1 Introduction

The µ-Hunter-Saxton(µHS)equation

was first introduced by Khesin et al[34]to model the evolution of rotators in liquid crystals with self-interaction and external magnetic field,and the unknown function u(x,t)is a timedependent function on the circle S=R/Z andµ(u)=R Sudx denotes its mean.With the interactions of rotators and external magnetic field,it is shown[34]that the(µHS)equation is a generalization of the rotator equation.In[34],the(µHS)equation is also constructed to describe the geodesic flow on Ds(S)with the right-invariant metric given at the identity by the following inner product

Moreover,in[34,38],it is proved that the(µHS)equation is bi-Hamiltonian and also admits both periodic one-peakon solution and the multi-peakons.The(µHS)equation(1.1),called µ-Camassa-Holm equation[25],is closely related to the following celebrated Camassa-Holm(CH)shallow water wave equation,

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The(CH)equation was originally introduced to model the unidirectional propagation of shallow water waves over a flat bottom[6,32].Moreover,the(CH)equation is also a model for the propagation of axially symmetric waves in hyperelastic rods[11,16].It is shown that the(CH)equation is completely integrable[3,5,6,12–14]and also has a bi-Hamiltonian structure[19,39].The(CH)equation gives rise to geodesic flow of a certain invariant metric on the Bott-Virasoro group[33].Its solitary waves are peaked[7].The peaked solitons are orbital stable[10],and the explicit interaction of the peaked solitons is given in[4].Moreover,the(µHS)equation can be viewed as a generalized equation lying mid-way between the(CH)equation and the Hunter-Saxton(HS)equation given by

The(HS)equation was first introduced for rotators in liquid crystals[28],which describes the propagation of weakly nonlinear orientation waves in a massive nematic liquid crystal.In[48],it is shown that the orientation of the molecules can also be characterized by the vectors field(cosu(x,t),sinu(x,t)).The(HS)equation can be regarded as the limit of the(CH)equation arising in a different physical context[29].Similar to the(CH)equation,the(HS)equation is also completely integrable[29]and has a bi-Hamiltonian structure[32,40].For the other article related to the(HS)equation,see for example[28,39,48]and the references therein.

Recently,parallel to the(CH)equation and the(HS)equation mentioned above,the(µHS)equation(1.1)has been extended to the following generalized two-componentµ-Hunter-Saxton(gµHS2)system(see for example[21])

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The unknown functions u(x,t)and ρ(x,t)are time-dependent periodic functions on the unit circle S=R/Z;andµ(u)is the mean of u on S,σ∈R is the new free parameter,and D≥0.By utilizing the tri-Hamiltonian duality approach[21,40],the(gµHS2)system can be derived from the bi-Hamiltonian structures of the Ito equation[30].It is known that the(gµHS2)system has two Hamiltonians which are provided by

It is obvious that,by taking σ =1,system(1.4)is reduced to the two-component µ-Hunter-Saxton(µHS2)system[49],which can be regarded as a µ-version of the two-component Dullin-Gottwald-Holm system[26].It is shown in[49]that the(µHS2)system is a bi-variational equation and a bi-Hamiltonian Euler equation.For the other mathematical results related to the(µHS2)system,we can refer the readers to[35–37].Generally speaking,it is difficult to avoid energy dissipation mechanisms in a real world.In this physical sense,very recently,Wang et al[47]considered the following weakly dissipative(gµHS2)system in the periodic setting,

where S=R/Z is the unit circle,and λy(x,t)and λρ(x,t)are the weakly dissipative terms with the dissipative parameter λ ＞ 0.It is quite interesting to investigate the effect of the dissipative parameter λ in the blow-up phenomena and the global existence of solutions.In[47],the authors investigated the wave-breaking criterion for the solutions with certain initial data and give a sufficient condition for the global solutions.

Closely related to the previous(gµHS2)system,by taking σ =1 and D= γ =0,we then obtain the following two componentµ-Camassa-Holm system

which can be viewed as a mid-way between the two-component Camassa-Holm(CH2)system and the two-component Hunter-Saxton(HS2)system.On the one hand,the(CH2)system was originally introduced as a bi-Hamiltonian model by Olver and Rosenau[40],which is integrable and has a Lax pair formulation as well as the(CH)equation.The(CH2)system is related to the first negative flow of the AKNS hierarchy via a reciprocal transformation,which has the peakon and multi-kink solitons and is integrable in the sense that it has Lax pair[9,18].Mathematical properties of this system have also been investigated in many works;see,for example,[8,17,22–24].On the other hand,The(HS2)system can be regarded as a special case of the Gurevich-Zybin system[27]related to the nonlinear one-dimensional dynamics of nonlinear ion-acoustic waves and dark matter.Moreover,the(HS2)system is the high-frequency limit(t,x) → (∈t,∈x)of the generalized two-component Camassa-Holm(gCH2)system[8]as∈→ 0.Using Ivanov’s modeling method,one can derive the(gCH2)system from the shallow water theory with nonzero constant vorticity;see,for example,[31].

Motivation In the field of in finite dimensional dynamical systems,it is very important to discuss the existence of global attractors for the semi-group of solution operator governed by some concrete partial differential equations.During the past decades,many works have been devoted to this problem,and we shall cite here some of them which are related to this article.For example,in[41,42],Tian etc.studied the existence of the global attractor for the viscosity Degasperis-Procesi equation and the viscous Fornberg-Whitham equation,where the viscous terms were given by second order differential operators.The existence of global attractor for the two-dimensional weakly damped KdV equation in belt field is studied in[43].In[1],Alarcon and Iorio obtained the existence of global attractors for a class of nonlinear dissipative evolution equations.Ding and Tian[15]obtained the existence of global attractor for a dissipative(CH)equation in H2.Tian and Xu[44,45]studied the global attractor for viscous two-component(CH)equations and viscous coupled(CH)equations,respectively.In[50],Zong obtain the global attractor for the two-component π-Camassa-Holm equations with viscous terms,which can be regarded as a generalized formulation for the(CH2)system and was first introduced by Lenells as a geodesic equation on a Kählerian manifold.

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Being directly inspired by the literature mentioned above,it is naturally to ask that does the(gµHS2)system has also global attractor in some appropriate function space?From the mathematical point of view,answering this question is very conducive for us to understand the long time behavior of the(gµHS2)system.However,to the best known of our knowledge,it seems that this problem for the(gµHS2)system has not been studied up to now.Hence,the major contribution of this thesis is devoted to studying the previous problem.More precisely,under the period boundary conditions,we shall investigate the existence of the global attractor for the following viscous weakly dissipative(gµHS2)system,

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where

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The viscous terms in(1.7)are given by the second order differential operators ∈yxxand ∈ρxx for ∀∈＞ 0.And we are interested in the effect of the weakly dispersive terms λy and λρ to the viscous(gµHS2)system.In the next sections,we shall first investigate the existence of global solution to system(1.7)using the Galerkin procedure and several complex mathematical prior estimates.Then,we show that semi-group of the solution has a bounded absorbing set,and further prove that the viscous weakly dissipative(gµHS2)system has a global attractor.

Notation Let H=L2(S)be the usual Lebesgue space with the norm|·|and inner product 〈·,·〉H.For m ∈ N+,we denote by Hm(S)the Sobolev space equipped with the norm‖u‖Hm=|∇mu|,where ∇ is the first-order differential operator. represents the k-order differential operator,k=1,2,3,···.For convenience,if m=1,the norm in H1(S)is denoted by ‖ ·‖.Moreover,we also denote ∂xu=ux,=uxx,=uxxx,and so on.The norm of the space L∞(Ω)is given by ‖u‖∞ =esssupx∈S|u(x)|.

The plan of the remaining sections is as follows.In Section 2,we recall some well-known definitions and lemmas and give the main results in this work.Section 3 is devoted to the proof of the existence of weak solution using the Galerkin procedure and some complex uniformly estimates.In Section 4,we prove that the solution semigroup{S(t)}t≥0has a bounded absorbing set.Finally,by the compactness method,we prove that{S(t)}t≥0has a global attractor in H2×H2.

2 Main Results

For the sake of completeness of the article,let us recall some definitions and results of the in finite dimensional dynamical systems.For more details,we refer the readers to[2,46].

Definition 2.1 Let B be a bounded subset of X and U a set containing B.The set B is called a absorbing set in U,if for every bounded set B0⊂U,there exists t0(B0)＞0 such that S(t)B0⊂ B,for∀t≥ t0(B).

Definition 2.2 A compact subset A⊂X is called a global attractor if(i)A is invariant,that is,S(t)A=A,t≥0;(ii)A attracts every bounded subset of X,that is,for any bounded B⊆X,then we have

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For∀r＞ 0,by integrating both sides of(3.5)on the time interval[t,t+r],we obtain

(2){S(t)}t≥0has a bounded absorbing set B0 ⊆ X;

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Lemma 2.4 Assume that g(t),y(t),andFor∀r＞0 and t≥t0,there exist constants r1,r2,r3＞0 such that

Then,we have

The main results in this article can be stated as follows.

Theorem 2.5 Assume that(u0,ρ0)∈ H2(S)×H2(S),then system(1.7)admits a global solution in H2(S)×H2(S).

Theorem 2.6 Let{S(t)}t≥0be the semi-group of the solution operator of the system(1.7)defined by(u,ρ)=S(t)(u0,ρ0)=(S1(t)u0,S2(t)ρ0).If(u0,ρ0) ∈ H2(S)× H2(S),then the semi-group{S(t)}t≥0has a bounded absorbing set.

Multiplying the second equation of(3.2)by A2ρmand integrating on the circle with respect to x,we get

3 Proof of Theorem 2.1

Multiplying the first equation of(3.2)by Aumand taking the inner product in H,we obtain

It is clear that the differential operator A is a linear unbounded self-adjoint operator in H,so we can define the powers Asof A for s∈R.The space D(As)is a Hilbert space endowed with the norm ‖As·‖H.Let{ωi}i∈N+be the orthogonal bases in H,which are the eigenfunctions of the operator A with the eigenvalues{λi}i∈N+such that(for example,[51,Chapter 3])

For∀m ∈ N+,let us define the ansatz space Hm=span{ω1(x),ω2(x),···,ωm(x)}and Pm the orthogonal projection from H to Hm.The Galerkin procedure for(3.1)can be formulated as the following ordinary differential system:

By means of the classical theory of ordinary differential equations,it can be concluded that system(3.2)admits an unique solution in a time interval[0,Tmax).In the sequel,we shall obtain a serious of uniform estimates which are independent of the time for the approximating solution,this indicates that the local solution is actually a global solution,that is,Tmax=+∞.

Multiplying the first equation of(3.2)by umand integrating with respect to the space variable x in S,one can obtain

In fact,it is obvious that

Moreover,using the period boundary conditions,we have

and

Multiplying the second equation of(3.2)by ρm,then integrating with respect to x on the circle S,we can deduce that

where we have utilized the fact that

Then,it deduce from(3.3)and(3.4)that

By means of the Poincaré inequality,it is not difficult to find that

where κ is a positive constant.Then,we can deduce from(3.5)that

where c1=min{2∈κ,2λ}is a positive constant.Combining the Gromwall’s inequality and the previous inequality,there exists a nonnegative constant c2such that

(1)For∀R ＞ 0,there exists C(R)＞ 0 such that‖S(t)u‖ ≤ C(R),∀t≥ 0 and ‖u‖X ≤ R;

Proof We shall apply the Galerkin procedure to prove Theorem 1.1.Defining the operator A by Au= −Δu,where Δ is the Laplace operator given by Δu=.As[µ(u)]x=we have[µ(u)−uxx]xx= −A2u.System(1.7)thus can be transformed into the following in finite dimensional dynamical system:

Noting thatit then follows that

and

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And it follows from the period boundary conditions that

按实验方法对钛标准溶液系列进行测定。结果表明：钛的质量浓度在0.1～2μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律，线性回归方程为A=0.214ρ(μg/mL)+0.001，相关系数r=0.9988，表观摩尔吸光系数为3.7×104 L·mol-1·cm-1。对空白溶液连续测定6次，以3δ/K(δ为空白溶液标准偏差，K为校准曲线斜率)计算得到检出限为0.03μg/mL。

Multiplying the second equation of(3.2)by Aρmand integrating on the circle S,we obtain

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Then,from(3.9)–(3.13),we can deduce that

Utilizing the Agmon’s inequality(for example,[46,Chapter 2]),where δ is a positive constant,the inner product terms in(3.14)can be estimated as follows:

and

Using the Young’s inequality,it then follows from(3.14)− (3.16)that

which indicates that

From(3.7)and(3.8),it is clear that

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and

By applying the uniformly Gronwall inequality(see Lemma 2.2),we obtain

for t∈ [t0+r,∞),where c3is a nonnegative constant independent of t.Integrating both sides of(3.17)from t to t+r,we obtain

where c4is a nonnegative constant which is independent of t.

Multiplying the first equation of(3.2)by A2umand then taking inner product.we have

Noting thatwe can estimate the terms,i=1,2,3,as follows:

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and

Moreover,from the boundary conditions,direct calculation shows that

It thus transpires from(3.21)–(3.24)that

(3)For each bounded set B⊆X,there exists t0(B)＞0 such that the setcompact in X.Then,{S(t)}t≥0has a global attractor A in X.Moreover,

Theorem 2.7 Assume that(u0,ρ0)∈ H2(S)×H2(S),then the semi-group of the solution operator{S(t)}t≥0of the dynamical system possesses a global attractor in H2(S)× H2(S).

which combined with equality(3.25)yields that

Lemma 2.3 Let X be a Banach space,{S(t)}t≥0:X → X is a semigroup such that S(t+ τ)=S(t)·S(τ),t,τ≥ 0;S(0)=I.If the following conditions are satisfied:

Using the Agmon’s inequality and the Sobolev embedding theorem,we estimate the inner product terms in(3.26)as follows:

where the uniformly estimates(3.7)and(3.19)are used.Similarly,from the Poincaré inequality and the Agmon inequality,we have

and

Thereby,it transpires from the estimates(3.26)−(3.29)that

Noting that for∀r＞ 0,it follows from(3.20)that

and

where c5,c6≥0 are constants independent of t.By(3.30)and using the uniformly Gronwall inequality,we get

for t∈ [t0+r,∞)and c7is a nonnegative constant independent of t.Integrating the both sides of(3.30)from t to t+r,we obtain

where c8is a nonnegative constant which is also independent of t.By using the similar method as we used above,we can also get the uniformly estimate|A2um(t)|2+|∇Aρm(t)|2≤ c9,where c9is a nonnegative constant.Hence,from the above analysis and the Poincaré inequality,it is clear that the following bounds hold:

Noting that y=u − uxx,it follows from(3.33)that|ym|,‖ym‖,|Aym|and|ρm|,‖ρm‖,|Aρm|are all uniformly bounded.Thus,we can deduce from equations(3.2)that the sequences{d(um)/dt}m∈N+and{d(ρm)/dt}m∈N+are also uniformly bounded.

In the sequel,we shall pass to the limit as m→∞to prove the existence of solution.Indeed,by using the Aubin-Lions compactness theorem(for example,[51,Theorem 3.1.1 of Chapter 3]),there exist subsequences of{um}m∈N+,{ym}m∈N+,and{ρm}m∈N+,still denoted by themselves for convenience,such that um→u,ym→y,and ρm→ρ,as m→∞.Hence,it just remains to verify that the functions u,y,and ρ are solutions to system(1.7).Indeed,for∀ϕ ∈ D(A),it follows from the first ordinary differential equation of(3.2)that

On the one hand,it is clear that Pmϕ→ ϕ and PmAϕ→Aϕ strongly in H as m → ∞.By(3.33),it is not difficult to verify that

On the other hand,we have

By the similar argument,we can also deduce that

Thereby,by passing to the limit as m→∞in(3.34),we get

Next,from the second ordinary differential equation of(3.2),for∀ϕ ∈ D(A),we obtain

Hence,by passing to the limit as m→∞in(3.36),we get

From the all analysis above,we can conclude the existence of the global solution to the system(1.7),and this completes the proof of Theorem 2.1.

4 Proof of Theorem 2.2

Proof Thanks to the conclusion of Theorem 2.1,we can define the semi-group of the solution operator{S(t)}t≥0:H2 × H2 → H2 × H2such that S(t+ τ)=S(t)·S(τ),S(0)=I,t,τ＞ 0,and(u,ρ)=S(t)(u0,ρ0)=(S1(t)u0,S2(t)ρ0).Now,we are in a position to prove Theorem 2.2,that is,the semigroup{S(t)}t≥0has a bounded absorbing set.

Multiplying the first equation of(3.1)by u and integrating on the circle S,we obtain

where we have used the fact that

And from the period boundary conditions,we have

and

Multiplying the second equation by ρ and integrating with respect to x on the circle S,we get

Note that

It then follows from(4.1)–(4.3)that

By means of the Gronwall inequality,we deduce from(4.4)that

Here and throughout the proof of Theorem 2.2,we shall denote by ki,i=1,2,···some nonnegative constants which are independent of t.Then,integrating the both sides of(4.4)on the time interval[t,t+r]yields that

Multiplying the first equation of(3.1)by Au and integrating on the circle S,we obtain

Here,aswe have used the following fact which is derived from the period boundary conditions

Multiplying the second equation of(3.1)by Aρ and integrating on S,we have

Combining(4.7)and(4.8),we get

Utilizing the Agmon inequalityand the period boundary conditions,we can estimate that

Similarly,for the terms J12and J13,we have

Hence,by means of the Young inequality,we can deduce from(4.9)that

Noting that for∀r＞ 0,it follows from(4.6)that the following two integrations are bounded:

By applying the uniformly Gronwall inequality,we obtain

Integrating the both sides of(4.10)from t to t+r,we obtain

By using the Poincaré inequality κ‖u‖2 ≤ |Au|2and κ|u|2 ≤ ‖u‖2,we deduce from(4.5)and(4.11)that|ρ(s)|, ‖ρ(s)‖,|u(s)|,and ‖u(s)‖ are uniformly bounded.Recalling that the solution operator{S(t)}t≥0is defined by(u(t),ρ(t))=S(t)(u0,ρ0)=(S1(t)u0,S2(t)ρ0).From the above analysis,it deduces that if the initial data(u0,ρ0)∈ H2× H2,then the semigroup{S(t)}t≥0is uniformly bounded in L2(S)and H1(S).That is to say,setting B(0,R)the ball which is centered at 0 of radius R in L2(S)and H1(S),then S1(t)u0,S2(t)ρ0 ∈ B(0,R)for∀t≥ t0+r.

We now prove that the semigroup{S(t)}t≥0is a mapping from H2×H2to itself and admits an absorbing set B(0,R)with appropriate radius R.In fact,multiplying the first equation of(3.1)by A2u and integrating with respect to x on the circle S,we obtain

where we have used the fact that

Multiplying the second equation of(3.1)by A2ρ and integrating with respect to x on the circle S,we can deduce that

Combining(4.13)and(4.14),we get

Next,we shall estimate the inner product terms in(4.15)respectively.For J21,integrating by parts,it then follows from the Agmon inequality that

For J22,by applying the Agmon inequality,it follows from(4.5)and(4.11)that

Similarly,we can estimate the term J23as follows:

Then,from(4.15)–(4.18),we deduce

which implies that

Note that

and

Utilizing the uniformly Gronwall inequality,we get

Integrating the both sides of(4.20)on the interval[t,t+r],we obtain

From the above analysis,we obtain|Au(t)|2≤ k3and|Aρ(t)|2≤ k7.This means that the semi-group mapping S(t):(u0,ρ0) → (u(t),ρ(t))is uniformly bounded in H2 × H2.Choosing the open ball B(0,R)∈H2with the radiusthen for any bounded set B⊂H2×H2,we have S(t)B⊂B(0,R)2for t≥t0+r,which means that the open ball B(0,R)2is a bounded absorbing set of{S(t)}t≥0in H2× H2.Thus,this completes the proof of Theorem 2.2.

5 Proof of Theorem 2.3

Proof By Lemma 2.1,it just remains to prove the compactness of the solution operator S(t).Multiplying the first equation of(3.1)by t2Δ2Au and integrating with respect to x on the circle S,we can deduce that

With the fact ofwe obtain

Moreover,by the period boundary conditions and integrating by parts,we can estimate that

and

Multiplying the second equation of(3.1)by t2Δ2Aρ and integrating with respect to x on S,we can deduce that

To obtain the uniformly estimate,we need to deal with the term M21= 〈ρ∇ρ,t2Δ2Au〉H+〈uρx,t2Δ2Aρ〉H+ 〈uxρ,t2Δ2Aρ〉H.Indeed,it follows from the Sobolev inequality that

where k9is a nonnegative constant depend on|ρ|,‖ρ‖,|Aρ|,|u|,‖u‖,|Au|,|∇Au|,t.Hence,it follows from the analysis(5.1)–(5.6)that

Using the Poincaré inequality,we deduce from(5.7)that

Defining the functions as follows:

Utilizing estimates(4.6),(4.12),and(4.22),we obtain

Applying the uniformly Gronwall inequality and the Poincaré inequality,we deduce that

where κ is a positive constant as before.It thus transpires that

Noting that the space H3×H3is compactly embedded into H2×H2,for any bounded set B of H2×H2,by means of the Ascoli-Arzela theorem,it follows from(5.9)and(5.10)that there exists a t0=t0(B)＞0 such that the semigroup S(t)is uniformly compact,that is, is relatively compact in H2×H2.Hence,Lemma 2.1 can be applied to guarantee the existence of the global attractor A in H2×H2.

Indeed,the global attractor is given by the ω-limit set of B(0,R)2as A= ω(B(0,R)2),where B(0,R)is the open ball with radiusobtained in the proof of Theorem 2.2.Thus,the proof of Theorem 2.3 is completed.

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