INT RODUCTION

Recently,much attention has been devoted to the evaluation of the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen,particularly free amino acids and peptides,for plant uptake and its nutritional contribution to different ecosystems(Cao et al.,2013).Recent studies have shown that despite the low concentrations of plant-available amino acids in soil solution,the turnover of this N pool is high;therefore,they might be important for plant production(Sauheitl et al.,2009).Some amino acids,such as tryptophan and methionine,are precursors of ethylene and indol-yl-3-acetic acid,and l-tryptophan can enhance nitrogen absorption(N¨asholm et al.,1998).Moreover,amino acids form complexes with metal cations mainly via carboxylate(−COO)and amine(−NH2)groups,thereby affecting the bioavailability of metals in plants(Dalir and Khoshgoftarmanesh,2014).It has been proposed that the direct uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen by plants has the potential to be a primary factor involved in the ecosystem function and vegetation succession,particularly in nitrogen-limiting environments(Jones et al.,2005).Therefore,amino acids and peptides constitute a potentially important source of nitrogen and are important for plants in various ecosystems(Huang et al.,2014).

Rapeseed meal(RSM),a by-product of rapeseed oil production from rapeseed,containes 390 g kg−1protein(Wang et al.,2012;Qian et al.,2013)and has been reported to be important for developing valueadded products,such as organic fertilizers and animal feed(Lomascolo et al.,2012;Wang et al.,2012).To our knowledge,whether the raw RSM is harmful to plant growth remains unknown.Compared to amino acids,protein is more difficult to be used directly as a nitrogen source by plants(Kielland et al.,2006;Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al.,2008).Thus,it is important to investigate a safe and highly efficient method for utilizing RSM to promote plant growth.Some studies have con-firmed that microbial solid-state fermentation might be an acceptable method for producing functional products and degrading toxic substances in RSM.For example,proteases,which can release free amino nitrogen(2 g L−1)from RSM,have been produced by Aspergillus oryzae via solid-state fermentation(Wang et al.2010).The levels of glucosinolates,thiooxazolidones,and phytic acid in RSM declined by 43.1%,34.0%,and 42.4%,respectively,after Rhizopus oligosporus fermentation(Vig and Walia,2001).Moreover,the application of RSM during solid-state fermentation process has resulted in the production of valueadded products,such as amino acids,organic acids,and single-cell protein(Nampoothiri et al.,2002;Ramachandran et al.,2007).Several studies on solid-state fermentation have focused on the reduction of toxic substances in RSM to produce animal feed(Qian et al.,2013),antioxidant peptides(He et al.,2012),and microbial feedstock(Wang et al.,2010).However,to our knowledge,no study has investigated the use of solidstate fermentation with RSM to produce free amino acid and short peptide fertilizer(FAPSF),along with the detoxification activity during the process.Moreover,previous reports mainly described the function of fungi in solid-state fermentation(Lomascolo et al.,2012);however,the use of bacteria incubated in RSM fermentation remains unknown.In this study,the enzymolytic activity of one bacterial strain isolated from RSM for the production of FAPSF via solid-state fermentation for promoting plant growth,as well as its detoxification activity for isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione,was investigated.

生与死，是人生的终极问题，它发源于存在的深渊，即只有当存在者的生存依据出现问题的时候，才有这样的终极问题出现。生死之为主题，大概与鲁迅之前的绝望感有关吧。愈是深陷绝望之中，愈是感到生的存在，从生死互见之中，鲁迅经历了一条由死到生的哲学路线。

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Production and determination of FAPSF

In the present study,RSM was kindly provided by the Xintiandi Bio-technology Co.Ltd.,Jiangsu Province of China.Its moisture and total carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus(P2O5),and potassium(K2O)contents were 14.6%and 376,73.3,31.8,and 11.1 g kg−1 dry weight(DW),respectively.Enriched medium was prepared by adding 10 g RSM in 100 mL water.For screening medium,commercially available protein substrate azocasein was combined with Luria-Bertani agar at a final concentration of 5 mg mL−1and sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20 min.Soil samples were collected from Hainan Province,China,where RSM was piled for more than 2 years.The enrichment culture technique was used to isolate the proteaseproducing strains from the soil samples collected(Li et al.,2009).The RSM inoculated with 50 mL kg−1 of each strain at 50%moisture was arranged in round plastic cups(10 cm high with a 7-cm diameter base),approximately 200 g DW each,and maintained at 30°C for 7 d.Then,the concentrations of free amino acids and short peptides(FAPS)were measured according to Zhang et al.(2014).One strain(NJNPD41)that possessed the highest protease-producing ability toward RSM was purified and selected for further study.The isolated strain was identified by referring to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,based on its morphological,physiological,and biochemical properties and a 16S rDNA sequence analysis(Zhang et al.,2012).The nucleotide sequence encoding the 16S rRNA for the strain NJNPD41 was sequenced by the Yingjun Biotechnology Co.Ltd.,Shanghai,China.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighborjoining method according to Li et al.(2009).

具体操作：打开EV录屏软件，视频框中勾选“区域拍摄”，将拍摄区域大小设置为与powerpoint播放时相同大小，音频框勾选“仅麦克风声音”，EV录屏界面如图4所示。

Variations in different physicochemical properties of NCF and FAPSF during the expanded solid-state fermentation process are shown in Fig.1.Temperature was used as an index to predict microbial activity in the fertilizers(Zhang et al.,2014).The FAPSF with inoculation of the strain NJNPD41 achieved a higher temperature(Fig.1),indicating a greater decomposition capacity for degrading organic matter and releasing heat after inoculation.The protease activities for FAPSF and NCF showed the same trend with the temperature measurements(Fig.1),whereas a signi ficantly higher level was observed in FAPSF compared to NCF.Microbial activity is responsible for protein biodegradation(Huang et al.,2014);therefore,the result showed that inoculation with the strain NJNPD41 promoted protein transformation.Total nitrogen content decreased in both NCF and FAPSF(Fig.1).This decrease might be due to the decomposition of protein and the production of ammonia by the microorganisms(Goyal et al.,2005).Moreover,significant differences in the pH,EC,and phosphorus,potassium,total carbon,and water-soluble carbon contents were observed among the fertilizers FAPSF,NCF,and RSM(Table I).The increase in pH in FAPSF might be due to the ammonification and mineralization of organic nitrogen via microbial activity(Wong et al.,2001).The increase in EC in FAPSF might be due to the loss of weight and release of other mineral salts,such as phosphate and ammonium ions,as a result of the decomposition of organic substances(Wong et al.,2001).The lower total carbon content in FAPSF might be due to the loss of carbon dioxide(Goyal et al.,2005).The higher water-soluble carbon content in FAPSF might be due to the release of water-soluble compounds during the composting of carbon-rich materials(Goyal et al.,2005).After the solid-state fermentation process,no significant differences in the phosphorus,potassium,and total carbon contents were observed between the fertilizers RSM and NCF.However,compared with RSM,the phosphorus and potassium contents were signi ficantly higher in FAPSF due to the loss of weight,which indicated that the strain NJNPD41 enhanced organic decomposition in the co-composting of RSM(Wong et al.,2001).The concentration of TAPS in FAPSF increased to a maximum value(151 g kg−1DW)at 16 d,and subsequently decreased slightly to 141 g kg−1DW towards the end of the solid-state fermentation process;this concentration was significantly higher than that in NCF(69.8 g kg−1DW)(Fig.1).Soluble amino acid analysis also demonstrated a significant increase in the free amino acid levels throughout fermentation process when proteases were added(Johnston and McAloon,2014).Our results con firmed that proteases from the strain NJNPD41 significantly enhanced the solid-state fermentation efficiency by increasing the TAPS level in RSM.

水利部目前主要依托于水利国库支付系统、水利财务业务管理信息系统和水利政府采购信息系统开展动态实时监控，监控面限于财政资金支付、部分单位财务核算及政府采购数据信息，尚未实现对全部预算单位财务管理全过程的全面覆盖，存在动态监控的“盲区”。如京外部分流域机构财务核算未纳入监控范围，对资产购置、处置管理等监控不够全面等。

Eggplant growth applied with different fertilizers

The pot and field experiments were repeated twice(from April to June and from August to October),and similar trends were observed.Therefore,the data from April to June 2012 for the pot experiment and from April to June 2013 for the field experiment are presented in this study.The differences between the treatments were assessed using a one-way analysis of variance,and the calculated means were subjected to Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05.The SPSS version 17.0(SPSS Inc.,Chicago)was used for the statistical analysis.

Forty-two strains were isolated from the soil samples using RSM as the sole carbon source.A strain that had the highest total free amino acids and short peptides(TAPS)content after solid-state fermentation for 7 d(stain NJNPD41)was selected for further study.On the basis of morphological,physiological,and biochemical properties combined with the 16S rDNA sequence analysis,the strain NJNPD41 was identified as Bacillus flexus.This result was consistent with the findings of Kannan et al.(2009),who isolated a protease-producing B. flexus strain.

A field experiment was carried out in the field experimental station of Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization,Yixing,China,from April to June and from August to October 2013.The soil had a pH of 6.53,organic matter content of 50.2 g kg−1,and available nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents of 87.5,46.3,and 64.8 mg kg−1,respectively.Six fertilizer treatments(three replicates each)were established in completely randomized blocks in 18 plots(4 m × 2 m)∶the control(FCK),not supplemented with fertilizer;FNPK treatment,supplemented with chemical fertilizers(urea+calcium superphosphate+K2SO4);FOF treatment,supplemented with mature cow manure(organic fertilizer);FRSM treatment,supplemented with 3000 kg ha−1raw RSM;FNCF treatment,supplemented with 3000 kg ha−1NCF;and FFAPSF treatment,supplemented with 3000 kg ha−1 FAPSF.Each plot received the same amount of chemical fertilizers(N∶300 kg ha−1;P2O5∶225 kg ha−1;and K2O∶360 kg ha−1)and was supplemented with mineral fertilizers as necessary.After transferring the seedlings,the fruit quality(at 70 d)and yield of all the mature fruits were measured.Vitamin C and nitrate were measured according to Ning et al.(2010)and Yu and Fang(2010),respectively.The total soluble sugar and protein contents were measured according to Bao(2000).

Data analysis

A pot experiment was performed in a greenhouse located at the Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization(31°20′N,119°40′E),Yixing,China,from April to June and from August to October 2012.The soil for the pot experiment was collected from the uncultivated grasslands and had a pH of 6.32,organic matter content of 32.1 g kg−1,and available nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents of 64.9,23.7,and 70.1 mg kg−1,respectively.The pot experiment consisted of three fertilizer treatments∶the control(i.e.,PNCF treatment),PFAPSF treatment,and PNPK treatment,in which the pot soils were supplemented with 10 g kg−1NCF,10 g kg−1FAPSF,and chemical fertilizers(N∶0.72 g kg−1;P2O5∶0.35 g kg−1;and K2O∶0.14 g kg−1),respectively.The plant tested was eggplant.The NCF and FAPSF were prepared via the scaled-up solid-state fermentation mentioned above.Each treatment was composed of three blocks,with each block containing nine pots.Each pot contained 2 kg(DW)paddy soil and received the same amount of chemical fertilizers supplemented with mineral fertilizers.After transferring the seedlings,agronomic parameters and biomass were measured during 20 to 50 d.The leaf SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)value was measured according to Asai et al.(2009).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO N

Prodution and determination of FAPSF

随着经济的全面发展和人们生活水平的普遍提高，医院、影院、体育场和政务中心等的规模也随之扩大和完善，管线的布置成为了大型综合建筑施工中的关键问题。有效和合理的管线布置可以有效的提高建筑中的空间利用率，同时才不会影响建筑物的美观。事先完成综合管线的设计和布置方案，才能够在施工进行时，不同的施工单位按照设计好的方案高效的完成各自的管线布置，才能够按照预定的时间完成施工计划，确保在施工过程有条不紊地进行。

Compared to the PNCF and PFAPSF treatments,the PNPK treatment significantly increased plant height,stem diameter,leaf length,and leaf width of eggplant after 20 d of transplantation(Fig.2).After 30 d,significantly higher values were observed for stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,and SPAD value in the PNCF and PFAPSF treatments.After 50 d of transplantation,the PFAPSF treatment resulted in greater plant height,stem diameter,leaf length and width,and the above-and belowground fresh and dry biomass.At the end of the pot experiment,the PFAPSF treatment significantly increased plant height,stem diameter,leaf length and width,and the above-and belowground fresh and dry biomass by 35.6%,32.2%,13.1%,17.2%,44.5%,35.3%,73.9%,and 49.2%,respectively,compared to the PNCF treatment,and by 6.86%,30.8%,32.6%,17.7%,28.8%,19.2%,23.5%,and 24.5%,respectively,compared to the PNPK treatment.A range of amino acid transporters have been identified in the roots of some plants(Fischer et al.1998),which could be the reason for the potential ability to enhance plant growth under the PFAPSF treatment(Hirner et al.,2006).Amino acids absorbed by the plants are not only the basic building blocks of proteins,but also the precursors for the biosynthesis of numerous important biological and physiological compounds that play essential roles in energy metabolism and lipid transport.The FAPS are also excellent C and N sources for microbes(Ge et al.,2009).If sufficient FAPSF is applied to the soil,plants become more competitive for free amino acids at high soil solution concentrations,be-cause the capacity to take up amino acids by soil microbial community becomes saturated at high exogenous concentrations(Owen and Jones,2001).

To determine the optimal conditions for solid-state fermentation with RSM using strain NJNPD41,the initial inoculation amounts(set at 10,30,50,70,and 90 mL kg−1DW)and the initial moisture of the mixtures(adjusted to 40%,45%,50%,55%,and 60%)were investigated using the small-size mixtures,which were arranged in small,cone-shaped windrows(0.15 m high with a 0.2-m diameter base),approximately 2 kg DW each,and maintained at 30°C for 7 d.The scaledup solid-state fermentation mixtures(in triplicate)inoculated with the strain NJNPD41(50 mL kg−1DW)were arranged in small,cone-shaped windrows(0.75 m high with a 1-m diameter base),approximately 40 kg DW each,and maintained at room temperature(10–15°C)for 20 d to obtain the FAPSF.The windrows(in triplicate)with the same amount of sterile water instead of bacterial strain were established as the control(natural compost fertilizer,NCF).

Fig.1 Variations in temperature,protease activity,total nitrogen,total free amino acids and short peptides(TAPS),isothiocyanates,and oxazolidinethione,during the solid-state fermentation process,for natural compost fertilizer(NCF,obtained from rapeseed meal inoculated with sterilized water)and free amino acid and short peptide fertilizer(FAPSF,obtained from rapeseed meal inoculated with the strain NJNPD41).Vertical bars indicate standard errors of the means(n=3).U=units;DW=dry weight.

A GI of 50%has been used as an indication of phytotoxin-free compost(Zucconi et al.,1981).In the present study,the GI value of FAPSF was significantly higher than those of NCF and raw RSM.The GI values of NCF and FAPSF were both greater than 50%,indicating that application of these fertilizers would not injure the plants(Table I),whereas the value of raw RSM was only 41.2%,which may harm the plants.The application of non-stabilized organic materials in soil can affect the growth of crops because of the presence of phytotoxic compounds(Ofosu-Budu et al.,2010).The low GI values of raw RSM might be due to the high concentrations of phytotoxic compounds.Phytotoxicity caused by organic compounds can be mitigated by aerobic decomposition(Wong et al.,2001).Therefore,NCF and FAPSF significantly enhanced the GI value compared to raw RSM.Isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione were degraded from the initial concentrations of 2.06 and 5.81 g kg−1DW to 1.58 and 4.20 g kg−1DW,respectively,in NCF,and to 0.75 and 1.66 g kg−1DW in FAPSF,respectively(Fig.1).In agreement to our results,Verbiscar et al.(1981)reported that the total toxicants of jojoba meal were decreased by 95%–98%after 21-d fermentation with Lactobacillus,probably because of the presence of the enzyme nitrilase in this microorganism.Moreover,although NCF had not been inoculated with the strain NJNPD41,isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione were slightly degraded by naturally occurring microorganisms.

Samples were collected every 4 d during the scaledup solid-state fermentation process to determine the physicochemical properties of the fertilizers(i.e.,FAPSF and NCF).Fresh fertilizer samples combined with deionized water(1∶10,weight∶weight)were shaken on a rotary shaker for 24 h to obtain aqueous sample extracts for solid-state fermentation.The suspensions were centrifuged at 10000 r min−1for 10 min and filtered through 0.45-µm membrane filters.The pH,electrical conductivity(EC),and moisture were measured.Total carbon and total nitrogen were determined according to Castaldi et al.(2008),total phosphorus and total potassium according to Bansal and Kapoor(2000),and the protease activities produced during the scaled-up solid-state fermentation process according to Albrecht et al.(2009).Isothiocyanates were extracted according to Chinese GB 10387-91 and analyzed using a gas chromatography with a glass column(internal diameter of 3 mm,length of 2 m)and a carrier(Chromosorb W-HP,80–100 mesh).Oxazolidinethione was extracted according to Chinese GB 10389-91 and analyzed using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer in a 10-mm quartz cuvette.Seed germination and root length measurements were performed using the water extracts obtained by mechanically shaking the fresh samples for 2 h at a solid∶water ratio of 1∶10(weight∶volume)(Zucconi et al.,1981).The germination index(GI)was computed according to Zhang et al.(2014).The physicochemical properties of raw RSM were determined in the same way as FAPSF and NCF.

Growth of eggplant applied with different fertilizers

To optimize the solid-state fermentation process,the effects of different inoculum and moisture levels on the solid-state fermentation efficiency were investigated.The TAPS concentration increased with an increase in the inoculation amount,when the amount was less than 50 mL kg−1DW,which was the optimum inoculation amount.Moreover,no significant difference was observed between the treatments with moisture of 50%and 55%,which were both more suitable for the solid-state fermentation process compared to other moisture levels.Moisture plays an important role in the solid-state fermentation,and the optimum moisture for a particular type of solid-state fermentation and its microbe-substrate system should be determined(Singh et al.,2007).The results in this study showed that the optimum moisture for the solid-state fermentation was 50%or 55%.

TABLE I Selected physicochemical propertiesa)of raw rapeseed meal(RSM),natural compost fertilizer(NCF,obtained from rapeseed meal inoculated with sterilized water),and free amino acid and short peptide fertilizer(FAPSF,obtained from rapeseed meal inoculated with the strain NJNPD41)

a)EC=electrical conductivity;GI=germination index. b)Means±standard errors(n=3). c)Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at P ＜ 0.05 according to Fisher’s least significant difference test and Duncan’s test.

Fertilizer pH EC Total carbon Water-soluble carbon Total P2O5 Total K2O GIµS cm−1g kg−1%Raw RSM 5.79±0.03b)cc) 1006±5c 376±1a 56.9±6.1c 31.8±0.7b 11.1±1.1b 41.2±1.3c NCF 8.11±0.06b 1595±66b 369±3a 82.8±6.3b 32.7±0.8b 11.9±0.5b 58.1±3.7b FAPSF 8.36±0.01a 2088±45a 339±8b 117.0±1.8a 34.8±0.5a 13.8±0.6a 88.7±5.5a

As shown in Table II,the FFAPSF treatment significantly enhanced the fruit yield by 97.8%,55.4%,30.0%,24.7%,and 28.0%,respectively,compared to the FCK,FRSM,FNCF,FNPK,and FOF treatments.Similar to our results,Ehteshamul Haque et al.(1995)reported that Bradyrhizobium sp.and Paecilomyces lilacinus in combination with oil cakes could effectively promote the growth of tomato.Moreover,Chen et al.(2012)reported that application of rapeseed meal significantly improved the growth of flue-cured tobacco.Compared to the FCK,FRSM,FNCF,FNPK,and FOF treatments,the FFAPSF treatment significantly enhanced the fruit soluble protein by 99.0%,86.0%,47.8%,53.4%,and 31.4%,fruit soluble sugars by 73.1%,62.3%,60.7%,53.9%,and 19.7%,and fruit vitamin C by 29.8%,13.2%,15.4%,24.5%,and 20.4%,while decreased fruit nitrate by 21.5%,29.0%,22.3%,27.0%,and 26.3%,respectively.The study of Keutgen and Pawelzik(2008)demonstrated that free amino acids increased the soluble protein content in strawberry fruits.In this study,the FFAPSF treatment significantly enhanced the soluble protein content in eggplant.Moreover,water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acids had positive effects on plant growth due to the availability of easily absorbed water-soluble nutrients,which might be the reason for the enhancement of soluble sugar and vitamin C contents of the fruit by the FFAPSF treatment.It is well known that nitrate in fruit is harmful to people;hence,the low concentration of nitrate in the fruits in the FFAPSF treatment indicates that FAPSF could produce more healthy fruits(Table II).

Fig.2 Plant height,stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,leaf SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)value,and above-and belowground fresh and dry biomass of eggplant in the pot experiment under three fertilizer treatments:the control(i.e.,PNCF),PNPK,and PFAPSF,in which the pot soils were supplemented with natural compost fertilizer(NCF),chemical fertilizers(NPK),and free amino acid and short peptide fertilizer(FAPSF),respectively.Vertical bars indicate standard errors of the means(n=3).Bars with the same letter(s)are not significantly different among the treatments at P ＜ 0.05 according to Fisher’s least significant difference test and Duncan’s test.

CONCLUSIONS

A protease-producing bacterial strain,identified as B. flexus NJNPD41,was isolated in this study.This strain significantly promoted solid-state fermentation with RSM to produce FAPSF when used as an inoculant.Pot and field experiments demonstrated that the FAPSF produced effectively promoted plant growth and improved fruit yield and quality.Therefore,this study provides a novel way of utilization of RSM to produce high-quality and low-toxicity FAPSF using the newly isolated strain B. flexus NJNPD41.

2015年1月—2016年2月，项目组成员对宁德市蕉城区水利进行了为期半年的实地调研，走访了相关水利部门，企事业单位以及分管的政府部门，咨询了福建省高校水利部门专家学者，以及宁德市水利部门总工程师等专业人员，结合国内外水利风景区规划案例，通过实地调研数据，合团体之力完成了 “宁德市蕉城区水利风景区发展总体规划”课题。借实地调研和规划撰写契机，梳理了以宁德市蕉城区水利风景区为例的水利风景区旅游解说系统构建建议，以期丰富其理论研究基础，同时指导实践。

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFE0101100 and 2016YFD0200106),the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2015-CB150506),the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.KYZ201519 and BK20160710),the Jiangsu Science and Technology Program of China(No.BY2016077-05),the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.BK20150059 and BK20160710),and the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution,China(No.PPZY2015A061).

TABLE II Fruit quality and yield of eggplant in the field experiment under six fertilizer treatments:FCK,FRSM,FNCF,FNPK,FOF,and FFAPSF,in which the field soils were supplemented with no fertilizer(FCK),raw rapeseed meal(RSM),natural compost fertilizer(NCF),chemical fertilizers(NPK),mature cow manure(organic fertilizer,OF),and free amino acid and short peptide fertilizer(FAPSF)

a)Means±standard errors(n=3). b)Means followed by the same letter(s)within each column are not significantly different at P ＜ 0.05 according to Fisher’s least signi ficant difference test and Duncan’s test.

Treatment Nitrate Soluble sugar Vitamin C Soluble protein Yield mg kg−1 g kg−1 mg kg−1 g kg−1 t ha−1 FCK 178±10a)cb) 21.8±0.9d 80.1±2.0e 33.9±1.6e 33.8±1.8d FRSM 197±5a 23.3±0.8cd 91.8±0.5b 36.2±1.3de 43.0±1.5c FNCF 180±7bc 23.5±1.3cd 90.1±0.4b 45.6±2.1c 54.4±1.2b FNPK 192±2b 24.5±0.1cd 83.5±1.3d 43.9±2.0c 53.6±1.9b FOF 190±3ab 31.6±4.3b 86.3±1.1c 51.3±1.4b 52.2±4.5b FFAPSF 140±3d 37.8±0.4a 104.0±1.8a 67.4±1.8a 66.8±1.5a

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