1 Introduction

In urban communities in China, various types of non-profit organizations play an important role in providing community services, resolve community issues, promoting coordinated development of communities, and improving the quality and level of life of community members. At present, China is in the stage of establishing a well-off society in an all-round way and has set higher requirements for the construction of urban communities. In the OpinionsonReformingtheManagementSystemofSocialOrganizationsandPromotingtheHealthyandOrderlyDevelopmentofSocialOrganizations, the state also clearly stated that community social organizations must be nurtured and developed vigorously. This is bond to bring better development to all types of urban community non-profit organizations. The operation of non-profit organizations in urban communities requires a certain amount of funds and requires the participation of volunteers and community residents. This is a prerequisite for their participation in community building and charity activities. But in reality, a considerable number of urban community non-profit organizations are facing the above-mentioned lack of resources for various reasons, restricting the basic operation of the organizations and the completion of the social missions. Therefore, measures must be taken to increase the funding capacity of non-profit organizations in urban communities and increase the enthusiasm for volunteering and the participation of community residents, thus ensuring their survival and sustainable development.

2 Overview related concepts

2.1 Urban community The community is a social life community formed by people living in a certain geographical area. Urban communities refer to communities with relatively concentrated populations that are engaged in non-agricultural production activities or secondary and tertiary industries. In China, they generally refer to resident committee jurisdictions of which the community-based systems have been reformed and the scale has been adjusted.

2.2 Urban community non-profit organization The concept of non-profit organization comes from western counties. Non-profit organizations refer to those which serve the purpose of serving the public, have tax exempt status and raise the legal status of donor tax relief. The income of non-profit organizations does not seek any private benefit for any organization or individual and their activities are not for profit[1]. The urban community non-profit organizations refer to social organizations that serve the community residents relying on city streets or communities, seek for no profit and carry out various kinds of voluntary public welfare activities in city streets or communities, such as foundations, charities, sports organizations and various types of private non-corporate units that are active in urban communities. According to the founding agency, urban community non-profit organizations can be divided into government-organized organizations (e.g. community service center) and private organizations (e.g. private kindergartens). Obviously, these two types of organizations are very different in terms of management and resource acquisition. Private community non-profit organizations are organized by institutions or individuals, instead of government, by utilizing non-state-owned assets for the purpose of promoting community charity and residents’ well-being, and they are engaged in community charity and service activities. Compared with government-run community non-profit organizations, the non-government nature of private community non-profit organizations makes them more in line with the concept of international non-profit organizations[2].

据1∶25万广昌幅区域地质调查报告，区内葛仙山序列岩体SiO2含量为72.43～74.62%，平均值为73.61%，戈蒂里指数(τ)为55.66，分异指数(DI)为90.28，固结指数(SI)为4.14，Na2O/K2O比值为0.57，w(Na2O+K2O)为7.74%，w(Fe2O3+FeO)为2.00%，Fe2O3/FeO比值为0.58；由上述可知，区内岩体为酸性岩类，岩浆具富钾、硅，贫铁、镁、钙特点，铝饱和指数大于1.1或接近1.1，标准矿物中普遍含有刚玉，属铝过饱和类型。各单元分异指数高，固结指数较高，表明岩浆分异结晶程度高、固结程度较低。

As an important force for the public welfare of urban communities, urban community non-profit organizations play a unique function and role in the areas of community service, community welfare, community assistance, community education, community health care, and community environmental protection. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, as an important part of the community service system, urban community non-profit organizations meet the public service needs of community citizens. Second, urban community non-profit organizations make up for deficiencies in the provision of community public goods by government agencies and market organizations, promoting the effective allocation and function of community public resources. The third is to promote the employment problem solving and social stability by providing a large number of community jobs. Fourth, through the development of community charity activities, urban community non-profit organizations foster the volunteer spirit and participation awareness of community residents and solve the various practical issues facing the community.

鱼腥草对多种细菌具有抑制作用，因此，功能性腹泻能得到有效治疗，治愈率高达90%以上，同时对动物肠炎、腹泻也有很好的疗效效果。

3 Problems in the development of urban community non-profit organizations

4.3 Constructing community residents’ recognition and expanding the participation of community residents In order to survive and develop, urban community non-profit organizations must acquire the recognition of the community subject, that is, the community residents. This is also a prerequisite for them to carry out public welfare activities in the community. In reality, many urban community non-profit organizations are faced with the problems of disapproval by community residents, low participation of community residents and lack of volunteer resources. One of the important reasons is that the public welfare projects carried out are not good enough and lacking in community influence and attention. The emergence of urban community non-profit organizations is to solve community problems or needs. When a new problem or need in the community is discovered, projects with community influence can be planned and developed through innovative thinking, and commonweal activities can be carried out by cooperating with for-profit organizations to solve the emerging social problems and needs of the community. Public support from the government and the community should be sought actively. In addition, inter-sectional cooperation can also be carried out so that community residents can feel the immediate concern and benefits brought by the public welfare projects, and the approval from community residents will be obtained.

In reality, the non-profit organizations organized by the government and relatively close to the government system are more likely to receive support from government agencies such as funds, materials and equipment, venues and personnel. However, as the funding from the government is not guaranteed by the institutional mechanism with strong arbitrary and temporality, there is also a lack of stable and continuous income for these urban community non-profit organizations. A major feature of private urban community non-profit organizations is non-governmental. This characteristic determines that is cannot or hardly obtain financial support from the government. At the same time, their other fundamental nature of non-profitability determines that it is impossible and not profitable to obtain full operating funds through operating profits. Instead, membership fees, service fees and social donations should be the main sources of funding. Many urban community non-profit organizations cannot carry out normal public welfare activities or even fall into a predicament due to lack of funding that is caused by limited access to funds. There are also some organizations which develop commercial activities that are not related to their own business and seek funds to get out of trouble in order to maintain their survival and development.

3.3 Low participation of community residents and low donation level For urban community non-profit organizations that are rooted in communities and are committed to serving community residents, the recognition and participation of community members is a prerequisite for their activities and a major factor in their normal operation. Due to the lack of understanding of the nature of the work of non-profit organizations by community residents, many people consider them as for-profit organizations. Charity activities initiated by urban community non-profit organizations are often misunderstood as profit-making activities, leading to fewer people involved in the public welfare activities that they have participated in. Even if residents of the community participate in charity activities, it is also often limited to responding to the community neighborhood committee’s call to donate or donate clothing for difficult families and sick families. They are basically one-time fundraising activities. Charity fundraising does not form the normalization mechanism. The charity activities organized by the community residents’ committees have also lead many people to mistakenly believe that doing charity is a government act. The number of volunteers who donate often is very small. In addition, community residents also faced and resent passive donations. For example, community neighborhood committees or other organizations distribute fundraising tasks, and individuals or organizations take the initiative to initiate self-funding. These behaviors also dispel the enthusiasm of community residents to participate in public welfare undertakings, and have become an influencing factor for community resident’s low participation and donation levels. In the United States, charitable donations mainly come from individuals and families. Statistics show that 65% of households in the United States donate, and 83% of charitable donations come from individuals, 13% come from foundations and 4% come from enterprises. Therefore, there is still great potential for the development of the participation of individuals and families in charities in China[4].

4.1 Changing the concept of financing and expanding funding channels With the development of economy and society and deepening of community building, the emergence of new social needs such as health and medical care, environmental protection, legal aid, old-age care, disability assistance and training for laid-off workers has brought about a change in the funding target of urban community non-profit organizations and changes in funding methods. For a long time, organizing activities such as righteousness performances, righteousness auctions, charity sale, charity sign fundraising, donation box fundraising and meeting fundraising has been the traditional fund raising method used by urban community non-profit organizations. It has played a significant role in helping the community’s public welfare, especially poverty relief and student education. Now, the world has entered the age of information and networking, urban community non-profit organizations should also fully use the new modern financing modes characterized by internet plus, in addition to traditional financing methods mentioned above. Although most urban community non-profit organizations have low social influence and small scale and are unable to acquire qualifications like a large-scale public interest organization to own a online fund-raising platform or collaborate with portal websites to conduct fund-raising activities, they can conduct fund-raising activities through social network platforms such as Weibo, Wechat and mobile networks. Urban community non-profit organizations are rooted in the grassroots, grounded, and close to the beneficiaries, and master numerous community charity projects. They can seek to unite with large organizations with the same public-benefit goals and collaborate together to raise funds on the internet platform. In a sense, the number of participants in the public interest project activities advocated by urban community non-profit organizations determines whether the funding goal can be achieved. To increase fundraising efficiency, social circle fundraising methods can be used. By participants in charitable activities mobilizing friends and relatives in their social circle to raise funds for charity projects, the scale of fundraising is expanded, and the contact with potential donors is established. Another benefit of this approach is that urban community non-profit organizations do their own marketing and improve the organi-zation’s social influence. Sports fundraising and experiential fundraising are also two effective fundraising methods. The sports fundraising model is a social participation model that combines sports, such as running, long-distance hiking, off-road and cycling and public welfare activities. The China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation’s Shanxingzhe public welfare walk takes this model and has achieved good results. Experiential fundraising refers to organizing participants to participate in and experience the plight of recipients and raise funds for recipients. At the same time, it advocates the society to pay attention and care to this group of people. For example, Capital and Hope Foundation launched an annual large-scale experiential public welfare activity of "For Our Tomorrow" to help disadvantaged children, expand community care center and build a wide range of participating social welfare platform. During the activity, the volunteers experienced the experience of the vulnerable children and raised funds for children who need help.

4.2 Innovating ways to encourage and enhance volunteer service willingness Multi-level and multi-form volunteer incentive systems that allow volunteers to feel respected and realize the self-worth needed by people can be established to make volunteers more actively participate in public welfare and service activities advocated by urban community non-profit organizations. This is the engine for advancing volunteer service work, and is also the inner motivation for volunteers to participate in community charity actions. On the one hand, honor incentives must be insisted to motivate volunteers. From the community to all levels of government, volunteer service certifications, honorary certificates, honorary titles can be issued and public opinions can be conducted to give volunteers with spiritual rewards, forming a systematic and multi-level incentive mechanism. On the other hand, volunteer incentive feedback mechanism should be established and improved. Local governments at all levels may formulate and issue feedback programs related to volunteer service incentives. Considering enjoying public services, the volunteers with good volunteer service records and no bad credit history should be offered with preferential treatment, such as giving free accesses to local newspapers and periodicals, cable TV, medical examinations, public cultural and sports facilities and tourist attractions, or giving fare concessions and ticketing discounts for urban transport systems. To attract young people to join in the community service team, outstanding young volunteers from universities and society will be given with priority to internships, employment services and employment opportunities, as well as professional services such as entrepreneurship training and financial support. Local government should issue policies to encourage enterprises to allow employees who have volunteered for a certain number of hours to exchange holidays with volunteer service time, and points can be awarded to them in the appraisal, so that volunteers can feel the courtesy of society and feel the rewards of volunteer activities, the social identity of volunteer services will be enhanced, and others will be inspired to participate in volunteer service activities.

CNAS-CL01：2018《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》将校准服务列入外部提供的产品和服务，因此选择服务商前应制定合格服务商名录，建立一套完整的评价体系，对服务商的资质、能力、服务等进行多维度的评价。

4 Countermeasures for development urban community non-profit organizations

3.2 Insufficient incentive methods and low enthusiasm for volunteer services The providers of community volunteer services are mainly various urban community non-profit organizations. Volunteering is the soul of urban community non-profit organizations. Urban community non-profit organizations rely on volunteers to provide public welfare services. Volunteers refer specially to such people or groups of people which serve the community and don’t contribute personal time and energy to material rewards based on morality, faith, sympathy, and responsibility. Volunteerism refers to the behavior of volunteers who use their time, skills, resources and compassion to provide non-profit assistance to neighbors, communities and society.

In China, volunteer service in urban communities stared relatively late. Compared with developed counties, the number of volunteers in the total population is less than usual, the volunteer service activities are not universal and often inadequate, and the scale and level of volunteer services need to be improved. There are many reasons for this situation. One of the important ones is the incompleteness of the incentive mechanism for volunteer services. The volunteer service of urban communities in China advocates citizens’ moral advocacy, responsibility awareness and initiative. Incentives for urban community volunteering are mainly spiritual incentives. In spiritual motivation, honor incentives are the main form. Volunteer service certifications, honorary certificates, honorary titles, etc. are issued to volunteers by communities, volunteer recruitment subjects and government to help volunteers feel the value of volunteer service and have a sense of pride. Honor encouragement has played a role in promoting the development of volunteer services, but is relatively simple and formal. For different incentive targets, it lacks incentive functions that meet individual needs. In terms of material incentives, most of them are still at a relatively low level. Generally, small items such as towels, soap, detergent, toothpaste and umbrellas are used as prizes to attract volunteers to participate in volunteer service activities. The lack of incentives leads to people’s low motivation or lack of continuous motivation, restricting the further development of volunteer services in urban communities.

3.1 Narrow financing channels and backward ideas Urban community non-profit organizations need to make full use of the community’s own resources to complete public welfare goals. At the same time, they must also integrate and effective use resources from all aspects of society outside the community. Currently, the number of urban community non-profit organizations in China is relatively small. According to statistics from relevant agencies, the number of social organizations per 10 000 people in developed counties United States and France are 52 and 110 respectively, in the developing country Argentina is 25, and in China is less than 2.5. The total number of urban community non-profit organizations in China is relatively small, and the size of individual organizations is not large. It will inevitably lead to small social influence, low visibility, and weak ability to mobilize and undertake community and social resources[3]. For a long time, various communities organized by relevant government agencies have become the main channels for receiving donations. However, the charity fundraising capacity of non-governmental organizations is weak, and the scale of fundraising is small, severely affecting the organization’s ability to accomplish commonweal goals.

The construction and development of urban communities requires the participation of community residents. The conduction of work of urban community non-profit organizations, as social organizations serving the community, requires the participation of resident organizations and community residents. Their function and role in the community must also be played through the participation of community residents[5]. Government departments and community neighborhood committees should mobilize community residents, support the work of urban community non-profit organizations and participate in community building. With community bulletin boards and community events as carriers, the significance of public welfare activities can be advocated, and the level of understanding and attention of residents can be raised. It is necessary to organize seminars on knowledge such as safety and fire prevention, disaster reduction, health care, and environmental protection, communicate with the residents of the community, raise the knowledge level of residents in the area and cultivate awareness of community residents.

In recent years, in order to promote the rapid and healthy development of non-profit organizations in China, China has made breakthrough reforms for the management system of non-profit organizations in China, and relevant laws and regulations have also been continuously improved. As an important part of China’s non-profit organizations, urban community non-profit organizations are facing major development opportunities. With the deepening of the reform of the urban community management system in China, the role of urban community non-profit organizations in community public services is bound to become increasingly prominent. The government departments should create a good policy environment for their development. At the same time, urban community non-profit organizations themselves should also continuously strengthen their capacity building, change their fund-raising concepts, broaden funding channels, struggle for social recognition and absorb community residents to participate in public welfare and service activities, thereby contributing better to community building.

References

[1] WANG M, WANG C. Nonprofit organization management [M]. Beijing: China Renmin University Press(CRUP)，2016. (in Chinese).

[2] YANG GH. The development and supervision of non-governmental nonprofit community service organizations [J]. Journal of Southeast University (Philosophy and Social Science), 2015,17(2): 31-32. (in Chinese).

[3] DENG GS. The development status and obstacles of Chinese grassroots NGO [J]. Social Observation, 2010, 8(5): 65-68. (in Chinese).

[4] WANG JY, SHEN DL, QU T. Enlightenment and reflection from the operation and administration of non-profit institutions in America-report of the study of Representatives of Ministry of Civil Affairs [J]. Research of Administration of NPOs, 2011, 5(3): 19-25. (in Chinese).

[5] WANG DH. Community management [M]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Publishing Group, 2013. (in Chinese).

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