Recent years have witnessed growing concern over regional atmospheric pollution in China. After the introduction of the Environmental Protection Law on January 1, 2015, governments at both central and local levels have begun to enforce a series of stricter control measures. As a result, it is expected that pollution caused by large energy-consuming sectors such as power, transport and the manufacturing industry will be increasingly regulated. In vast rural areas, however, due attention has not been paid to indoor and outdoor air pollution caused by the residential use of coal and biomass fuels (such as wood and straw), even though it poses a large health risk for local people. With the support of the Academic Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a task force headed by Prof. TAO Shu, a CAS Member from Peking University,conducted studies on the health and environmental hazards of using solid fuels in rural areas. The following paragraphs summarize some suggestions of the task force.

1. Survey conclusions

(1) Coal and biomass fuels remain the major energy sources in rural homes

我们和业务能力强的跨境业务经理共同讨论，精心选择了时代感很强的二十个不同产品的开发邮件的案例，最有特色的是全部按照新手原始版（original version），老手改进版（edited version）编写，让学生清楚地看到怎样改进一封营销邮件的具体策略，对照性强，可操作性强。

The proportion of coal and biomass fuels used in homes is one of the reference indicators of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Over the past two decades, with the improvement of living standards in rural families, the proportion of clean energy used for cooking has increased markedly. However, the energy source for keeping warm in those families remains coal and biomass. This is especially obvious in China's undeveloped areas and its northern region. In 2012, the total consumption of residential coal and biomass fuels in China reached 93 million tons and 280 million tons respectively.

(2) The use of residential fuels in rural areas is a major emission source of atmospheric pollutants

水利施工企业主要以工程项目为单位，在施工一线从事施工管理和专业技术工作，涉及的专业主要有工程施工、工程测量、财会、人力资源、特殊工种等，无法进行集中的培养和学习。针对这一特点，对分配到各施工项目的人员，可采取“以师带徒”的形式，通过“传、帮、带”使其岗位成才，这也是目前最符合水利施工企业的人才培养方法。

It is important to change the current situation so that one government department is designated to take charge of the task. It is advisable, for instance, to ask the Ministry of Environment Protection to be responsible for promoting the indoor and outdoor air quality control in rural areas.Provisions for indoor air quality control should be added to relevant regulations, and adequate standards should be formulated.

The pollutants from the burning of residential coal and biomass fuels in rural areas not only lead to local air pollution in northern China, but have a significant impact on regional air quality. In addition, tens of millions of migrant workers in urban areas still depend on bulk coal for cooking and heating, which has a tremendous impact on the air quality of urban areas.

风影作别父母，提前回到了白云寺。师父感到非常奇怪，离开寺庙是风影求之不得的事，这次破天荒地放三天假，让他回家探望双亲，已经是法外开恩了，照理风影是梦寐以求的，他就像放鸟出笼一样，暂时恢复自由的风影，可以与久别重逢的父母难得的团聚数日，他在父母身边多呆一刻也是好的，可风影为什么一反常态，会提前一日回到寺院里呢？

The major challenges to addressing the problems of residential burning of coal and biomass fuels in rural areas include: inadequate understanding of the indoor air pollution and health hazards; the one-sided emphasis of the existing laws, regulations and standards on the monitoring and research and development work on outdoor air quality in urban areas, resulting in the neglect of problems in the rural areas; lack of attention to the problems in campaigns such as “poverty alleviation” and “new countryside building”; insufficient basic data; backward research and development; and a general absence of understanding of health hazards among rural residents.

(6) Significant impact on climate change

(5) Grave health hazards

Indoor exposure to airborne pollutants could lead to various health hazards, including respiratory diseases,cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, neural tube defects,and immune system dysfunction. According to an estimation of the World Health Organization, on average more than one million Chinese people die prematurely due to their exposure to indoor airborne pollutants each year,accounting for 9% of all deaths, a level similar to deaths from outdoor airborne pollution (11%).

The indoor concentration of airborne pollutants (such as PM2.5, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, black carbon and benzopyrene) in homes using coal and biomass fuels is tens or even hundreds of times higher than in those using clean energy. Furthermore, those pollutants will have a serious impact on the indoor air quality of neighboring families. According to one study, the exposure level of rural residents in northern China to PM2.5 pollution using coal and biomass fuels reached 170-190 μg/m2, more than twice the average concentration of outdoor PM2.5 pollution in Beijing in 2015.

(2) Introduce relevant policies and strengthen publicity concerning the risks caused by residential coal and biomass fuel burning

Although the contribution of residential burning of coal and biomass fuels to carbon dioxide emissions is relatively low (5.5%), the discharge of a large amount of particles and black carbon has a significant impact on climate change. Therefore, it is of importance for health and climate to control the discharge of pollutants from the burning of residential coal and biomass fuels. The result of carbon emission reduction in power plants through the transformation from coal-burning to gas-burning is good, but the pollutant reduction effect is not as good in the replacement of coal and biomass fuel by clean energy sources in homes.

2. Major problems and policy suggestions

(4) Serious indoor air pollution

1.2.1 机构康复和家庭康复 机构康复即采取目前对精神发育迟滞的常规治疗方法，包括运动疗法、作业疗法、音乐治疗及引导式教育、语言认知功能障碍训练、磁疗等方案，家庭康复统一由我科康复治疗师指导家长学会大运动、精细运动、感知觉、语言训练、交流沟通技巧、社会适应能力、生活自理能力等训练方法，根据患儿具体病情制定个体化康复治疗计划。

Because of the grave environmental, health and climate impacts, it is advisable to adopt the following measures.

(1) Improve understanding, management and legislation

(3) Sizable contribution to regional and local atmospheric pollution

从乾隆晚期开始，有些地方就出现了“财政亏空”，即地方政府财政入不敷出，不得不负债经营。到了嘉庆年间，这已经成了各地的普遍现象，几乎每省每县，都出现了财政亏空……

The amount of pollutants caused by residential coal and biomass fuels is thousands or even tens of thousands times higher than the amount from industrial or power plant sources. Therefore, although its consumption is much lower than that of manufacturing and power plants,residential fuel use is the major emission source of many pollutants. The primary PM2.5, CO, black carbon, organic carbon, and Group-1 carcinogen benzopyrene caused by residential use of coal and biomass in rural areas accounted for 20%, 17%, 36%, 47% and 64% respectively of the total amount of anthropogenic emissions in China.

It is important to add relevant measures to the campaigns of “poverty alleviation” and “new countryside building,” introducing incentive programs to encourage the use of clean residential fuels and environmentallyfriendly stoves. Greater efforts should be made to publicize the hazards of air pollution in rural areas and to raise awareness among rural residents of the benefits of clean energy. It is important to have strict regulations for prohibiting the production and sale of low-quality fire coal and for promoting the clean and effective use of biomass fuels such as stalks. To improve their level of health,rural residents should be encouraged to have indoor air ventilation.

(3) Strengthen basic data collection and develop technologies for residential clean heating

在《爱莲说》这个舞蹈作品当中，着重突出了中国古典舞“圆”的主要特点，依照圆的弧形运动路线，这个特点也正与莲的圆形形象相吻合。此舞蹈作品在刚柔相济方面，讲究“刚柔动静统一，阴与柔完美结合”，在行云流水般的柔美动作中穿插“亮相”，把莲的特点与女子气质互结合，使我们在现实与仙境中穿梭，陶醉在这虚与实中，似梦中美好也似现实中清澈。给观众一种自己体会的过程，让观众也仿佛自在其中回味无穷，无论是表演者还是欣赏者都沉浸在这个境界当中不能自拔，久久不能忘却。

To provide scientific guidance for policy makers, it is important to collect research data on residential energy consumption from various surveys, including censuses,and to monitor indoor air quality in rural areas in a systematic manner. In combination with technological development and market surveys, it is important to conduct research and development on clean energy sources suitable for northern China and means to address heating systems that satisfy environmental protection standards, which can be publicized and promoted after demonstration research.

(4) Facilitate relevant basic and applied research

It is advisable to assign importance to the following recommendations: Make clear the dynamic characteristics of residential pollutant discharges; conduct analysis of key factors that have a bearing on the structural replacement of residential energy sources and discharge of pollutants, and elucidate their contribution to regional pollution; evaluate the exposure risks of indoor air pollution; and examine the cost-effectiveness of relevant control measures.