1. Introduction

The United Arab Emirates(UAE)produced 182.4 million tonnes of oil(or 4.07 MMb/day)in 2016 and was ranked 8thin the world(BP,2017).It is rich in oil and gas resources.Since the discovery of its first oil field—the Bab Field in 1954,a total of 68 oil fields and 23 gas fields has been discovered in UAE by the end of 2015(Fig.1).They host a total of initial proved and

庶人，春秋农业与力役的负担者。《左传》襄公九年云：“庶人力于农穑”，又《国语·晋语四》载“士食田，庶人食力”，可证。庶人不属于“国人”范畴，吉本道雅在《春秋国人考》一文中已作考证，他指出：《左传》中凡在农闲期间被课以力役的“民”，无一例可以替换为“国人”，凡可以替换为“国人”的“民”，则几乎是军事行动的参与者。根据这一考证，吉本道雅得出结论：“‘庶人’不包括在‘国人’之内，他们一般居住在‘国’的城壁之外。”[12](P95)应该说，这是正确的研究结论。但吉本氏将工、商也列入“国人”范畴的观点，则值得商榷。

＊Corresponding author.

E-mail address:baigp@cup.edu.cn(G.-P.Bai).

式中:xl是第l个单元的输入;xl+1是第l个单元的输出,同时是第l+1个单元的输入;W={Wl,k|1≤k≤K}为与第l个残差单元相关的权重和偏差的集合,其中K是残差单元内部的层数;F(xl,Wl)为网络的残差函数;f(yl)为网络的ReLU函数;函数h(xl)为恒等映射。

Peer review under responsibility of China University of Petroleum(Beijing).probable(2P)reserves of 81,135.9 MMb of oil,192.09 Tcf of gas and 6496.58 MMb of condensate,which amount to 119,775.0 MMboe (million barrels oil equivalent).As UAE is a major oil producing country,its general petroleum geology has been extensively studied by a number of authors including Alsharhan(1989),Alsharhan and Kendall(1995),Alsharhan and Nairn(1997)and Glennie(2010).However,the petroleum systems in UAE have not been systematically documented in the public domain.With the latest data of oil and gas fields and results of previous studies of source rocks and depositional facies,this study attempts to document the distribution of petroleum systems and their salient features in UAE.

如表1所示，大多数小型焚烧炉采用了气化焚烧技术，但很难做到飞灰熔融，飞灰应该按照危险废物相关法规处置［5］。但是农村地区通常无飞灰的处置设施，因此即使烟气能达标，这些在农村地区运行的焚烧炉仍存在飞灰污染的环境风险。但是采用的热解后焦炭挥发分耦合焚烧技术（以下简称热解耦合焚烧），通过飞灰返烧-熔融模式，存在飞灰玻璃化可能。

As defined by Magoon and Dow(1994),a petroleum system is a natural system which encompasses a pod of active source rocks and all the essential elements and geological processes for the formation of a hydrocarbon accumulation.Its distribution is confined by the geographic extent of the source kitchen and the maximum distance of lateral and vertical migration.

2. Synopsis of petroleum geology

UAE lies in the western and central parts of the Rub Al Khali Basin,with the Oman Basin in its eastern part and the Oman Mountains in its northeastern corner(Fig.1).According to Sharland et al.(2001),the ophiolite abduction in Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic and the subsequent collision of the Arabian Plate with the Eurasian Plate led to the development of folds and thrusts in the Oman Basin(Fig.2).Most of the discovered fields are located in the Rub Al Khali Basin and the fields in the Oman Basin are dominated by gas discoveries(Fig.1).

做好绿色植保建设。以项目实施规模为以及，进行了5盏太阳能杀虫灯配备，安装了2800黄板，蓝板600张，食诱箱30个。

Based on IHS Energy and our in-house field data base,we carried out statistical analysis.The results indicate that the structural trap is the dominant type in UAE.The structural traps,which consist of anticlines,host 94.6%of the discovered 2P reserves and the rest 5.4%are contained in structural—stratigraphic combination traps.In the Rub Al Khali Basin,the formation of anticlines is attributed to two mechanisms:basement uplifting and salt movement.The anticlinal structures including Mender and Zarrarah anticlines in the southeastern part of UAE were formed by basement uplifting.They took their initial forms in Early Cretaceous and grew into the current forms in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times(Alsharhan and Nairn,1997).As shown in Fig.1,these structures are mostly elongated NE—SW trending anticlines.In the central part of UAE,the anticlines including Shah,Asab,Sahil,Bab,Bu Hasa,Mubarraz,Ghasha,Zakum,Fateh and Huwaila are dome-shaped or brachy-formed anticlines.They trend in N—S,E—W,SW-NW and NW—SE directions and were formed by salt movements in the period of Late Cretaceous to present day(Alsharhan and Nairn,1997).

In the eastern part of UAE corresponding to the Oman Basin,anticlinal structures including Margham and Sajaa faulted anticlines trend N—S and started to form in Late Cretaceous but were largely formed in Miocene(Alsharhan and Nairn,1997).Their formation was closely related to the uplifting and compression of the present day Oman Mountains.The pre-exiting faults in the area also had a considerable impact on the formation of these anticlines.

The discovered oil and gas in UAE are almost all reservoired in carbonates in the Upper Permian to Neogene(Fig.3).They concentrate in three major reservoir intervals of Lower Cretaceous,Upper Jurassic and Upper Permian,which host 92.2%of the total proved and probable reserves.Gas tends to be in older reservoir intervals and oil in younger ones.

3. Petroleum systems

3.1. Geological elements

During the Late Permian to Middle Cretaceous,the Arabian Plate lay in the passive margin of the Neo-Tethys.A vast shelf was developed on the northeastern margin of the Arabian Plate.It was very extensive and had a width of several hundreds of kilometers(Murris,1980;Ziegler,2001).Within the shelf,differential intra plate subsidence led to the development of intra-shelf basins(Ziegler,2001),which had a water depth deeper than the surrounding shelf.The deeper restricted intrashelf basinal setting resulted in an anoxic environment so that organic rich source rocks were deposited in the intrashelf basins.

The discovered oil and gas are reservoired in multiple intervals ranging in age from Permian to Neogene(Fig.3).The Lower Cretaceous Kharaib and Lekhwair Formations,Upper Jurassic Arab Formation and Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba Formation are the four major reservoir intervals,which host 36.1%,20.2%,13.6%and 13.0%of the total proved and probable oil and gas reserves in UAE respectively.The discovered oil and gas are largely sealed by three regional and semi-regional seals,consisting of tight carbonates in the Lower Triassic Sudair Formation,evaporites in the Upper Jurassic Hith Formation and shales in the Middle Cretaceous Nahr Umr Formation.In addition,there exist a number of local seals throughoutthe Permian to Neogene succession(Fig.3).

In petroleum system analysis,source rock is the key and its distribution is largely controlled by the depositional environment(He and Luo,2010;Tao et al.,2013).Based on previous studies including Gumati(1993),Alsharhan and Nairn(1997),and Sharland et al.(2001),oil and gas in UAE were considered to be derived from four sets of source rocks:shelf shales in the Qusaiba Member of the Lower Silurian Qalibah Formation,argillaceous lime mudstones in the Lower Jurassic Diyab Formation,argillaceous lime mudstones and shales in the Bab Member of the Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba Formation,and argillaceous lime mudstones in the Middle Cretaceous Shilaif Formation(Fig.3).The Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks were all deposited in intra-shelf basin environments.

In the Late Jurassic,the southern Gulf intrashelf basin was developed in the southern Arabian Gulf and western UAE(Fig.4a).The Diyab Formation,containing the most important source rocks in UAE,deposited in this basin.It is dominated by argillaceous lime mudstones in the intrashelf basin and changes eastwards to shallow water platform wackstones and packstones(Fig.4a).

With the latest data base for oil and gas fields in UAE and the results of oil-oil correlation and oil-source correlation,the discovered oil and gas are classified into five known petroleum systems:Lower Silurian-Upper Permian Khuff gas(simplified as S1gas),northeast foreland Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous gas(NE J3gas),Upper Jurassic—Jurassic petroleum(J3 petroleum),Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous-Lower Cretaceous composite petroleum(J3/K1composite petroleum),and Middle Cretaceous-Middle to Upper Cretaceous/Cenozoic petroleum(K2petroleum)systems.The approach proposed by Magoon and Beaumont(1999)was applied to delineate the distribution of the five systems.These petroleum systems overlap each other geographically(Fig.5).The S1gas,J3/K1composite petroleum,andK2petroleum systems occur over most of UAE.In contrast,the J3petroleum system is limited to the western part of UAE and the NE J3gas system is confined to the northeastern part of UAE.

突出水生态建设的重点。2013年开始启动水生态文明建设工作试点，逐步编制江西省水生态文明建设规划，构建四级联动水生态文明建设体系，推进南昌、新余、萍乡等全国水生态文明城市试点工作，积极开展水生态文明县、乡（镇）、村建设。2015年，全省用水总量控制在250亿立方米红线内，国家重要水功能区达标率达90%。2016年进一步突出系统治理，实施流域综合管控着力推进“四个统一”，初步实现河畅、水清、岸绿、景美的目标。

By the Albian time of Middle Cretaceous,an intrashelf basin was formed in the central UAE and it was more extensive than the one developed in the Aptian time.In the intrashelf basin,organic-rich argillaceous lime mudstones were deposited and they make up the source rocks in the Shilaif Formation.Due to their shallow burial,these source rocks are immature and marginally mature so that they only made a minor contribution to the total oil and gas reserves in UAE.Rudist-algal packstones to grainstones of the Mishrif Formation accumulated as shallow water shelf facies under high energy conditions on the basin margins,possibly forming reservoir rocks(Alsharhan,1989).

检测结果表明，空白组的亚硝酸盐含量最高，亚硝酸盐降解率仅为22.5%，说明未接种乳酸菌的试验组的降解能力较弱。接种乳酸菌菌株的培养液中的亚硝酸盐含量均有一定程度的下降，降解率在59.1%～99.8%。不同乳酸菌降解亚硝酸盐的能力差别较大，其中活性最强的是Y1、Y4、Q6和Q12，接种这4株乳酸菌的培养液的亚硝酸盐的降解率分别达到98.7%，99.1%，97.9%，99.8%。这4株乳酸菌的菌落形态和细胞形态见表3，亚硝酸盐降解过程见图1。

3.2. Identification of petroleum systems

（1）、A磨分离器挡板开度为30°、40°、50°时，煤粉细度R90分别为22.0%、24.8%、23.6%，随着分离器挡板逐步开大，煤粉细度变化较小，因此可见A磨分离器挡板对煤粉细度的调节能力较差；

2.2.4 正交试验结果 根据上述的三个单因素试验结果进行正交试验，结果见表2。极差分析表明：三因素对大孔吸附树脂吸附红薯叶中总黄酮的影响主次顺序为：A>B>C，即：上样液浓度>流速>pH。最佳提取条件为A2B1C2，即上样液浓度300 mg/L，流速2 mL/min，上样液pH 5.0，大孔吸附树脂对红薯叶中总黄酮的吸附率最高，可达到66.8%。

In the Aptian of Early Cretaceous,an intrashelf basin was developed in the central part of UAE and it received the deposition of argillaceous limestone and shales,which comprise the source rocks in the Bab Member of the Shuaiba Formation.The intrashelf basin was surrounded by ruidist reefs and algal buildups of the Shuaiba Formation(Fig.4b),which constitute good quality reservoir rocks.

The Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous-Lower Cretaceous petroleum system is distribute dover most of UAE(Fig.5).128 oil/gas accumulations from 46 fields are classified into this system.Their proven and probable reserves amount to 67,300.5MM bofoil,97.64Tcfof gas and 4097.8 MMb of condensate,or 87,670.8 MMboe.

4. Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous-Lower Cretaceous composite petroleum system

4.1. Salient features

Of the five known petroleum systems in UAE,the J3/K1composite petroleum system hosts bulk of the discovered hydrocarbon reserves containing 73.2%of the total proven and probable reserves.It is followed by the J3petroleum system hosting 15.7%of the total,S1gas system(4.8%),K2petroleum system(4.0%),and the NE J3gas system(2.1%).In terms of the discovered reserves,the J3/K1composite petroleum system is the most important one in UAE and thus will be discussed in details in the following section.No further discussions will be made for the other four systems.

The system is a composite petroleum system as it has two source rock intervals:Upper Jurassic Diyab Formation and the Bab Member of the Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba Formation.The Lower Cretaceous Thamama Group,which consists of Habashan,Lekhwair,Kharaib,and Shuaiba Formations from the base to top(Fig.3),comprises the reservoir interval.High-energy grainstones and packstones as well as rudist reefs form reservoir rocks.The Middle Cretaceous Nahr Umr shales constitute the regional seal for the underlying Thamama reservoirs(Fig.6).

4.2. Characterization of source rocks

The Diyab Formation in onshore UAE correlates to the Dukhan Formation in offshore UAE.The formation and its stratigraphic equivalent intervaloccur throughout UAE and vary from 240 m to 480 m in thickness(Al-Suwaidi et al.,2000).Based on lithology and GR logs,the Diyab Formation is subdivided into the Lower,Middle and Upper Members.It was deposited as the intrashelf basin,slope,shelf margin and shelf facies from west to east(Fig.7).Source rocks were developed in the intrashelf basin and reservoirs in the shelf margins.

In the western Abu Dhabi,lime mudstones in the Lower Member of the Diyab Formation and correlative stratigraphic interval are rich in organic matter with an average TOC content of 1.5%.As part of the organic matter has been converted to hydrocarbons,the measured values are actually lower than the original values.Thermal simulation indicates the original TOC abundance should be 30%—50%higher.Source rocks in the Lower Member are up to 200 ft(61 m)in the central intrashelf basin(Al-Suwaidi et al.,2000).

In the eastern Abu Dhabi,lime mudstones in the Lower Member have low S2values of only 0.2—0.5 gm/kg and low TOC contents of less than 0.3%.The low values indicate they hardly have a significant potential for hydrocarbon generation,which is consistent with the facies variation shown in Figs.4a and 7.

In comparison with the Lower Member,the Middle and Upper Members of the Diyab Formation have a much lower hydrocarbon generation potential as their source rocks have TOC contents of less than 0.8%and the source rocks in the Middle and Upper Members are mostly 25-50 ft(8-15 m)and 25-100 ft(8-30 m)thick respectively(Al-Suwaidi et al.,2000).

By superposing the isopach map and isoline map of TOC abundances for the source rocks,the active pods of source rocks were delineated by circumscribing the“0”isopach line and “0.25%” TOC isoline(Fig.8).The active source kitchens for the Middle and Upper Members lie within the source kitchen of the Lower Member so that the pod of active source rocks in the Diyab Formation is the same as that for the Lower Member.The pod lies in the western Abu Dhabi(Fig.8).

Low mature Diyab source rocks have higher HI values of 200—250 mg HC/g TOC while high mature Diyab source rocks lower HI values of around 50 mg HC/g TOC.According to Lijmbach et al.(1992),the organic matter in Diyab source rocks is characterized by oil-prone type II kerogens.The Diyab source rocks in onshore UAE entered the oil window at 90 Ma,were at the peak oil generation at 85 Ma,and then evolved into the gas window at 15 Ma.Currently,they are overmature.As the Diyab source rocks were buried to shallower depths in offshore parts than onshore parts,they entered oil window later than the onshore ones and they are still within the oil window at present day(Al-Suwaidi et al.,2000).

The Bab Member of the Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba Formation is the other source rock interval for the composite oil system.It consists of argillaceous lime mudstones.Both Alsharhan(1989)and Lijmbach et al.(1992)considered that the intrashelf basinal lime mudstones in the Bab Member acted as good source rocks,which have TOC contents of 1%—6%and a genetic potential(S1+S2)of up to 16 mg HC/g rock.Based on the depositional facies and geochemical features,the distribution of the Bab source rocks is delineated and shown in Fig.9.Basin modeling by Azzam and Taher(1995)indicates that oil and gas in the reservoirs in the upper Thamama Group were largely derived from the Bab source rocks,which entered the oil window in Late Cretaceous(～70 Ma)and are still at the peak oil generation stage.

4.3. Model of hydrocarbon accumulation

In the composite petroleum system,hydrocarbons are reservoired in the Lower Cretaceous Thamama Group.They accumulated in two different types of traps:anticlinal traps and structural/stratigraphic combination traps with the latter occurring along the margin of the Bab source kitchen(Fig.9).The distribution of these hydrocarbon accumulations is closely related to the occurrence of anhydrites in the Upper Jurassic Hith Formation.They are mostly distributed along the pinchout line of the Hith anhydrites which thin eastwards from over 450 ft(137 m)in the far western UAE to 0 ft in the eastern UAE(Alsharhan and Kendall,1994).Due to the absence of anhydrites in the eastern UAE,hydrocarbons sourced from the Diyab source rocks could migrate vertically to the reservoirs in the Thamama Group and then migrated laterally within the carrier beds in the group until they accumulated in suitable structural or structural—stratigraphic combination traps.The Diyab source rocks supplied oil to the Thamama reservoirs in the early and middle stages of hydrocarbon generation and then gas in the late stage due to the increasing source rock maturity.As a result,the traps along the anhydrite pinchout line were initially filled with oil.With adequate oil charging,they might be filled to the spill point and then oil was gradually replaced by the subsequent migrating gas.The replaced oil remigrated and accumulated in traps further away from the pinchout line(Fig.10).This is supported by the finding that gas generally makes up a larger proportion of the total reserve in the accumulations along the pinchout line whereas it does not exist or constitutes only a small portion of the total reserve in the traps in western Abu Dhabi further away from the pinchout line.

Along the margins of the Bab source kitchen,the Bab source rocks are adjacent to the reservoirs in the Shuiaba and underlying Kharaib Formations so that hydrocarbons in these reservoirs are most likely to be derived from the Bab source rocks.Based on the distribution of the Thamama oil/gas accumulations,Diyab and Bab source rocks,and the Hith evaporites,this study suggests that the gas and most of the oil in the Thamama reservoirs were generated by the Diyab source rocks.The oil in the Shuaiba and Kharaib reservoirs in the shelf margins surrounding the Bab intrashelf basin was at least partly derived from the Bab source rocks.Thus,the Diyab source rocks comprise the major source and the Bab source rocks the minor source in the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous-Lower Cretaceous composite petroleum system.

5. Conclusions

1)The facies and palaeogeographic approach could be effectively applied to delineate the source kitchens in UAE.The three sets of Mesozoic source rocks were all deposited as intra shelf basin facies while the Lower Silurian source rocks as marine shelf shales.

2)There are 5 known petroleum systems in UAE,including the Lower Silurian-Upper Permian Khuff gas,northeast foreland Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous gas,Upper Jurassic—Jurassic petroleum,Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous-Lower Cretaceous composite petroleum,and Middle Cretaceous-Middle to Upper Cretaceous/Cenozoic petroleum systems. Of them, the composite petroleum system contains 73.2%of the total proved and probable reserves in UAE.

3)Source kitchens and evaporites are the two main controls for the generation-migration-accumulation of hydrocarbons in the composite system with oil and gas generated largely by the Upper Jurassic Diyab source rocks and subordinately by the source rocks in the Bab Member of the Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba Formation.

Acknowledgements

20世纪以降是卡尔梅克人的历史也是曲折坎坷，1917年十月社会革命后，卡尔梅克人参加红军，组建了卡尔梅克骑兵团。1920年卡尔梅克人建立了卡尔梅克自治州，1935年改为自治共和国。卫国战争期间，卡尔梅克人活跃在克里木、白俄罗斯、乌克兰等地游击战场，与德国法西斯进行了殊死战斗。不幸的是，1943年底，全体卡尔梅克被扣上通敌罪，卡尔梅克自治共和国被撤消，全民族不分老幼被强制迁到中亚、西伯利亚。直到50年代下半叶，这起冤案才得平反。1958后重新建立了卡尔梅克苏维埃社会主义自治共和国，苏联解体后，改称为卡尔梅克自治共和国。

This study was financially supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2017ZX05005001-006)and Strategic Pioneering Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA14010306).We would like to thank Prof.G.Shanmugam and Prof.Keyu Liu for their constructive comments and suggestions,which greatly improved the manuscript.

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