Artistic illustration of POLAR on board Tiangong-2 space lab, with artwork based on a real photo captured by an onboard camera.(Image by IHEP)

An international consortium of scientists studying gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as part of the POLAR (GRB polarimeter) experiment has revealed that high-energy photon emissions from black holes are neither completely chaotic nor completely organized, but a mixture. The results were published January 14, 2019 in the online version of Nature Astronomy, a major international scientific journal.

GRBs are short and intense bursts of gamma-rays,which suddenly appear from deep space but randomly in direction and time. They are the brightest explosions in the universe since the Big Bang. Although discovered more than 50 years ago, the nature of GRBs is still poorly understood, especially concerning what powers the explosions. Studying GRBs is important to understand how massive stars end their lives, black hole formation and the most relativistic jets in the universe.

The current study is based on high-precision polarization measurements for prompt emissions offive GRBs recorded by POLAR. The results show that within short time slices, GRBs are found to oscillate in the same direction, but the oscillation direction changes with time.

POLAR was launched on board the Chinese space laboratory Tiangong-2 on September 15, 2016. A total of 55 GRBs were detected and confirmed within about six months. The five GRBs currently reported are part of this group and represent the largest ever high-precision sample of GRB prompt emissions.

云南省11月下旬公布《云南省深化国有企业改革三年行动方案（2018—2020年）》，提出将组建云南省国有股权运营管理有限公司。根据整合重组和混改等情况，逐步将主业处于充分竞争领域的省属企业国有股权注入该公司，打造具有云南特色的“类淡马锡”模式。

In order to understand the GRB prompt emission mechanism, many different theoretical models have been proposed, with different predictions of the polarization properties of GRB prompt emissions.

在全面清理排查、实施分类处置的同时，省厅进一步完善工作机制，探索土地管理长效机制，包括优化新增计划管理、严格出让管理，强化合同履约管理、规范闲置土地处置等等。

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The POLAR project has been supported by the China Manned Space Agency, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Swiss Space Office of the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation, and the National Science Center of Poland.

Shuang-Nan Zhang, Merlin Kole, et al., 2019, Detailed polarization measurements of the prompt emission offive gamma-ray bursts, Nature Astronomy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0664-0)

传感网络技术是由传感器组成的网络，主要包括数据处理单位部件、传感器和通信部件等，在其工作过程中，能够随机分布在需要采集并传输信息的领域中，且不同点之间相互联系，共同组成一个网络结构。在传感器中存在大量的节点，这些点分布较为随机，节点密集，具有较强的环境适应性，因而需要其具有一定的能量存储功能，这样才能保证传感器的正常运行。传感器在物联网技术中发挥着重要作用，从某种角度上说，传感器是物联网技术的核心，能够实现其应用层、传输层和信息感知层之间的连接，从而最终实现人与物、人与人之间的信息传输和交换。

POLAR is the first GRB polarimeter with a large effective area, large field of view and high precision. It is the result of great effort by researchers from China and Europe, collaborating on instrument development and proper ground and in-orbit calculations. The POLAR collaboration was formed 10 years ago by scientists from IHEP, the University of Geneva, the Paul Scherrer Institute and the National Center for Nuclear Research in Swierk, Poland. IHEP is the leading institute for the POLAR experiment in China.

笔者经过多年在该领域的教学发现，没有合适的教材是大多数院校未能讲授这部分内容的主要原因。客观来说，国内在该领域研究的优秀著作并非没有，如上海交通大学刘延柱教授、洪嘉振教授编著的《多体系统动力学》《计算多体系统动力学》《高等动力学》《多刚体系统动力学》等，天津大学刘又午教授编著的《多体系统动力学》，吉林大学陆佑方教授编著的《柔性多体系统动力学》，北京理工大学袁士杰教授编著的《多刚体系统动力学》，大连理工大学齐朝晖教授编著的《多体系统动力学》等。

Looking to the future, scientists from China,Switzerland, Germany and Poland have formed an expanded collaboration team to develop a much more powerful polarimeter, POLAR-2, as successor to POLAR. POLAR-2 would be part of China's future Space Station. It would address scientific questions raised by POLAR and hopefully lead to a better understanding of GRBs.

POLAR photos. Upper: Gamma-ray burst detector (OBOX);Bottom: Electrical cabinet (IBOX). (Image by IHEP)

全部患者均顺利的完成了治疗,研究组的临床治疗有效率是97.8%(45/46),共有30例显效,15例有效,1例无效,对照组的临床有效率是82.6%(38/46),其中23例显效,15例有效,8例无效。研究组的临床治疗有效率比对照组高,结果存在统计学差异性(P<0.05)。研究组的不良反应率是8.7%(4/46),对照组不良反应率是23.9%(11/46),研究组不良反应率比对照组低,结果存在统计学差异性(P<0.05)。

More About POLAR

The POLAR team at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)will continue the analysis of POLAR data.

Illustration of Gamma-ray burst models. Left: Merger of two neutron stars (or a black hole and a neutron star) to produce gravitational waves; Right: Gamma-ray burst. (Image by IHEP)

成都市经过多年的探索与实践，逐渐摸索出儿童课外阅读推广的三种模式，一是区域整体推进，二是学校特色推进，三是教师自发推进。

(IHEP)

The analysis of the five GRBs in the current study shows that the average polarization degree (～10%)is not as high as some GRB models predicted. In addition, a new finding of the evolution of the intrapulse polarization angle provides us with a new insight into the microcosmic world of GRB physics.

Measuring the prompt emission polarization of GRBs is important because it may provide information about relativistic out fl ow geometry and magnetic field structure. Such measurement is quite difficult, however- one reason few successful measurements were made before POLAR.

Media Contacts:

1 Prof. ZHANG Shuang-Nan (zhangsn@ihep.ac.cn),principal investigator of IHEP POLAR group

Tel: +86-10-88235654, +86-13910124625

2 Mr. Guo Lijun (ljguo@ihep.ac.cn), IHEP press office

Tel: +86-10-88236421

Fax: +86-10-88233374