Introduction

Consumers often prefer anti-aging cosmetics made from herbal extracts, [1-3] and many evaluation methods for determining the anti-aging effects of cosmetics have been used. [4-5] Zhao Dan et al.[6] measured the free radical scavenging ability of Ganoderma broth and confirmed that it has a certain anti-aging effect. Gao yaqian et al.[7]used an instrumental method combined with image analysis to evaluate the fineness of skin around the eyes and confirmed that eye cream containing green tea extract has an anti-aging effect. Li Zan et al.[8] measured the skin moisture and water loss using the instrument method, evaluated skin wrinkles using image analysis and volunteer questionnaires, and confirmed that ginseng products have an anti-aging effect.

色彩本身并没有先天的特定意义，它是在自然和人类社会演进和运用过程中形成了它的形态、功能和寓意性的内涵。因此，色彩在雕塑艺术中的运用和发挥是与创作者希望表达或揭示的意涵相互关联的，也是与作品应对的特定时代、场域及特定语境相对应的。犹如我们在古埃及的墓穴彩塑，庞培的装饰壁画或中国的古代的漆器、陶瓷等艺术那样，不同的色彩及相互关系均与其人文理念和美学内涵有着相应的关系。雕塑的材质、表面的色彩等形式元素均与其某种表征性或符号性的涵义相关。

Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng root, which promote anti-aging processes by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, inducing the expression of SOD and CAT genes, and reducing LPO and MDA content. Ginsenosides can also affect the regulation of the cell cycle and aging gene expression and prolong the telomere and increase its activity through immune system regulation at the molecular and cellular levels,thereby slowing down aging. [9] L-carnosine is a dipeptide composed of two amino acids β-alanine and L-histidine.It is a natural antioxidant found in the muscles and brain of animals. Several studies showed that L-histidine has an anti-aging effect because it protects DNA and proteins.[10]L-histidine and isoalanine have great application value in the field of personal care. However, their combined use in anti-aging cosmetics has not been reported yet.

In this study, the anti-aging effect of a cream containing ginseng root extract and L-carnosine was studied. The results can provide a reference for developing anti-aging cosmetics.

Test method

Materials

The test sample and placebo were provided by Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd. Water, butylene glycol,glycerin, isononyl isononanoate, polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, cetearyl alcohol, Panax ginseng root extract,carnosine, and xanthan gum were the main components of the test sample. The placebo was mainly composed of water, butylene glycol, glycerin, isononyl isononanoate,polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate, glyceryl stearate,PEG-100 stearate, cetearyl alcohol, and xanthan gum, and it had a basic moisturizing effect.

Subjects

A total of 60 healthy females, aged 35—60, were divided into the test sample group and placebo group.The subjects were assessed according to the seven-grade system of the Skin Aging Atlas Volume 2 Asian Type page 41, [11] where a score of 1 corresponds to don’t reflect light of the skin, very dark and a score of 9 corresponds to light skin and healthy gloss. Subjects have obvious fine lines on the crow’s feet and lack of elasticity and gloss on the face(visual inspection: ≤4), and skin wrinkle on the crow’s feet (visual inspection: ≥4).

Test Procedure

We performed a double-blind test, where the first group used test sample and the other used placebo. The subjects applied appropriate amount of sample on the face in the morning and evening. The subjects cleaned their face at D0,filled in the informed consent, and rested for 15 minutes in the laboratory with temperature of 21℃ ± 1℃ and relative humidity of 50% ± 5%. The dermatologist evaluated the skin condition of the subjects. Visia CR and Primos were used to take images. Then, skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles were evaluated. The subjects applied the product according to the instructions and returned to the lab at D28 and D56 for the measure as D0 and self-assessment of their skin conditions.

Methods

(1) Skin elasticity

3.1.1 器官捐献者是否应得到经济补偿 表2显示，61.26%的护士认为器官捐献者应该得到一定的经济补偿，高于李超[5]等人的研究（29.70%）。经济补偿目前还存在较多争议。在护士看来，这种经济补偿是对器官捐献的一种激励方式，但由于相关法律对补偿金额没有明确规定，导致公众或患者误将经济补偿等同于器官买卖。提示我们为使公众尽快接受器官捐献，除了知识宣传外，更重要的是完善、细化法律对器官捐献的激励机制。

Skin elasticity parameter R2 was detected by using Cutometer MPA580 (CK company, Germany) in an average of three measurements. R2 value refers to the ratio between the amount of skin rebound when no negative pressure is present, and the maximum amount of stretching when negative pressure is present. The closer R2 value is to 1, the more elastic the skin is.

(2) Skin gloss

Skin gloss was detected with Glossymeter GL200 (CK company, Germany) in an average of three measurements.The higher the test value, the better the skin gloss.

Another parameter is total light rate. First, facial images were collected with Visia CR (Canfield company,America), which were analyzed with Image-Pro Plus. The total light rate was obtained by calculating the average brightness value. The higher the test value, the better the skin gloss.

Figure 1b presents the changes in the skin elasticity value R2 of the cheek at different times. A significant difference between the R2 values of the test sample and the placebo was observed after 8 weeks (p＜0.05). The value of the test sample increased more than that of the placebo in both cases. The test sample had certain effects on improving skin elasticity compared with using placebo, and this improvement will be more obvious over time.

Figure 1a presents the measurement value of skin elasticity R2 of the cheek at different times, showing that the R2 value of the test sample increased significantly(p＜0.05). The R2 value of the placebo was reduced significantly (p＜0.05) after 8 weeks. The results showed that skin elasticity increased when the test sample was used, whereas skin elasticity in the placebo group decreased with time because the basic moisturizing effect was not obvious enough and skin elasticity is usually decreases by age and environmental factors.

The subjects filled out a self-evaluation questionnaire after 4 and 8 weeks. The assessment standard was based on scores of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, which correspond to very satisfied, satisfied, general, dissatisfied, and very dissatisfied, respectively.

(4) Clinical evaluation

The safety and efficacy of the sample were evaluated by a dermatologist. The cutaneous adverse reaction(erythema, edema, decrustation, rash, tight, pruritus, and stabbing pain) was evaluated at pretreatment and after 4 and 8 weeks of application. The evaluation standard was 0～9. A score of 0 corresponds to the absence of rashes or subjective feeling, 1～2 to slight rash or subjective feeling,3～4 to light rash or subjective feeling, 5～6 to mean median rash or subjective feeling, 7～8 to mean serious rash or subjective feeling, and 9 to very serious rash or subjective feeling.

“三严三实”把中国优秀的传统文化和时代精神做了一个非常完美的结合，把道德自律和制度他律，把自我约束和外在规范做了一个辩证的统一。

The gloss and elasticity of the face were evaluated by using the following scores: for the skin gloss, 1 corresponds to don’t reflect light of the skin, very dark;9 reflects light highly of the skin, healthy gloss. For skin elasticity, score 1 corresponds to inelastic skin and 9 corresponds to very elastic skin.

本文在新课大力推广发展的背景下，明确了创新素养培养对于高中体育课堂的重要性，提出了师生教育观念的改变，课堂创新活跃氛围的培养，设计情境让学生创造，多样化教学模式等方法，旨在实现高中体育教学中创新素养培养的渗透。

(5) Self-assessment

Data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0. The data between before and after application were compared using a paired t-test, and the significant level p value＜0.05.

Skin wrinkle parameter Sa was detected with Primos(GFM company, Germany) in an average of three measurements. The Sa value represents the depth of the wrinkles. The lower the Sa value, the lesser skin wrinkles.

Statistical analysis

采用文本知识挖掘与调研访谈等方法，同时根据知识点之间尽量相互独立、互不重叠的原则，得到协同成员掌握的SAD项目关键知识点如表1所示。利用文献[28]提出的知识地图方法，以知识点为网络节点，知识点之间的关联关系为网络边，得到K-K子网络如图2所示。集成上述P-P子网络与K-K子网络，进一步得到SAD项目的知识超网络基础模型如图3所示。

Results

Skin elasticity

(3) Skin wrinkle

Figure 1a. Skin elasticity R2 value (＊p＜0.05)

邻甲基苯甲酸-1，1-二氰基邻甲基苯甲酯的合成包括两步反应，其中第一步反应为邻甲基苯甲酰氯和亚铁氰化钾在180 ℃反应2 h反应合成邻甲基苯甲酰腈。第二步反应是在第一步反应的体系中加入溶剂、催化剂吡啶，通过邻甲基苯甲酰腈的耦合反应来合成邻甲基苯甲酸-1,1-二氰基邻甲基苯甲酯。本研究针对第二步反应，采用单因素优选法，根据原料配比、反应温度、反应时间、反应溶剂对产率的影响，进行了反应条件的选择。

Figure 1b. Changes of skin elasticity R2 value (＊p＜0.05)

Skin gloss

Figures 2a and 2b present the measurement value of skin gloss of the cheek at different times. Compared with pretreatment, the skin gloss value and total light rate of the test sample were increased significantly (p＜0.05) after 4 and 8 weeks. No significant difference was observed in skin gloss and total light rate of placebo. Results showed that the skin gloss improved significantly, and the effect is relatively long-lasting and stable.

Figure 2a. Skin gloss (＊p＜0.05)

Figure 2b. Total light rate (＊p＜0.05)

Figures 2c and 2d present the changes in skin gloss value and total light rate of the cheek at different times. A significant difference in skin gloss between the test sample and the placebo was observed after 8 weeks (p＜0.05), but no significant difference in total light rate was observed.The value of the test sample increased relative to that of the placebo in both cases, showing that the test sample improved skin gloss.

Figure 2c. Changes in skin gloss (＊p＜0.05)

Figure 2d. Changes in total light rate

Skin wrinkle

Figure 3a presents the measurement value of skin wrinkle Sa of the cheek at different times. The SA value of the test sample decreased significantly (p＜0.05).Meanwhile, the Sa value of the placebo increased but had no significant change after 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that the skin wrinkle considerably improved after 4 weeks, and the effect was long-lasting and stable.

Figure 3a. Skin wrinkle Sa value (＊p＜0.05)

Figure 3b presents the changes value of skin wrinkle Sa of the cheek at different times. A significant difference in Sa between the placebo and the test sample was observed after 4 and 8 weeks of application (p＜0.05). The decrease in the value of the test sample was greater than that of the placebo, indicating that the test sample can improve skin wrinkle, and the effect is relatively long-lasting and stable.

Figure 3b. Changes of skin wrinkle Sa value (＊p＜0.05)

Table 1. Clinical evaluation results (efficiency)

Remarks: D0, D28, and D56 correspond to before use, after 4-week application, and after 8-week application, respectively. *corresponds to significant differences between the data and △ corresponds to significant differences between the data.

Mean Significant p value D0 D28 D56 Compare D28 with D0 Compare D56 with D0 At D28,compare test sample with placebo At D56,compare test sample with placebo gloss 3.7 4.6 4.6 * * * *Test sample elasticity 4.7 5.1 5.2△△ △ *Placebo gloss 3.9 4.1 4.0△ △elasticity 4.8 5.0 4.8△ △

Table 2. Result of self-assessment

Remarks: subjects whose score was ＞3 were marked as valid data, satisfaction= valid data/30×100%

Mean Satisfaction/%D28 D56 D28 D56 Test sample Effect on reducing fine lines 3.8 3.7 73 57 Effect on smoothening deep fine lines 3.7 3.6 53 50 Effect on no new fine lines appearing 3.8 3.7 70 63 Effect on improving skin smoothness 3.8 3.8 70 73 Effect on improving skin gloss 3.9 3.9 63 73 Effect on improving skin elasticity 3.8 3.8 67 70 Total satisfaction 3.9 4.1 77 87 Placebo Effect on reducing fine lines 3.1 3.3 27 33 Effect on smoothening deep fine lines 3.2 3.2 33 33 Effect no new fine lines appearing 3.1 3.2 30 37 Effect on improving skin smoothness 3.2 3.3 33 43 Effect on improving skin gloss 3.2 3.3 40 43 Effect on improving skin elasticity 3.2 3.2 33 47 Total satisfaction 2.9 3.2 23 47

Clinical evaluation

No subject had adverse skin reactions during the test.After 8 weeks, the erythema, edema, decrustation, rash,tightness, pruritus, and stabbing pain scores were all 0,showing that the test sample is safe to use.

在本文对安全施工的探讨中，从人员安全事故和工程项目的运行质量隐患两个方面探讨事故类型，这两个方面的事故类型如下：

As shown in Table 1, the score of skin gloss greatly increased, and the score of skin elasticity decreased. No significant difference was observed in the test sample after applying the ginseng root extract and L-carnosine cream for 8 weeks. Significant changes between the placebo and test samples with regard to skin gloss and skin elasticity scores were observed after an 8-week application. The increase of the skin gloss and elasticity score of the test sample was more than those of the placebo. The above results showed that the improvement of skin gloss is obvious.

本设计是基于单一景点深度开发的专门性的游客服务的手机APP。本设计专注于单一景点开发，因此景点的信息覆盖全面，没有冗杂信息干扰，目的性明确，垂直服务于景点旅游的游客。本设计的意义在于旅游景区为游客提供更好的服务，为用户提供更好的指引。同时游客能够通过APP随时随地了解某一景区的最新动态，有利于自己选择合适的时间出游，并且能够快速地满足酒店、旅游社以及旅客三方面的需求[3]。

Self-assessment

Table 2 shows a 4.1 total satisfaction score of the subjects in the test sample group (a score of 4 means the patients were satisfied) after applying the ginseng root extract and L-carnosine cream for 8 weeks, and 87% of the test sample group subjects are satisfied with the test sample.

Conclusions

The prominent features of skin aging are wrinkles,loose skin, rough skin, and loss of elasticity. We evaluated the anti-aging effects of a cream containing ginseng root extract and L-carnosine on skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles. Skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles obviously improved after applying the cream for 8 weeks, according to instrument measurements. Clinical effect assessment results showed no adverse skin reactions on the patients and presented an obvious skin gloss improvement. The self-assessment results showed that 87% of the subjects were satisfied with the test sample. The cream has a certain anti-aging effect. Our results showed that ginseng root extract and L-carnosine have wide applications in cosmetics.

References

[1] Katherine J Hunt; Shao Kang Hung; Edzard Ernst. Botanical extracts as anti-aging preparations for the skin. Drugs & Aging 2010, (12), 973—985.

[2] Anna Herman et al. Essential oils and herbal extracts as antimicrobial agents in cosmetic emulsion. Indian Journal of Microbiology 2013, 53(2), 232.

[3] Xue Liang. Application and research progress of plant extracts in anti-aging cosmetics. TAIyUAN SCI- TECH 2009, (10), 66-67.

[4] Michael G. Kimlin; Guo yuming. Assessing the impacts of lifetime sun exposure on skin damage and skin aging using a non-invasive method. Science of the Total Environment 2012,425(3), 35.

[5] M. Allerhand; E. Ting Ooi; R.J. Starr; et al. Skin ageing and oxidative stress in a narrow-age cohort of older adults.European Geriatric Medicine 2011, 2(3), 140-144.

[6] Zhao Dan;Xu Danni; Wang Dongdong;et al. Analysis of fermentation liquor of Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of its whitening and anti-senility efficacy. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics 2016, 46(04), 226-230.

[7] Gaoyaqian;Wang Xi; Kim Eunjoo; et al. Anti-aging effect of eye cream product containing grifola frondosa fruiting body and green tea extracts. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicin 2014, 23(17), 1404-1407.

[8] Li Zan; Sun Changlei;Zhu Liping. Clinical effect and analysis of ginseng anti-aging skin care product.Detergent& cosmetics 2015, 38(12), 48-51.

[9] Lei Xiujuan; Feng Ka; Sun Liwei; et al. Progress in studying anti-aging mechanism of ginsenoside. Amino Acids & Biotic Resources 2010, 32(1), 44-47.

[10] Shen Jie;Liu Chao; Chen Junhui. Research advances of application of carnosine in pharmaceutical field. Chinese Journal of Biochemical Pharmaceutics 2008, 29(2), 134-137.

[11] L'Oreal Paris Skincare laboratory. Skin Aging Atlas Volume 2 Asian Type. L'Oreal Paris Skincare laboratory 2010:41.