As of May 28,2017,Shinzo Abe had been the Prime Minister of Japan for 1981 days,1Abe was Prime Minister for one year from 2006 to 2007,and has held the position once again from December 2012 up until now.The number herein is the total number of days he has served in office.serving the third longest term in power among the post-Cold War prime ministers,surpassing Koizumi Junichiro,and second only to Sato Eisaku and Yoshida Shigeru.2Horie Ko,“Third Longest Post-war in Power for 1981 Days,Approval Rate of Long-timeAbe administration Falls,”Asahi Shimbun,May 29,2017.According to another statistic,the standard deviation of Abe’s second term that shows the range of variation of the approval rate is merely 5.9,3Osaka Iwao,“Approval Rate Faithfully Reflects No.1 Position,”accessed Sept.17,2017,http://webronza.asahi.com/journalism/articles/2017061000004.html.which,being relatively stable,seems very homogeneous in turbulent post-Cold War Japanese politics.Since June,Japanese politics have undergone a sudden change,and Abe’s approval rate plummeted and at one point fell to a warning level below 30%.While outsiders were bearish about Abe,the approval rate gradually increased to reach a relatively safe level after the cabinet reorganizing in August.Making use of this gradually stabilized approval rate,Abe dissolved the House of Representatives ahead of schedule on September 28 and held a general election to pave the way for his ruling until 2021.The peace of the past and the surge in recent months are the central reflection of the change in Japanese public opinion on politics in the past decade.This article attempts to analyze the roots of this stability in the Abe administration for such a relatively long period and the background of the recent change in approval rates from the perspective of Japanese social mentality.

The Reasons for Long Stability of theAbeAdministration

The reasons for Abe’s high approval rates before last June cannot be explained through traditional research experiences in Japanese politics and is very different from any administration of the past,summarized in the following points.

First,thepeople’sevaluation　ofthetwo　termsofthe Abe Administration is sharply different.From September 26,2006 to September 26,2007 when Abe first served as Prime Minister,his approval rate dropped from over 60%at start to below 30%before stepping down.At the end of his term,he was ironically dubbed as an“unsophisticated Prime Minister”and a“Playboy Prime Minister”,with overwhelmingly negative public opinion.Although publicly the reason he stepped down was because of his chronic illness of ulcerative colitis,the fact was that he had been utterly isolated within the party and his foundation of ruling had collapsed.In contrast,according to a poll by Mainichi Shimbun,although Abe’s approval rate at the start of his second term was only 52%,1“Approval Rate of the Abe administration Is 52%and 62%Interviewed Say There Is No Change in Life,”Mainichi Shimbun,December 27,2012.the approval rates had been extremely stable,maintaining a range of 10 percentage points around 50%.As of mid-June of 2017,the approval rate of the Abe administration was 48%and the disapproval rate was 36%,2NHK,“Poll shows 48% ‘Support’ and 36% ‘Do Not Support’ Abe administration,”June 12,2017.in stark contrast with the falling trend line during his first term.

Second,thenegativeimpactofthescandalsunderthe Abe administration was largely negligible at one point.Generally speaking,scandals are very damaging to Japanese politicians.In the 1970s and 1980s,Prime Minister Tanaka Hatsue and Prime Minister Takeshita Noboru stepped down because of bribery scandals respectively.In 1989,then Prime Minister Uno Sosuke ruled for only 69 days because it was discovered that he had a mistress.In 2007,the missing pension data and countless scandals of the cabinet ministers were important reasons why Abe’s approval rate sharply plummeted.However,after Abe assumed the post for the second time,the public suddenly became very tolerant of Abe.By now,Obuchi Yuko,Matsushima Midori,Imamura Musahiro and other ministers have resigned for various scandals.Amari Akira,the key pillar of the cabinet and an important member of the Gang of Four of the Abe administration,resigned in 2016 for involvement in lobbying and accepting bribes.All of those incidents did not lead to a sharp decline in the approval rate of the Abe administration.Even if Abe himself was involved in the scandals of Morimoto School and Kake School,his approval rate still remained stable in the months to come.For the majority of Abe’s term,the impact of negative news has been minimal.

Third,despite the public unfavorable impression of Abe’s policies,the approval rate of the administration has not been affected.There is a so-called“rational person”hypothesis in political science,wherein,voters with free will decide whether or not to support a certain party or politician through rational thinking on policies.In another word,the support for policies and the support for the government are positively correlated.However,this hypothesis does not apply to the Abe administration.Even the polls by Sankei Shimbun,which is Abe’s loyal supporter,show that many people have a bad impression of the policies of Abe administration,especially the economic policies.The joint poll by Sankei Shimbun and Fuji TV at the end of 2016 showed that only 34.4%of the polled favored Abe’s economic policies while up to 55.9%did not;the attitude of those surveyed toward the social security policies was more polarized,with only 25.7%　approving them and up to 63.7%　disapproving;even with diplomatic and security policies,only 48.2%were favorable,slightly higher than those unfavorable at 42.6%.However,in that same poll,the approval rate of the Abe administration was as high as 55.6%,much higher than the disapproval rate of 30.9%.1“Joint Poll by Sankei Shimbun and FNN:Main Q&A(December),”Sankei Shimbun,December 19,2016.The approval rate of the administration has almost no correlation to the support of its policies.

The big differences among the overall polls,the polls on the younger generation and the approval rates of the LDP not only reflect that the above-mentioned negative support and opposition are still functioning,but they also show that the reasons for this turbulence of approval rates are unusual.

As mentioned above,Japanese people do not favor Abe’s domestic and foreign policies,but that is not reflected in his approval rates.They vocally oppose Abe’s dictatorship and express unhappiness with the scandals within his administration,but they still choose to support him.In fact,many people’s support for Abe is not sincere,manifested as casual support or helpless support.Nevertheless,opposition to Abe is largely not deep-seeded hatred,but rather because Abe’s administration undermines some existing rules in Japanese society and the people who regard his practices as objectively inappropriate express opposition when polled.This kind of opposition is superficial and lacks persistence.

The coexistence of negative support and opposition by the people for Abe’s administration is determined by the following conditions.

为了达到治理基层区队的微腐败的目的，需要做好最后一步，以亮剑姿态，给予基层区队管理人员以震慑和约束。强化惩治管理并增加腐败的成本，使部分贪污腐败者无法接受并产生畏惧心理。明确相关的法纪法规，针对基层区队存在的问题予以科学治理，对于那些以对员工切实利益损害而获取个人利益的行为进行严厉的打击和惩处，通过扩大查处范围和深度，使“微腐败”的现象逐渐消失。例如：当发现基层区队管理人员通过在班队长的选拔提升、工资的分配管理以及企业工作岗位的调控管理等方面以权谋私而获得收益的违法行径时，均依据相关党纪党规中的规定，给予降职、撤职等惩处，从而使贪污腐败者尝到违法乱纪的严重后果，为构建廉洁的环境做好铺垫。

Polls by major media outlets in June of 2107 showed that the approval rates of the Abe administration suddenly fell sharply.Before and after the parliamentary election of the Tokyo Prefecture on July 3,the approval rates fell sharply again.Polls conducted by Jiji News Agency,Mainichi Shimbun and others even showed that the approval rates of the Abe administration had fallen below 30%.According to the practice of the Japanese political circle,approval rates falling below 30%means the administration is not popular,the Prime Minister’s authority will suffer great setbacks and the disability of the regime is inevitable.Potential political opponents within the party will surface and challenge the Prime Minister.The chaos within the regime will lead to a further decline in approval rates,and typically the administration then has to step down,generally speaking.In other words,the Abe administration entered dangerous waters in July and was on the verge of collapse if the situation was not handled well.However,while the outside was generally pessimistic about Abe,his approval rates unexpectedly rebounded from the nadir after the cabinet reorganizing on August 3.Furthermore,polls by somemediaoutletsshowed　thathisapprovalratesexceeded　his disapproval rates yet again.It seemed that the Abe Administration had once again escaped from the jaws of death.The following reasons are worthy of further examination.

Helplessness not only makes people lose their confidence in the government and politicians,but also sharply reduces their interest in core policies.They become only concerned about immediate interests,lacking desire to be involved in other issues.During Abe’s administration,the people have often been vocally opposed and indifferent with regards to major issues.Although polls show that the people express opposition to some policies,they are not entirely opposed to these policies.Lifting the ban on the right of collective self-defense,the Security Lawsand the conspiracy-related laws,even the revision of the constitution,are key issues concerning the direction of the country,but they do not involve the people’s vital interests.Opponents of these policies often significantly exceed supporters in the polls merely because these policies violate the pacifism and other important principles and long-standing norms in Japan.This opposition is superficial and casual,and will not affect Abe’s approval rate.In fact,most of the participants in the street protests opposing the above-mentioned laws were left-wing voters,and most of the people expressing opposition in the polls did not participate.They tend to think that even if they oppose,it is difficult to have a substantial impact on the political process andAbe will still promote his policies as scheduled.

为了比较九襄地区堆积体与其它不同类型的具有代表性的沉积物在粒度参数上的差异，作者选取河流[18]、黄土[19]、冰川[20]、海洋[21]、湖泊[22]、冰水这6组不同类型沉积物。其中冰水沉积物样品为作者实地采样勘测所得数据，但受制于客观条件，其余类型的沉积物只能借助其他学者的相关研究成果和数据。由于不同类型沉积环境所取样品粒度的分布存在差异，因此分析其粒度特征在一定程度上能够区分和分析沉积类型、沉积作用、并且能够复原古环境。

Second,populist Abenomics has an anesthetic effect on the people.Negative support based on acquired helplessness is not enough to prop up the regime for a long time;it is just a prerequisite for the stability of approval rates of the administration.Making the people content with the status quo,the populist effect of Abenomics is an important condition to consolidate negative support.

采用57HB05步进电机控制滑块在导轨上的运动速度；量程为1kg NA6型称重传感器输出茎秆回弹力信号；输出电压为0～5V的放大器对称重传感器信号进行放大处理；信号采集器采用日本VR-71双通道电压记录仪，对放大器输出信号进行采集记录；笔记本电脑对采集的数据进行处理分析。

④继续使用的水工建筑物、厂房及水工金属结构等，这些固定资产设施已使用30多年，应只考虑剩余价值的效益贡献。

Opposition parties and some economists in Japan have been pointing out the shortcomings of Abenomics in an attempt to awaken these hypnotized people,but the gains brought about by Abenomics are visible and its potential losses can only be realized through strict logical deduction and with strong intellect.Despite occasional doubts in Japanese academia and political circle,it is hard for them to convince mainstream public opinion otherwise as these concepts are not as easily understandable as Abenomics and are against the people’s mentality of the natural pursuit of their interests.

Fourth,fixation on Abe’s image produces inertia for his supporters,which is difficult to change.The process of establishing Abe’s image is actually the same process of persuading the people.Social psychologist suggests that persuasion generally follows in two ways:the central approach or the peripheral approach.When people“are able to fully and systematically think about a certain issue,they are more likely to adopt the central approach to persuade.”1David Miles,Social Psychology(the 8th Edition),trans.Zhang Zhiyong et al.(Beijing:People’s Post and Telecommunications Press 2006),181.At that moment,the people are concerned about the arguments,and it is easy to persuade them if the arguments are favorable.The peripheral approach of persuasion claims that people are concerned about external clues that can be accepted without thinking,regardless of whether the arguments are convincing.2Ibid.,182.Simply put,the former hinges on the audience’s rational thinking and analyses and acceptance of the messenger’s intended message,while the latter hinges on the audience’s emotion.

Abe’s voter base,that is,his loyal supporters,are the basis of his approval rates,but they have little influence on the change of approval rates because they are insensitive to the effect of his leadership,scandals and other factors.So,the change in the position of the centrist voters is the main reason for the ups and downs of the approval rates.A poll by Mainichi Shimbun on August 5,2017 showed that up to 47%of Japanese people were centrist voters.1“Poll by Mainichi Shimbun:52%‘Do Not Care’about Election of Chairperson of Democratic Progressive Party,Unaffiliated and Others Not Much Concerned,”Mainichi Shimbun,August 5,2017.These people,nearly half of all voters,are the core force that determines the direction ofAbe’s approval rates.

Abe’s approval rates have not changed much in recent years because the attitude of the centrist voters has been relatively stable.What determines the centrist voter’s attitude is not only the acquired helplessness and the expectations on the future of Abenomics,but also the helplessness that opportunity costs approaching zero imposes on them.

The level of opportunity costs affects voters’mentality.If the opportunity cost is high,voters have to make difficult choices,thus their attention to the chosen option is obviously high.If the opportunity cost is low and there is little suspense between options,the people’s attention to the chosen option is accordingly low.The Democratic Party was established after the year 2000 to become an alternative to the LDP.The centrist voters could not choose the Democratic Party if they chose the LDP,so the opportunity cost to choose between the two parties was risen.It was the awareness of the importance of their own votes that sharply boosted the political participation of the centrist voters.The voter turnout rate of the Senate election in 2007 was up to 58.64%,the highest voter turnout rate of the entity since 2000.In that same vein,as the House of Representatives election in 2009 would determine which party would be in control,the LDP or the Democratic Party,the turnout rate therefore set a historic record of 69.2%.

After the general election at the end of 2012,mainstream public opinion of Japan regarded the Democratic Party as an unqualified ruling party,and thus excluded it from the ranks of ruling party candidates.The stability of Abe’s approval rates after 2012 is largely because the centrist voters could do nothing but choose the LDP when voting in the general election;their opportunity cost was sharply reduced,even down to zero.The opportunity cost approaching zero has two effects on voters’mentality.The first is that voters will give up the opportunity to express their views on the Abe administration.The centrist voters understand that it is hard to shake the LDP from their ruling position despite their deep dissatisfaction,so many centrist voters feel disenfranchised with political participation.The voter turnout rate of the general election in 2014 after Abe took power fell sharply to 52.6%,the lowest for post-Cold War elections of the House of Representatives.The fact that those dissatisfied with the LDP did not go to vote or express their view elevates the value of the voters who support the LDP or Abe,that is,the voter base.The seats of the LDP can easily reach a simple majority and can exceed two-thirds of the total seats of the House of Representatives adding the seats of its ruling partner,Komeito.The second is that the phenomenon of“following the herd”will appear.After the disappearance of an alternative ruling party,the centrist voters divided,with some holding a wait-and-see attitude and giving up the right of　expressing　their　views,　while　others,“those　with　weak self-consciousness or with little interest on politics,are most likely to change their mind suddenly at the last moment,hoping to stand on the winner’s side,board the float and wind the trumpet.”1Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann,The Spiral of Silence,trans.Dong Lu(Peking University Press,2013),6.When support for the LDP or Abe becomes an irresistible trend,this portion of centrist voters are afraid to be isolated and hope to stand by the side of the majority,so they often choose to support the LDP and Abe when voting or taking polls.This support is not only reluctant but also negative.

同步放化疗的126例，非同步放化疗的14例；诱导化疗的40例。其中放疗采用常规分割外照射（1.8～2.0 Gy/次，5次/周），鼻咽原发灶部位剂量范围66～74 Gy，上颈部放疗50～60 Gy，下颈部放疗50 Gy；和调强放疗IMRT，原发灶部位剂量范围66～70 Gy，预防照射区域54～56 Gy，分割次数均为30～33次。化疗方案采用的是以铂类为主的单独或者联合化疗，包括68例紫杉醇+顺铂方案，60例5-氟尿嘧啶+顺铂方案，12例吉西他滨+顺铂方案。

Third,the opportunity costs of voters’choice approaching zero leads to a lack of interest in politics.The concept of“opportunity cost”in microeconomics suggests that when choosing a certain option in a decision-making process,one has to give up one or more of the other options.The most valuable option that is abandoned constitutes the opportunity cost of the option chosen.

TBL、CBL与PBL在传统教学中各有优缺点，例如TBL强调团队合作，但是如果团队中的某些成员能力较强，则不能保证所有成员均能参与，则有可能变为被动的执行者，这和传统意义上的被动接收式授课相比差别不大；而CBL强调案例教学，但是病理课授课一般安排在整个临床学习的基础课阶段，该阶段限于学生的知识有限，则临床联系意识不强；PBL偏重于问题解决。因此，基于三种教学法的利弊，融合三种教学法的学习模式则更为有效，有利于提升学生的主观能动性和全面理解能力。

Abe’s image is established through both the central and peripheral approaches.The former is reflected in the highlighted advantages of his leadership experience and talent reserve so that the public believes that only the LDP can save Japan.During Abe’s term in office,the Japanese economy has not suffered from a major crisis and Abenomics has put forward some populist policies,so these central materials are able to reassure the people.Persuasion through the central approach works mostly on people with keen intellect,but many people are not familiar with or concerned about political affairs.Gossip and the media often influence the people to make emotional judgments on political phenomena and figures.In many people’s mind,the LDP and their politicians as well as the Democratic Progressive Party(DPP)and their politicians have been divided into two distinct categories,with the former being synonymous with experienced and capable and the latter synonymous with lack of ruling experiences and incompetent.Likes and dislikes often solidify the people’s judgment on the subject.Therefore,even if the Democratic Party has done something well and Abe administration has done something poorly,the facts are often ignored as they are contradictory to the people’s impression on them;the facts are unlikely to change the stereotypes or impressions already formed in the people’s minds.The solidification of Abe’s image leads to the relative stability of Abe’s approval rates.A poll conducted by NHK in June of 2017 showed that the approval rate of the Abe administration at that time was 48%.According to the poll,the primary reason to support the administration,with 50%in favor,was because it“seems better than other administrations.”1“Poll:48%Support Abe administration and 36%Do Not Support,”NHK,June 12,2017.Thus,it can be seen that the fixation of likes and dislikes has imposed important influence on the people’s judgment.

However,the people are not clearly and strongly opposed to Abenomics.Despite its ineffectiveness,the people hope to see Abenomics continue to be promoted.The first reason why is the above-mentioned acquired helplessness.Before taking office,the Democratic Party put forward the slogan of“Consumers First”,preaching increasing subsidies and cutting taxes to directly benefit the people.However,after it came into power,the economy failed to pick up and the promised benefits were not honored.The people’s disappointment with the rough populist policies of the Democratic Party lowered their expectations for a change of destiny and there was not an urgent need for an immediate change resulting from economic policies;the people are willing to wait as long as there is a possibility of change.Therefore,although they are not satisfied with the current situation of Abenomics,the people are willing to regard Abenomics as a future investment,hoping to cash in on its benefits in the future.The second reason why is because the populist measure of expanding fiscal expenditure successfully won over the people.The three“arrows”of Abenomics are quantitative easing,fiscal means and structural reform,among which increasing fiscal expenditure is a means commonly used by all populist regimes,and structural reform was a populist means of appealing to the public when Koizumi was in power.Increasing fiscal investments is the most effective way to appeal to the people,but given Japan’s heavy debt burden,it would surely be unsustainable to increase spending and Abe would be repeating the mistakes of the Democratic Party.The first arrow of Abenomics,quantitative easing,significantly offsets the negative effects of Abe’s populist fiscal policy.The central bank of Japan purchased a huge amount of national bonds to release base money to significantly lower the exchange rate,raising the profits of multinational corporations.With an obvious growth in Japan’s fiscal revenue in recent years,it can hardly cause public concern to put forward some government measures to benefit the people after increasing fiscal expenditure.The total amount of budget requests by the Japanese government during Abe’s administration exceeded 100 trillion yen in four consecutive years,in stark contrast to the previous administrations.The third reason is because Abenomics led to an increase in asset prices,benefiting upper-and middle-class asset holders in book value,while lower-class people expected a spill-over effect of asset prices.The liquidity provided by the huge quantitative easing coupled with the alleged improvement of enterprise performance resulting from the depreciation of the yen pushed asset prices to increase.When Abe took office at the end of 2012,the Tokyo stock index was just about 10,000,while on June 2,2017,the index reached 20,177.28,exceeding 20,000 again after one year and a half.Many people benefited from the growth of stock prices,and even those who did not hold stocks saw this as the benchmark of a bright future.A considerable number of people were collectively hypnotized,believing that even if the current situation was not good,the future might still be bright.Therefore,the people are not strongly opposed to Abe’s continued leadership,although they are not particularly supportive of his policies.

Why DoAbe’s RecentApproval Rates Have Ups and Downs?

First,“acquired helplessness”caused by failure leads to a rise in the people’s negative mentality.Social psychologists believes that animals and humanswillbecomepassiveand　helplesswhen　they　experience uncontrollable harmful events,which is so-called“acquired helplessness”.Japanese voters,the centrist ones in particular,once had strong enthusiasm for political participation.The Democratic Party1The Democratic Party of Japan changed its name to the Democratic Progressive Party in March 2016.The party before that time point in this article is referred to as the Democratic Party,and after that as the Democratic Progressive Party.defeated the Liberal Democratic Party(LDP)in 2007 with the zealous support of urban centrist voters,and the opposition party controlled the Senate.With public support,the Democratic Party won the election of the House of Representatives in 2009 and let the LDP surrender the regime.The people expected the Democratic Party to change the long-term stagnation of the Japanese economy,reform the social security system so the people could enjoy more reliable welfare,and revise foreign policies to gain a higher international position for Japan.However,in various aspects,the performance of the Democratic Party in its three years of ruling was poor,and even new thornier problems appeared.The people’s earnest anticipation resulted in nothing and they suffered great setbacks.These setbacks made many people doubt the role of their efforts,resulting in a sense of helplessness and the negative feeling of being unable to control the national political process.As a result,their interest in political participation was greatly reduced.Generally speaking,the approval rates of new governments in Japan are very high,indicating the public strong expectations on the new governments and their enthusiasm for political participation.For example,Koizumi Junichiro’s approval rate exceeded 80%when he assumed office in 2001,and Hatoyama Yukio’s approval rate exceeded 70%when he came to power in 2009.However,when he assumed office at the end of 2012,Abe’s approval rate was only 52%,indicating that the public did not have much hope for Abe.No longer keen on political participation,the people distanced themselves from politics.

First,scandals were not the direct cause of Abe’s falling approval rates.The outside generally attributed the sharp fall of Abe’s approval rates in June and July of 2017 to the scandals of Moritomo School and Kake School,but in fact the Morimoto School affair,in which Abe was suspected of mediating the purchase of land for a low price for his loyal right-wing supporters,had been exposed already in February.Soon after,Japanesemediaexposed　that Abehad　allegedly　putpressureon government agencies to clear obstacles in the way of establishing a department of veterinary medicine in the university opened by Kake Takataro,a decades-old friend of Abe’s.However,the approval rate of the Abe administration fell several percentage points over the same period.When he was questioned by a parliament member from the DPP at the Committee on Health,Welfare and Labor of the House of Representatives in April,Abe smugly scoffed the interlocutor by saying,“The current approval rate of the administration is 53%.You should understand how much the approval rates of the LDP and the DPP respectively.”1“Prime Minister Abe’s Fourth Mistake: ’It Is Not Necessary to Subpoena Witness,As Approval Rate of the Administration Is 53%’,”accessed September 14,2017,http://noraneko-kambei.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2017-04-13.The data Abe quoted was from a poll by NHK.Invoking the approval rate of the LDP,38.1%,and that of the DPP,just 6.7%,2“Monthly Investigation of Political Awareness in 2017,”accessed September 14,2017,https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/yoron/political/2017.html.at that time,Abe praised himself for his solid public opinion foundation and ridiculed the opposition party for lacking public support.When former Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology Maekawa Kihei confirmed in May that the Prime Minister’s Office imposed pressure on the Ministry,demanding that the Ministry give green light to the establishment of a new department of veterinary medicine,Abe’s approval rate did not fall sharply.However,before and after the parliamentary election of the Tokyo Prefecture on July 3,Abe’s approval rate fell rapidly.The negative impact of the scandals seriously lagged behind and only seemed to break out inadvertently.

The people do not have strong feelings toward Abenomics and cannot enjoy the rich immediate advantages the policy brings about.A poll by Nikkei Shimbun in February 2016 showed that 50%of the people were not in favor of Abenomics,far more than those in favor at 31%.1“Poll by This Newspaper Shows 50%Are Not in Favor,”Nikkei Shimbun,February 28,2016.A poll by Mainichi Shimbun in June of the same year showed that 61%of the people think that Abenomics should be revised,far more than the 23%of people who advocated for its continued promotion.2“Poll by This Newspaper Shows 61%Say Abenomics‘Should Be Reviewed’,”Mainichi Shimbun,June 19,2016.Although the Japanese government claims that economic growth has lasted for 57 months since December 2012,in fact Japanese people cannot really feel the effect of economic recovery.According to the statistics of the Japan Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,the real wages of the wage-earning class did not achieve positive growth until May 2017 after six years of plummeting to rock bottom.1“Real Wages in 2016 Grow after 6 years And Nominal Wages Also Grow,”Nikkei Shimbun,May 23,2017.Six consecutive times since 2013,the central bank of Japan has postponed the goal of achieving a 2%price growth in a two-year time span,and has not yet achieved this goal.

Second,the youth’s support for Abe remained high and was basically unaffected by the general approval rates.A poll by Asahi Shimbun showed that during Abe’s first term,the approval rates of the Abe administration by those in their 20s and 30s were the lowest,and the higher the age,the more obvious the support for Abe was.During his second term,those in their 20s and 30s became the most supportive group for Abe,and the Abe administration is the youth’s most favorite administration after the year 2000.1“Reasons Why Abe’s Approval Rate Did Not Fall Despite Kake and Morimoto affairs,”Asahi Shimbun,May 29,2017.In fact,the young generation is the most supportive of Abenomics,whose approval rates are often much higher than those of older age groups.The approval rate of the Abe administration in a poll by Yomiuri Shimbun in June of 2017 fell sharply by 12 percentage points to 49%,but the approval rate of those between 18 and 29 years old remained at the high level of 65%and the approval rate of those in their 30s also exceeded 60%,2“Real Reason Why the Youth Support the Abe administration:Approval Rate under 30 Exceeds 60%,”accessed June 22,2017,http://meltnakibunde.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2017/06/19/174724.having not been affected by the scandals.

Third,the approval rates of the LDP did not fall simultaneously.In the past when the approval rates of the administration fell,those of the ruling party would generally fall simultaneously,reflecting public discontent with the government.However,the Abe administration is not the same case as previous administrations.Take the poll conducted by NHK for instance.When Abe’s approval rates were stable,the approval rates of the ruling LDP also remained at a high level.From February to April after Abe’s scandals were exposed,the approval rates of the LDP were 36.9%,38.1%and 37.5%respectively,being relatively stable.While the approval rate of the administration fell sharply in July,the approval rate of the LDP just fell from 36.4%in June to 30.7%,with a far narrower decline than that of the administration.After reorganizing the Abe administration in August,the approval rate of the LDP rebounded rapidly and recovered to 37.7%in September,essentially the same level as before the scandals were exposed.3“Monthly Investigation on Political Awareness in 2017,”accessed September 14,2017,https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/yoron/political/2017.html. At the same period,although the DPP lashed out at Abe for his scandals,its approval rate did not improve and it was unable to exceed the 8%level.

Fourth,the approval rates gradually stabilized after short-term turbulence,but there were still fluctuations.After the sharp fall of approval rates in July,Abe quickly showed a sincere gesture.Abe called the cabinet that was established in August a“Cabinet of Able Persons”.As expected,the people seemed to forget the recent criticism about him and the approval rates gradually rebounded.In particular,the disapproval rates gradually fell.A poll conducted by Jiji News Agency in early September showed that his approval rate rose to 41.8%,while his disapproval rate declined to 36.7%,lower than the approval rate yet again.Generally speaking,once the disapproval rate of an administration exceeds the approval rate,it is hard to reverse,but the Abe administration achieved a reversal several times.However,after Abe dissolved the House of Representatives,a poll conducted by Jiji News Agency showed that the approval rate fell to 37.1%while the disapproval rate again rose to 41.8%.1Jiji News Agency,“Jiji Public Opinion Poll:30%of LDP Supporters Hope to Continue Proportional Representation System in House of Representatives Election:Approval Rate and Disapproval Rate Change Over,”October 13,2017.Although there was not a sharp fall,there were still fluctuations in the process of recovery of approval rates of theAbe administration.

Fourth,the people are indifferent to Abe seizing more power.After the Second World War,Japanese society learned painful lessons from the brutal rule of militarism and was extremely sensitive to the expansion of government power.Bills to expand government power put forward by successive administrations were defeated by public opposition.After the Cold War,several administrations hoped to lift the ban on the right of collective self-defense and enact laws related to conspiracy,but they were forced to abandon such policies in fear of backlash from public opinion and the consequential declined in approval rates.After assuming office,Abe repeatedly challenged those sensitive issues,forcibly lifting the ban on the right of collective self-defense in 2014,passing the Security Laws in 2015 and passing the laws related to conspiracy in 2017.The deviation between　the　policy　approvalratefrom　the　approvalrate　ofthe administration appeared once again.The poll conducted by Yomiuri Shimbun on September 21,2015 showed that 58%of the public were opposed to passing the Security Laws,far higher than the approval rate of 31%,and Abe’s approval rate fell to 41%at one point,1“Security Act‘Not Fully Explained’,Public Opinion Reverses Again,with Approval Rate of 41%and Disapproval Rate of 51%,”Yomiuri Shimbun,September 21,2015.but soon bounced back to 51%.The temporary opposition to the Security Laws did not shake the support for Abe administration.The polls related to conspiracy further illustrated the above-mentioned tendency.Although 51%of the people thought that this act would lead to the“withering of social movement”,the approval rate of the administration at the same period was as high as 58.7%.2“Joint Poll:73%Agree‘Government Is Getting Sluggish’,51%Think‘Social Movement Will Wither’,”Tokyo Shimbun,April 24,2017.

从上表中可以看出，手机基站定位精度较低，且对其他定位方式的影响较小(比较GPS和GPS+手机基站，WIFI和WIFI+手机基站，GPS+WIFI和GPS+WIFI+手机基站)，WIFI+GPS定位精度较高。同时，一个显而易见的结果是，WIFI定位和手机基站定位无法定位出海拔高度，因为这两者本身给出的位置是平面性的，如需要确定位置海拔高度需卫星定位。

First,Abe was not disliked by the people because of his incompetent leadership.In the eyes of the Japanese people,Koizumi Junichiro,known as a political“lone wolf”,is the only Prime Minister who is both able to promote reform and various policies and not get involved in scandals.In the political context of Japan,the so-called virtue of politicians refers to not only preserving one’s moral integrity and being honest and incorrupt,but also giving priority to people’s interests and seeing from the people’s point of view.After Koizumi stepped down,the Japanese people eagerly expected a leader of both ability and integrity.However,the subsequent three Prime Ministers from the LDP and three from the Democratic Party could not match Koizumi in both integrity and ability.They all stayed in office for only about one year or so,creating a situation where Japan had six Prime Ministers in six years.During this process,with a sense of failure accumulating,the people were locked into a mentality of helplessness in regards to selecting a capable Prime Ministers.It is certainly ideal for a Prime Minister to have both ability and integrity,but the people had obviously lost confidence in their capability to do so,which sharply lowered their requirements of their leader to possess integrity and ability.Although Abe lags far behind Koizumi in terms of integrity and ability,the people still accept him.A poll conducted by Sankei Shimbun at the end of 2016 showed that 67.1%of the people favored Abe’s moral quality,and 61.4%thought of him as a good leader.1“Joint Poll by Sankei and FNN:Main Q&A(December),”Sankei Shimbun,Dec.19,2016.The people do not have strong expectations for Abe to be a good ruler.As long as he takes a humble attitude toward public opinion,the people would rather believe that Abe thinks from their perspective.Given that Abe’s fair ability and leadership for the people have not yet been questioned,scandals are just seen as just flaws,which is hard to damage his credibility as leader.Negative factors such as the scandals of the cabinet members,and even his own,were tolerated by the people.In February of 2017,after the Japanese media exposed that Abe had been involved in providing state-owned land at a low price to Moritomo School,which supported him,the people were just doubtful because of the lack of concrete evidence,keeping Abe’s central image still intact.The approval rates of the administration fell just slightly,and by mid-June,the figure released by a NHK poll was still as high as 48%,exceeding the disapproval rate of 36%.2“Public Opinion Poll:48%‘Support’Abe administration and 36%‘Do Not Support’,”NHK,June 12,2017.

显然，对联通来说，无论移动采取什么策略，联通只要采取不涨价策略都可以获得更优的支付。对于移动来说，无论联通采取什么策略，移动只要采取不涨价策略都可以获得更优的支付。这样不涨价就是两个公司的占优策略，所以两家公司都会采取不涨价策略，各获得50的支付(50,50)。当该博弈处于(不涨价，不涨价)策略组合时，联通和移动都无法通过改变自己的策略来获得更好的支付，于是博弈到达纳什均衡状态。

Second,the collapse of Abe’s central image,honesty in particular,is the cause of plummeting approval rates.As mentioned earlier,Abe’s ability cannot be denied and the people were tolerant to a high degree of his abuse of power for personal gain in violation of a politician’s virtue,so Abe’s approval rates did not fall sharply.The rapid fall of his approval rates in June and July of 2017 stemmed from the collapse of Abe’s central image,honesty and credibility and the people’s doubt that he was governing for the people.Abe’s arrogance made him ignore public opinion and he blatantly told lies.Abe made great efforts to defend himself from the scandals,but up to 74%of the people did not believe his defense,and they were expecting him to give a clear explanation.1“Poll by Mainichi Shimbun:Approval Rate of Administration Is 36%,10 Points Down from Previous Poll,”Mainichi Shimbun,June 18,2017.If Abe could precisely understand public opinion and make a response to the public demand,his approval rates would not have fallen rapidly.On the contrary,Abe took it a step further,not only firmly denying his involvement in the scandals,but also asking the government to launch a personal attack on the whistleblower after the former Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology accused with real name that Abe did in fact impose pressure on the Ministry to green light the establishment of a new department of veterinary medicine in Kake School.After relevant government documents were revealed successively,Abe refused to admit their authenticity,which made the public seriously question his central personality of honest and credible essential to a politician.A poll conducted by Kyodo News Agency on June 18,2017 showed that Abe’s approval rate fell to 44.9%,10.5 percentage points lower than the previous month,and the primary reason for the people’s disapproval,which raised to 41.9%,2“Approval Rate of Japanese Cabinet Falls to 44.9%,”Kyodo News Agency,June 18,2017.was because they believed the Prime Minister to be untrustworthy,in sharp contrast to the approval of Abe’s moral character by the majority of the people at the end of 2016.

Going his own way politically and the scandals of the cabinet members are not the key reasons for Abe’s sharp decline in his approval rates,they just make things look worse.Before Abe’s approval rate fell sharply in June of 2017,the cover-up of activity records of the Self-Defense Force in the South Sudan peacekeeping operation that led to Inada Tomomi’s resignation had already happened.In addition,Inada suggested that the“core spirit”of the militarist“Imperial Speeches on Education”be restored.Public opinion had long since disfavored Inada,but that did not sway Abe’s approval rates.Inada’s forced resignation is the follow-up effect,not the reason,of the sharp decline in approval rates of the administration.Inada’s scandal further intensified the people’s dislike for Abe,so Abe had to sacrifice his favorite subordinate to limit the loss.In the same vein,Abe forcefully passing laws related to conspiracy in June would not have had significant influence on his approval rates if his central image had been firm,as was the case when the security laws were passed in 2015.However,it was just Abe’s misguided responses to Moritomo,Kake and other issues that led to the collapse of his central image.As with Inada’s scandal,passing the laws forcefully became evidence for Abe’s abuse of power and arrogance,trapping him in a much thornier predicament.

按照检索的时间范围及内容范围，该文共获取42篇相关论文。按文章发表的时间，研究方法以及研究对象进行分类统计后，得出以下结论：

Third,young people attach importance to Abe’s ability,which is hardly affected by the collapse of his central image.According to a street interview by NTV,the youth supported Abe for three reasons:The first was that he made“no dramatic change,making one feel good”,the second was that his administration was more stable than the previous ones,and the third was that the opposition parties were indeed good for nothing.With regards to this mentality of the youth,Honorary Professor of Tokyo University Kang Sang-jung said,“The youth lack imagination,being only able to see the instantaneous wind speed(immediate interests)”.As far as the　young　people　were　concerned,during　the　yearsofAbe’s administration,the large amount of quantitative easing had a warming effect on the economy and the employment market significantly improved,with obvious growth in temporary work and other informal jobs despite the irreversible trend of formal jobs reducing.According to the data released by the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare on May 30,2017,the Effective Recruitment Multiple in Japan in April of that year was as high as 1.48,the second highest value since the first statistics in 1974.1“Recruitment Multiple Exceeds Era of Bubble Economy;Economy Is Far from Sound Despite Growth of Informal Jobs,”Tokyo News,May 31,2017.For the young people,the aura of a Prime Minister who was able to provide employment was very appealing.They were relatively vulnerable in Japanese society,with the most unpredictable futures,so they are the most likely to be won over by the principles of Abenomics when facing the current benefits and possible prospects.Therefore,it is not very important to them whether or not Abe was incorrupt and obedient to political disciplines.Furthermore,despite Abe being trapped in scandals,his approval rates among the young people still exceeded 60%,and they could not tolerate criticism onAbe at the same time.

Fourth,the rise of the approval rates after Abe changed his ruling posture was in fact due to the return of LDP supporters.When Abe relieved his arrogant attitude politically,expelled problematic cabinet members and took other measures,public resentment against him was reduced.When he reorganized the cabinet on August 3,Abe carefully selected the candidates,ruling out the obviously ineligible Minister of Legal Affairs Kaneda Katsutoshi and other problematic cabinet members,replacing the Minister of General Affairs Takaichi Sanae,the Minister of Health,Labor and Welfare Shiozaki Yasuhisa and other officials with strong ties to Abe and introducing the new Minister of Defense Onodera Itsunori,the new Minister of Foreign Affairs Kono Taro and other new cabinet members the people favored.Abe also claimed that this was a“cabinet of able persons”,and it would“listen to the people’s voice and push politics forward together with the people”.1“Main Points of Prime Minister’s Press Conference After Third Reshuffling of Cabinet,”Asahi Shimbun,August 4,2017.In regard to the revision of the constitution,he also claimed that he would listen to public opinion,showing a modest and prudent gesture.In early August,Abe’s approval rates in the polls by various media outlets all recovered to various degrees,and the polls in early September showed that his approval rates continued to rise slowly.However,stabilized approval rates do not mean that Abe’s leadership credibility has been consolidated again.As stated earlier,the inherent foundational support of the LDP is not enough to keep its regime rock solid.For Abe,only by winning the centrist voters’support can he maintain long-term stability.Besides the deviation of centrist voters,the sharp fall of approval rates of the administration in June and July was largely due to the fact that part of the LDP supporters could not tolerate the Abe administration and temporarily withdrew their support for him.However,this part of the people’s real attitude toward the Abe administration was different from that of centrist voters.For LDP supporters,Abe was considered inclusive and a little punishment forcing him to give up his arrogant posture could help them achieve their aim.Therefore,to a certain degree,after Abe showed a humble gesture,an obvious trend of LDP supporters returning to Abe appeared,while the centrist voters still waited to see the final outcome.A poll conducted by Nikkei Shimbun on August 28,2017 showed that the approval rate of LDP supporters recovered from 79%to 84%,but the approval rate of the administration with the centrist voters was only 19%,just two percentage points higher than that of the poll onAugust 4.1“Public Opinion Poll by This Newspaper:Support of Independent Voters Does Not Recover,Stays at 19%;Regime Is Still Facing Obstacles;52%‘Oppose’Third Election of LDP Chairperson,”Nikkei Shimbun,August 28,2017.

Conclusion

Under Abe’s leadership,the LDP’s positive results in the general election far exceeded the level of support for the administration,which proves that the Japanese people’s negative support and opposition to Abe are still working today.

First,despite a lack of popularity,favorable conditions helped Abe to stabilize his situation in the election.A poll conducted by Nikkei Shimbun on October 11 showed that the approval rate of the administration was only 37%and the disapproval rate was as high as 48%,but the LDP was expected to win the most seats in the House of Representatives in the election,creating a huge gap between the election results and the approval rate.The approval rate is not the only sufficient condition to determine the election results.Although a minority of voters supported the Abe administration,there are 289 small electoral districts where only one person can be elected among the 465 seats in the House of Representatives.In small electoral districts,only if the voters opposing Abe or the LDP jointly focus their votes on a candidate recommended by the opposition parties can they defeat the LDP candidate.However,the opposition parties are divided now.The largest opposition party,the DPP,gave up recommending candidates,and the parliamentary members of the party either sought shelter under the Hope Party,founded by the Governor of the Tokyo Prefecture Koike Yuriko,founded the Constitutional Democratic Party,or participated in the election with a non-party capacity,making their forces scattered.Meanwhile,the Hope Party attacked the Constitutional Democratic Party,the Japanese Communist Party and other parties in order to compete for voters that were not satisfied with Abe.This further dispersion of force from the opposition parties allowed the LDP to benefit,originally not having an absolute advantage,and to consolidate its basis,which was previously weak.At the same time,as stated earlier,Abe’s many opponents were negative opponents.If there was a big enough opposition party that could challenge the LDP,then the negative opponents might have voted for said party and become active opponents.However,neither the Hope Party nor the Constitutional Democratic Party is hopeful and there is no alternative ruling party that can replace the LDP.Therefore,this portion of voters,the centrist voters in particular,often give up voting,which lowers voter turnout.This highlights the advantages of the LDP,which has a low approval rate but is relatively powerful in organizing voters,and by comparison improves the performance of Abe and the LDP in the election.

Second,Abe is committed to reconstructing his central image rather than actively repairing it.The return of LDP supporters and the division of opposition parties allowed Abe to win,but it does not mean that Abe can be in power at ease.The situation that the centrist voters still lack confidence with the Abe administration has not fundamentally changed,and with the people’s confidence in him still being quite low,Abe has not been able to get rid of the people’s suspicion that he is lying about the scandals,.Abe once vowed that he had nothing to do with Morimoto School and Kake School.If now he admits he was involved,it is tantamount to him admitting that he lied.His qualifications as the Prime Minister and a politician will be questioned.Even worse,he may be forced to resign.If he firmly denies these accusations,it will be hard for him to give convincing explanations against the unfavorable evidence that is endlessly emerging and eliminate public suspicion on his personality.If he cannot let the people restore confidence in his personality,then it is hard to completely repair his central image.Therefore,Abe anchors his hope on the opposition parties being unable to continue to release materials unfavorable to him,public opinion against him gradually subsiding and the people gradually forgetting his“mouthful lies”with the passage of time,so that his central image can be naturally reconstructed.Meanwhile,Abe elevated the level of missile and nuclear tests conducted by DPRK and other issues to be national disasters,calling this general election“an election to overcome the national disasters”,and claiming that Japan should“play the leading role”in imposing pressures on DPRK.1“Prime Minister Abe:Japan Should Play Leading Role in Imposing Pressures on North Korea,”NHK,September 5,2017.By showing his image of a prime minister defending Japan,highlighting the principle of governing for the people,and diluting the proportion of unfavorable personality in his central image,Abe wants to lay the foundation for his future governing on positive public opinion.Whether that strategy can work or not will determine the stability of his future administration.