, strengthening spleen and tonifying lung, and nourishing blood and promoting the production of body fluid; scholars both at home and abroad also found that C. pilosula can resist fatigue, tolerate oxygen deficiency, regulate immunity, improve the memory, and protect the gastric mucosa[4]; besides, C. pilosula has functions of lowering the blood pressure and inhibiting aggregation of blood platelet[5]. P. ginseng is the precious traditional Chinese medicine with function of replenishing qi. The experimental results show that there is difference in E2 level between 4 groups of rats, and E2 level of C. pilosula group and P. ginseng group is higher than that in the control group. Therefore, it can be inferred that C. pilosula and P. ginseng can promote the secretion of estradiol in rats, accordingly promote maturity of rats.

2.5 Detection of E2 level of rats Before intragastric intervention of all groups of rats, took blood from tail veins of rats; after 14 days of intragastric administration, all groups of rats were anesthetized and dissected, took blood from abdominal aorta and beheaded, the whole blood was placed at 4℃ for 2 h, centrifuged at 3 000 r/min to take serum, and stored at -20℃. Iodine125 estradiol radioimmunoassay kit was used to determine the serum E2 level in all the rats. The kit was operated according to the manufacturer’s instructions[1].

2.4 Examination of vaginal discharge Observed vaginal discharge of rats daily, and conducted the vaginal smear examination. Fixed the rats using left hand and held the pipette using right hand. Pipette was pre-absorbed with 0.1-0.2 mL physiological saline. Gently inserted the pipette into rat vagina 0.5-1.0 cm to absorb 2 to 3 times, and dripped a drop of solution on the object plate. After it became drying, stained with 5% methylene blue solution for 10 min, and washed the excess dyeing liquor with water. After drying, placed the object plate under a microscope for cytological examination. Diestrus: a large number of polynuclear leukocytes were seen and few epithelial cells were seen. Proestrus: a large number of epithelial cells were seen, cytosol was granular, few cutinized (no nucleus) epithelial cells, and no leukocyte. Estrus: a large number of cutinized epithelial cells were seen, large and irregular shape, and few epithelial cells. Postestrus: a large number of leukocytes were seen and there were still few cutinized epithelial cells. Through 7 consecutive days of virginal monitoring, no estrous cycle means no sexual maturity, and if there is estrous cycle, there will sexual maturity.

2.3 Experiment groups and treatment First, 33 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (8-9 rats each group): control group, P. ginseng group, C. pilosula group, and P. heterophylla group (9 rats in P. ginseng group and 8 rats in other 3 groups). After three days of adaptive feeding, the control group rats were given physiological saline only, P. ginseng group rats were intragastrically administered with P. ginseng granule, C. pilosula group rats were intragastrically administered with C. pilosula granule, and P. heterophylla group rats were intragastrically administered with P. heterophylla granule. The administration dose was 3 g daily for 1 kg rats (calculated according to 6 times of daily drug dose of a 60 kg adult), one time daily, continuous administration for 14 days, and all groups of rats were fed in conventional manner. At the same time, daily routine examination of vaginal discharge was carried out to judge the time of maturity. Before administration, took blood from tail veins of rats in all groups; after 14 days of administration, all groups of rats were anesthetized and dissected, took blood from abdominal aorta, detected the estradiol (E2) level of 4 groups of female rats, and measured the ovarian index and uterus index, so as to study the effects of P. ginseng, C. pilosula, and P. heterophylla on the sexual maturity of SD female rats.

3 Results

3.2 Effects ofP. ginseng, C. pilosula andP. heterophylla on E2 level of SD female rats Through the single factor variance analysis, compared with the control group, E2 level of SD female rats of C. pilosula group and P. ginseng group significantly increased, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); compared with the control group, E2 level of SD female rats of P. heterophylla group slightly increased, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05), as listed in Table 2.

Note: a. Diestrus; b. Proestrus; c. Estrus; d. Postestrus

Fig.1 Vaginal smear of estrous cycle of rats under the microscope

Table 1 Sexual maturity of SD female rats after 2 weeks of intragastric administration withPanaxginseng, Codonopsispilosula andPseudostellariaheterophylla (n, %)

GroupnSexualmaturityMature∥pcsNotmature∥pcsMaturityrate∥%Controlgroup86275．00P．ginsenggroup98188．89C．pilosulagroup86275．00P．heterophyllagroup84450．00

3.1 Effects ofP. ginseng, C. pilosula andP. heterophylla on vaginal discharge of SD female rats After female rats become sexual mature, 4-5 days were a sexual cycle, the virginal discharge will have cyclical diestrus, proestrus, estrus, and postestrus changes. Through 7 consecutive days of virginal monitoring, no estrous cycle means no sexual maturity, and if there is estrous cycle, there will sexual maturity, as shown in Fig.1. Within two weeks, through observing vaginal leucorrhea smear, 6 rats in the control group were sexually mature, 8 rats in P. ginseng group were sexually mature, 6 rats in C. pilosula group were sexually mature, 4 rats in P. heterophylla group were sexually mature, indicating that P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla had no significant influence on the time of maturity of SD female rats (Table 1).

自动录制：录播系统采用一键式自动录制。录播系统把授课教师和学生的音、视频和电子设备的图像信号（包括视频展台，白板，PPT，教学课件等）进行同步录制。教师不需要专业录制知识，只需要通过操作面板上的功能按钮，就可独立进行专业的录制工作。录制的视频自动生成标准化的高清流媒体文件，教师只专注教学活动就可以了，减轻了课程录制的负担。

Table 2 Effects of 2 weeks of intragastric administration withPanaxginseng, Codonopsispilosula andPseudostellariaheterophylla on E2 level of SD female rats±s)

Groupn∥pcsE2∥pg/mLControlgroup89．63±2．11P．ginsenggroup917．00±3．03∗C．pilosulagroup823．88±4．33∗P．heterophyllagroup812．50±3．34

Note: compared with the control group, *P<0.05.

3.3 Effects ofP. ginseng, C. pilosula andP. heterophylla on ovarian index and uterus index of SD female rats From variance analysis of the ovarian index of all groups of rats, it found that P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla had no significant influence on the ovarian index of SD female rats, while the ovarian index of P. ginseng group was higher than that of other groups. There was significant difference in the uterus index between 4 groups of rats. Specifically, the uterus index of P. ginseng group was significantly higher than that of the control group and P. heterophylla group (P<0.05), indicating that P. ginseng may lead to sexual maturity of rats, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Effects ofPanaxginseng, Codonopsispilosula andPseudostellariaheterophylla on ovarian index and uterus index of SD female rats±s)

Groupn∥pcsOvarianindex×10-4Uterusindex×10-4Controlgroup816．32±1．336．99±0．43P．ginsenggroup920．95±1．70∗Δ7．38±0．88C．pilosulagroup818．36±1．746．56±0．46P．heterophyllagroup814．75±1．176．70±0．35

Note: compared with the control group, *P<0.05; compared with P. heterophylla group, ΔP<0.05.

3.4 Effects ofP. ginseng, C. pilosula andP. heterophylla on body weight increase of SD female rats The variance analysis was carried out for body weight of 4 groups of rats before and after 2 weeks of intragastric administration. Before the medicine intervention, rats were randomly divided into groups, and there was no statistical difference in the body weight between each group (P>0.05). After 2 weeks of medicine intervention, compared with the control group, the body weight of rats of P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla groups significantly increased (P<0.05), indicating that P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla can significantly increase the body weight of SD female rats, while there was no significant difference in the increase of body weight between these 3 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (Table 4).

Table 4 Effects ofPanaxginseng, Codonopsispilosula andPseudostellariaheterophylla on body weight increase of SD female rats

Groupn∥pcsBodyweightbeforeintervention∥gBodyweightafterintervention∥gControlgroup8100．88±1．55161．88±6．11P．ginsenggroup992．44±4．79176．00±3．62∗C．pilosulagroup899．63±2．11177．25±3．79∗P．heterophyllagroup897．50±1．83172．38±5．23∗

Note: compared with the control group, *P<0.05.

4 Discussions

2.6 Calculation of rat ovarian index and uterus index After 14 days of intragastric administration, rats of all groups were anesthetized and dissected, took out ovary in both sides and Y shaped uterus, and calculated the ovarian index and uterus index.

Higher ovarian index and uterus index means higher possibility of sexual maturity of rats. This study indicates that P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla have no significant influence on the ovarian index, but the ovarian index of P. ginseng group was higher than that of other groups. Besides, the ovarian index of P. ginseng group was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that P. ginseng can significantly increase the ovarian index of rats, thus P. ginseng may lead to sexual maturity of rats. In DivineFarmer’sClassicofMateriaMedica, P. ginseng is described as medicine of reinforcing vital energy, sweet in taste and slightly cold in nature, mainly replenishes the five internal organs, soothe the spirit, stop palpitation with fear, expel harmful wind, brighten eyes, and improve intelligence and mentality, If taking it for long time, it is good to lose body weight and to improve longevity. Modern medical research indicated that P. ginseng can play a positive role in e immune regulation and bring into play wide immunological effects through the immune regulatory network[6].

Taking SD female rats as experimental objects, we preliminarily studied effects of P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla on gonadal development and its functions of female rats. There may be some shortcomings, especially small sample size. In the future, it is possible to properly increase the animal size, to make the experimental results more statistically significant and representative. Through this experiment, we concluded that P. ginseng, C. pilosula and P. heterophylla can significantly increase the body weight of SD female rats, P. ginseng and C. pilosula may interfere in their growth and development, accordingly prompting the sexual maturity. Although functions of P. ginseng and C. pilosula are wide, they may be not suitable for primary and middle school children who still remain at the growth and development period, they may intervene in normal growth and development of children, or even lead to precocious puberty. P. heterophylla is clinical qi-restoratives medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. Similar to functions of P. ginseng and C. pilosula, P. heterophylla can benefit qi and invigorate the spleen, promote the production of body fluid and moisten the lung, and is widely used in clinical application especially in teenagers. Modern research shows that P. heterophylla also can improve the chronic heart failure, improve the memory, and regulate the blood sugar[7]. Through our experimental observation, P. heterophylla has

no significant effect on the development of gonads of rats. Therefore, clinically, it is feasible to take low dose P. ginseng and C. pilosula for short period, or use P. heterophylla to take the place of P. ginseng and C. pilosula, to avoid precocious puberty of children.

建立起一支长期扎根基层、热爱统战、善于创新的干部队伍，必须建立基层统战工作嘉奖激励机制，真正做到用事业留人、用事业成就感留人，为基层统战工作持续健康发展提供人才保障。

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