Supported by National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFD-0100204-8); Special Project for Basic Science and Technology Work (2012FY110203); Special Project for Protection of Crop Germplasm Resources of Ministry of Agriculture (2016NWB037); the Agriculture Research System (CARS-24-A-01); the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS); Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture.

由此可见，采用方法一与有限元的计算的排水量和剩余水头高度的结果都十分接近，而采用方法二的排水量计算结果远大于方法一和有限元的计算结果。说明采用方法一与有限元进行双排水盲沟渗流计算时，可以得到较为合理的结果，其结果具有一定的参考价值。

1 Introduction

Chinese chives, a perennial herb belonging to Liliaceae, are one of China’s major onion and garlic vegetables and plays an important role in people’s diet. The cultivation areas of Chinese chives are very wide in China, and there is a certain area of Chinese chives in almost all provinces, cities and autonomous regions, and wild chives is almost distributed all over the country[1-2]. Chinese chives have wide uses and has health protection and therapeutic effects. It contains protein, fat, carbohydrates, cellulose, carotene, vitamin C and trace elements. It contains beneficial ingredients for human health and has the medical efficacy of body building and nourishment for vitality[3].

Guizhou Province has rich and diverse biological resources[4-5], where wild onion resources are distributed widely, and a large area of wild chives are distributed in Hezhang County[1]. It is reported that wild Chinese chive resources such as Alliumwallichii Kunth., Alliumhookeri Thwaites, and Alliumovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. are distributed in Hezhang County, Guizhou Province, of which a large area of A. wallichii Kunth. is distributed in Jiucaiping Village to form magnificent natural landscape[6]. It has a very high value of research, protection and utilization. It is generally believed that wild chives have high nutritional value, a soft and delicious flavor, and a spicy taste; due to its original ecological growth environment, it is an organic vegetable mostly[7]. The investigation, collection and preservation of wildlife resources are of great importance to the enriching of genetic diversity of national crop genebanks and improvement of varieties[8-12].At present, the distribution and quality of wild Chinese chive resources in Hezhang County lack systematic investigation and analysis[3]. In this study, based on the systematic investigation of biological resources in Hezhang County in the early period[13], a special survey on the distribution of wild chives in Hezhang County was conducted, and its nutrition components were analyzed. The research results will provide important reference for the biological exploitation and utilization of wild Chinese chive resources.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Investigation methods Based on general investigation and systematic investigation of resources, the obtained information was analyzed to determine a special investigation plan. In the special investigation, according to changes of actual situation, the plan should be adjusted by to further improve the investigation plan. An informal discussion should be conducted by Hezhang Meteorological Bureau and other departments to discuss and obtain related weather information of Jiucaiping. In August 2015, Alliumwallichii Kunth. growing in the main peak of Jiucaiping and connected vice peaks in Xingfa Township was investigated. Due to the large distribution area of A. wallichii Kunth., samples were collected from three major distribution areas. To be consistent with the number of systematic survey in 2014, samples from each area were numbered 2014521130, 20141421101, and 2014521131 respectively. In each area, samples were collected from three sampling points, and 50 plants were collected at each sampling point. Alliumovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. (tentatively named) in Jiucaiping Village, Zhushi Township was surveyed, and the original habitat was investigated and recorded. Due to the small area of A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz., in order not to destroy the original habitat, 30 plants were randomly picked at the distribution point, cataloged as one resource, and numbered 2014521135. The distribution of A. hookeri Thwaites (tentatively named) in Shuanglong Village, Zhijie Township were investigated and sampled, and it was mainly distributed along the riverside. It was cataloged as one resource and numbered 2014522106. One sampling point was chosen every 1 km along the riverside, and 50 plants were collected at each sampling point. All the excavated plants were pruned to cut off old leaves and mailed to the National Asexual and Perennial Vegetable Resource Plot to be planted. The common Allaumtuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. preserved in the National Vegetable Intermediate Bank was used as the control group (8A56). Three repetitions was randomly selected from each resource, and each repetition had five plants. These plants were used for the detection of main nutrition components and heavy metal content. At the same time, the leaves and scapes of plants of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habitats were collected to be used for the detection of main nutrition components and heavy metal content of A. wallichii Kunth. 2014521131. For the detection of content of vitamin C, the common A. tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. was used as the control group.

2.2 Detection of main nutrition components and heavy metal content The three kinds of wild chives collected were planted in nutrient bowls. That is, 15 plants of each population of A. wallichii Kunth. (2014521130, 2014521101, and 2014521131) were planted, while 15 plants of A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. (2014521135), A. hookeri Thwaites (2014522106), and A. tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. (8A56) were also planted respectively. Five plants were as one repetition. After three months, all leaves of the plants were taken upward from the soil surface. The content of 17 hydrolyzed amino acids was detected by an automatic amino acid analyzer[14]. Vegetable Quality Supervision and Testing Center (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture was entrusted with the detection of sugar, vitamin C, and heavy metals according to relevant national standards[15].

监理方在监理工作中应切实履行自身的职责，同时积极开展定期和不定期专项检查，若在检查过程中发现质量或安全问题，应责令相关部门及时整改，从而消除隐患，保证工程建设的安全。再者，监理单位需召开安全会议，汇报安全工作，并及时解决工作中的问题，开展安全检查，防止施工中出现安全隐患。

考虑到本论文的研究目的，本文将采用问卷调查的方法，对在英留学生网上购物行为进行调查研究。问卷调查是一种受欢迎的、可行的和有效的研究手段。鉴于本文的研究类型，本文作者对300名在英留学生进行了访谈和问卷调查，以获得具体而丰富的数据。

3 Results and analysis

3.1 Nature geography and climatic characteristics of Hezhang County Hezhang County (104°10′28″-105°01′23″ E, 26°46′ 12″-27°28′18″ N) is located in the slope of the Wumeng Mountains (the transition zone of plateau in eastern Yunnan to mountains and hills in middle Guizhou) in the upper reaches of the Liuchong River in the north of the Wujiang River and the Sacha River in the south of the Wujiang River in the northwest of Guizhou Province. It borders on Bijie and Nayong in the east, Weining in the west, Liupanshui in the south, and Zhenxiong and Yiliang of Yunnan Province in the north. The county seat is 300 km away from the provincial capital Guiyang and 96 km away from the local administrative office.

The altitude of Hezhang County is high in the northwest, southwest and south and low in the northeast. In the county, mountains are high and slopes are steep; ridges and peaks rise one after another; ravines and gullies crisscross, and rivers are deep. In the county, the altitude of the highest peak Xiaojicaoping is 2 900.6 m, while the altitude of the lowest point the Shajie River is 1 230 m, and the average altitude was 1 996 m.

Hezhang County has a warm temperate cool climate with dry spring and wet summer, and it is a unique plateau mountain climate between the south temperate and middle temperate zones. Due to low latitudes, high altitudes, and complex topography, the following climatic features are formed: four seasons are not distinct; daily range of temperature is large, while monthly and annual range of temperature are small; wet and dry seasons are distinct, and water and heat are in the same season; lighting conditions are better, and solar radiation is higher, but the efficiency of light energy utilization is only 0.6%. Frost-free period is 206-255 d.

According to the weather statistics from 1981 to 2010, daily range of temperature was large, while annual range of temperature was small; annual average temperature was 13.56℃, and the maximum temperature was 37.1℃, while the minimum temperature was -6.5℃; annual average rainfall is 832.9 mm, and 55% of rainfall in a year concentrated from June to August; the number of annual average rainfall days was 174 d; annual average sunshine duration was 1 298.3 h.

如果技能与谋生无关，如果知识不用来生存，如果它不是通往美丽新世界的桥梁，那么，它有什么用？我尽量用小年能理解的语言说：“围棋可以锻炼头脑，让你有逻辑能力和推理能力，这是所有学问和智慧的基础。”这是一个先天不足的答案，她可以追问：学问和智慧，有什么用？

3.2 Species and basic characteristics of wild chives Three kinds of wild chives in Hezhang County were mainly investigated and sampled, including A. wallichii Kunth., A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz., and Alliumhookeri Thwaites.

Its leaves were similar to that of A. wallichii Kunth., but there were big differences between them in terms of other morphological characteristics. The flowers were white, and the inflorescence was nearly spherical. The scapes were round, and the plant flavor was like onion. According to the investigation results of characters of 50 plants, the main characteristics were found as follows: the plant height was 30-72 cm; the leaves were 20-50 cm in length and 0.3-1.0 cm in width; the number of scapes was 1-2; the diameter of flower balls was 2-4 cm, and each ball had 11-50 florets. The habitats and morphological characteristics of A. hookeri Thwaites are shown in Fig.3.

Note: A. Habitat; B. Plant; C. Scapes; D. Inflorescence.

Fig.1 Habitats and morphological characteristics ofAlliumwallichii Kunth.

3.2.2 Habitats and morphological characteristics of Alliumovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. It was found that A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. was mainly distributed in steep cliff apertures with a slope of 80-90° at an altitude of about 2 800 m in Jiucaiping Village, Zhushi Township, Hezhang County, and the humus layer was deep here. The surface of the bulbs was between gray-brown and dark brown in color, showing a clear fiber network after aging. In the growth period, the leaves were oval and opposite, 7-15 cm in length, and 3-7 cm in width, and the apex was acuminate or nearly caudate. The habitats and morphological characteristics of A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. are shown in Fig.2.

Note: A. Habitat; B. Plant; C: Leaf; D. Inflorescence; E. Seeds.

Fig.2 Habitats and morphological characteristics ofAlliumovalifolium Hand. -Mazz.

每次晨间户外锻炼时我们的两位教师都同时当班在场，这样就比其它的集体活动时间多了一双眼睛观察和指导孩子，因此我们就采用自由活动与集体活动相结合、个别指导与全面指导相结合的方式开展进行，努力使每一个幼儿都能积极快乐地主动参与活动，使身体机能、运动能力在不同层次上得到提高得到提高，意志品质得到培养，适应能力得到增强。

3.2.1 Habitats and morphological characteristics of Alliumwallichii Kunth. Among the three kinds of wild chives in Hezhang County, the area of A. wallichii Kunth. was the largest, especially in Daweicaiping and its surrounding areas. It was distributed in four townships and towns ranging from Baiguo Town and Shuitangbao Township to Zhushi Township and Xingfa Township. Among these regions, the area and density of A. wallichii Kunth. was the largest in areas around Dajiucaiping, Xingfa Township. The area was about 200 ha in core areas, while it was relatively small in other towns and townships, and the total area was around 667 ha. Xiaojiucaiping was the second core distribution area, and the area was 13.3 ha in core areas and about 33.3 ha in radiating zones. In the county, A. wallichii Kunth. was mainly distributed on sunny slopes of ridges at 2 500-2 800 m. The plants began to germinate around April each year. The flowering period of the groups was inconsistent, and flowering continued from July to October. The flowering period of each plant was about 10 d, and the flowers were available for viewing. The habitats and morphological characteristics of A. wallichii Kunth. are shown in Fig.1.

Note: A. Habitat; B. Plant; C. Leaves; D. Inflorescence.

Fig.3 Habitats and morphological characteristics ofAlliumhookeri Thwaites

3.3 Analysis of nutrition components

According to Table 5, mercury, cadmium, and lead content in leaves and scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habitats in Hezhang County exceeded the limits. Meanwhile, the content of the four heavy metals in samples from the original habitats was higher than that of samples transplanted in Beijing. Mercury content in scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habitats was so low that it was not detected.

3.2.3 Habitats and morphological characteristics of Alliumhookeri Thwaites. Seen from the results of this survey, A. hookeri Thwaites was distributed in Shuanglong Village, Zhijie Township, Hezhang County, with an elevation of about 1 890 m. They were mainly distributed under the shade of trees along the river, and they continued along the stream until reaching Xiaojiucaiping.

Table 1 Content of hydrolyzed amino acids in the wild chives and cultivated chives in Hezhang County

%

WildchivesNo．AspThrSerGluGlyAlaCysValMetIleLeuTyrPheHisLysArgProTotalAlliumwallichiiKunth．20145211301．89±0．170．98±0．050．98±0．033．04±0．121．22±0．041．41±0．050．45±0．011．24±0．030．45±0．011．02±0．041．84±0．070．72±0．031．15±0．060．61±0．011．46±0．051．29±0．070．45±0．0220．2020145211012．31±0．031．11±0．031．24±0．023．87±0．071．33±0．031．39±0．010．72±0．031．27±0．040．43±0．011．05±0．031．91±0．050．84±0．021．23±0．040．72±0．011．56±0．031．19±0．030．30±0．0122．4720145211312．00±0．060．92±0．050．95±0．033．01±0．031．19±0．021．40±0．020．39±0．011．13±0．010．43±0．010．99±0．021．82±0．030．66±0．101．12±0．010．64±0．021．41±0．021．36±0．080．44±0．0119．86AlliumovalifoliumHand．⁃Mzt．20145211352．34±0．230．97±0．070．97±0．023．47±0．151．24±0．071．40±0．130．58±0．011．19±0．080．45±0．011．01±0．061．78±0．100．74±0．031．11±0．060．68±0．011．57±0．081．77±0．340．30±0．0121．57AlliumhookeriThwaites20145221061．52±0．050．82±0．030．91±0．033．08±0．161．14±0．051．34±0．070．41±0．011．07±0．050．38±0．010．91±0．041．66±0．080．58±0．011．04±0．050．62±0．021．32±0．060．97±0．050．39±0．0218．16AlliumtuberosumRott8A561．08±0．010．49±0．020．56±0．011．54±0．040．58±0．020．63±0．020．19±0．010．60±0．020．25±0．020．52±0．030．92±0．030．39±0．020．59±0．020．42±0．010．75±0．030．54±0．030．22±0．0010．27

Note: Data in the table is average±standard error (the same as below).

3.3.2 Content of sugar and trace elements in the wild chives. According to Table 2, sugar content in leaves of the cultivated chives was the highest among the four kinds of wild chives, up to 24.10%. Sugar content in leaves of the three populations of A. wallichii Kunth. (2014521130, 2014521101 and 2014521131) was 15.4%, 11.8% and 6.56% respectively. Sugar content in leaves of A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. (2014521135) and A. hookeri Thwaites (2014522106) was 13.60% and 12.30% respectively. In general, sugar content in leaves of the wild chives was lower than that of the cultivated chives. Among the nine kinds of trace elements, the manganese, zinc and iron content of A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. were significantly higher than that of the other chives. The potassium, phosphorus, calcium, copper, selenium, and magnesium content of the wild chives was higher than or equal to that of the cultivated chives.

Table 2 Content of sugar and trace elements in leaves of the wild chives in Hezhang County

WildchivesNo．Totalsugarcontent∥%Traceelementcontent∥mg/kgKPCaCuSeMgFeMnZnAlliumwallichiiKunth．201452113015．40±4．3457625．00±1242．527188．00±321．6423000．00±2000．4410．70±1．360．10±0．004950．00±58．99476．00±32．6796．10±｀3．18108．00±15．11201452110111．80±2．1353375．00±982．236538．00±201．1217375．00±1981．1211．60±0．980．156±0．014163．00±54．76634．00±44．56363．00±10．12104．00±13．5620145211316．56±0．9953875．00±687．565750．00±333．3218375．00±1564．329．19±1．000．07±0．015013．00±24．54469．00±21．67155．00±24．1292．30±12．67AlliumovalifoliumHand．⁃Mzt．201452113513．60±2．3242250．00±1782．156188．00±245．7825500．00±1232．3217．80±0．980．23±0．015775．00±67．78719．00±45．11488．00±13．21464．00±16．90AlliumhookeriThwaites201452210612．30±3．4561000．00±1613．46450．00±1213．1018625．00±1452．328．53±0．670．052±0．004625±32．24387．00±11．1196．30±5．4374．50±1．32AlliumtuberosumRott8A5624．10±1．1143000．00±978．218675．00±200．1217250．00±34．6815．60±0．110．22±0．005675．00±54．32548．00±9．9868．80±4．3567．00±1．23

3.3.4 Content of vitamin C. The content of vitamin C in leaves and scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habitats in Hezhang County was detected and compared with that of the cultivated chives. The content of vitamin C in leaves of the cultivated chives was only 21.3 mg/100 g, while the content of vitamin C in leaves and scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. was 94.1 and 65.1 mg/100 g respectively.

Table 3 Content of sugar and trace elements in leaves and scapes ofAlliumwallichii Kunth. in the original habitats in Hezhang County

PartsTotalsugarcontent∥%Traceelementcontent∥mg/kgSeKPCaCuFeMgMnZnLeaves16．67±5．470．17±0．1748750．00±48750．007104．33±7104．3320458．33±20458．3313．98±13．98551．33±551．335358．33±5358．33217．70±217．70201．83±201．83Scapes29．07±1．480．15±0．0028375．00±992．166412．67±510．798083．67±883．1212．87±1．76104．60±18．112433．67±174．95151．67±3．06147．33±5．13

3.3.3 Content of heavy metals in the wild chives. Under normal circumstances, metals with a specific gravity of more than 5 are called heavy metals. Heavy metals in vegetables mainly refer to metals with significant biological toxicity such as mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, and arsenic. The terrain of Hezhang County is complex. According to local authorities, the local soil is rich in cadmium and other metals. Therefore, it is very necessary to detect the content of heavy metals in wild chives. According to the NationalFoodSafetyStandard: LimitsofContaminantsinFoodsissued on June 1, 2013, cadmium content in the three species of wild chives significantly exceeded the national standard, and cadmium content in A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. was significantly higher than that of other chives (Table 4). At the same time, arsenic, mercury, and lead content in A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. also exceeded the limits.

Table 4 Content of heavy metals in leaves of wild chives in Hezhang County

mg/kg

WildchivesNo．AsHgCdPbAlliumwallichiiKunth．20145211300．226±0．020．0142±0．000．800±0．130．184±0．3120145211010．227±0．010．0112±0．000．909±0．200．316±0．1220145211310．232±0．020．0158±0．000．749±0．080．250±0．21AlliumovalifoliumHand．⁃Mzt．20145211350．629±0．000．0246±0．0021．700±0．170．525±0．33AlliumhookeriThwaites20145221060．222±0．020．0145±0．000．102±0．010．225±0．01AlliumtuberosumRott8A560．284±0．010．0068±0．000．016±0．000．314±0．01

3.3.1 Content of hydrolyzed amino acids. According to Table 1, the content of 17 kinds of hydrolyzed amino acids in the three kinds of wild chives in Hezhang County was higher than that of the cultivated chives. Meanwhile, there were certain differences between A. wallichii Kunth. and A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. in terms of content of amino acids. The total content of amino acids in the three populations of A. wallichii Kunth. (2014521130, 2014521101 and 2014521131) was 20.2%, 22.47% and 19.86% respectively, averaging 20.84%. The total content of amino acids in A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. (2014521135) and A. hookeri Thwaites (2014522106) was 21.57% and 18.16% respectively. However, the total content of amino acids in the cultivated chives purchased on the market was low, only 10.27%. It showed that the content of amino acids in A. wallichii Kunth. and A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. that grew at high altitudes on the mountains was higher than that of A. hookeri Thwaites that grew at low altitudes along the riverside. In general, the content of amino acids in the wild chives was higher than that of the cultivated chives.

Table 5 Content of heavy metals in leaves and scapes ofAlliumwallichii Kunth. in the original habitats in Hezhang County mg/kg

PartsAsHgCdPbLeaves0．38±0．020．02±0．007．27±0．180．35±0．32Scapes0．09±0．01Notdetected2．54±0．220．32±0．07

Seen from Table 3, total sugar content in leaves and scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habitats in Hezhang County was 16.67% and 29.07% respectively. The content of trace elements in leaves of the wild chives was higher than that of the scapes, and the content of potassium and calcium was higher than that of other trace elements.

4 Discussions

4.1 Strengthening the collection and conservation of wild chive resources is of great significance Wild chives are native to China and have abundant local breed resources and wild chive resources[12]. However, with the popularization and application of new varieties of chives, many local cultivars have been eliminated from the market. Since people’s outdoor activities become increasingly frequent and they dig for wild resources, some wild chive germplasm resources are on the verge of extinction. Although 270 chive germplasm resources have been conserved in the National Vegetable Germplasm Resource Bank, few wild chive resources have been collected and preserved, accounting for less than 1%. Guizhou Province is an important distribution area of wild onion resources, and a large area of wild chives are distributed in Hezhang County in particular. The collection, preservation and protection of wild resources and local farm varieties of chives are of great significance.

4.2 Wild chives in Hezhang County are precious resources for the improvement of chives in quality In this study, the content of major nutrition components such as amino acids, trace elements, and vitamin C in wild chives in Hezhang County was higher than that of the cultivated chives, indicating that wild chive resources had great development and utilization value in the improvement of nutritional quality of chive resources. However, sugar content in the wild chives was lower than that of the cultivated chives, so that the taste of the wild chives is worse than that of the cultivated chives. In the original habitats, sugar content in the scapes of A. wallichii Kunth. Was obviously higher than that of the leaves, so local ethnic minorities prefer eating the scapes of chives. In the development and utilization of resources, sugar content can be further increased by means of screening and genetic transformation, thereby increasing the taste and quality of wild chives.

安永和福布斯一起开展了一系列调查，并举办了分析顾问董事会会议，参与者是来自金融服务、生命科学、医疗卫生、日用消费品、石油能源方面的执行主管们。

(2)通过检验函数方程稳定性表明，Exponential函数拟合函数方程更加稳定，并由Exponential函数拟合方程进一步预测了28 d水泥试件的抗折强度值。

4.3 Content of heavy metals in wild chives in Hezhang County is a problem worthy of attention There are many sources of heavy metals in vegetables, such as the direct discharge of a large number of wastewater containing heavy metals from mining metal smelting and electroplating industry, and use of phosphate fertilizers. In this study, lead and cadmium content in wild chives in Hezhang County were high, which may be related to the presence of cadmium and lead in the local mountains. At the same time, cadmium and lead content in leaves of A. wallichii Kunth. from the original habitats were higher than that of the chives transplanted in Beijing, indicating that the residue of cadmium and lead in the wild chives gradually decreased after years of cultivation. It is worth mentioning that the samples of wild chives were collected from the remote mountainous areas of Hezhang County, but the cultivated chives of local residential areas were not collected and tested, so the results did not represent the content of heavy metals in wild chives under local cultivation conditions. From the content of heavy metals in wild chives by the riverside near residential areas, it can be found that the closer the sampling points were to the residential areas, the lower the content of heavy metals was. Therefore, due to the fact that the the residential areas were far away from the mountains, the content of heavy metals in the cultivated chives detected by professional organizations should be as the criterion.

4.4 The identification and classification of wild chives in Hezhang County needs to be strengthened further The three species of wild chives found by this study were named based on local knowledge, namely Alliumwallichii Kunth., Alliumramosum L., and Alliumovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. However, their biological identification still requires experts to further study it by means of biological features, physiology, and molecular markers. With the help of experts from the Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it is believed that the species known as Alliumramosum L. should be Alliumhookeri Thwaites. The exact botanical location of Alliumovalifolium Hand. -Mazz. needs detailed identification, and experts believe that it may be a new species near Allium victorialis L.

References

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