INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver and is the fifth most prevalent cancer in men and the seventh in women worldwide[1]. The HCC incidence is the highest among malignancies in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa and is closely related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence or consumption of aflatoxins[2].

The current standard classification system for HCC,the Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) classification,suggests that patients with very early or early stage HCC are candidates for curative surgery[3]. Curative therapy often refers to partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation (LT), bringing a positive prognosis to the selected HCC patients. Numerous staging systems provide patients with an estimated life expectancy,but only the BCLC staging system links staging with therapies. For patients meeting the Milan criteria,orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can provide an excellent 5-year survival of 70% or better[4]. Unfortunately, the unavailability of liver grafts minimizes the utilization of OLT, and most patients fail to meet the Milan criteria when waiting for an OLT[5]. Thus, hepatectomy is currently the first-line curative therapy,but only about 30% of lesions are resectable at the time of diagnosis[6].

In this context, conversion therapy is used to increase the resectability of initially unresectable HCC by increasing the size of the future liver remnant (FLR) or downstaging the tumor, followed by salvage surgery.It is usually defined as the therapy that renders some unresectable tumor surgical approachable in an attempt to improve the outcome of patients[7]. Recent studies have also demonstrated the 5-year survival rate after downstaging followed by hepatectomy varies from 24.9%-57%, which is comparable to primary liver resection (30%-60%)[8-11].

To challenge the limits of resectability, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is commonly used in initially unresectable HCC, featuring tumor size shrinking,satellite lesions disappearing and liver hypertrophy[12].Portal vein embolization (PVE) is indicated for patients who are considered to have inadequate FLR, which induces hypertrophy of the FLR in an attempt to avoid liver failure. Currently, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS) has been regarded as an alternative, allowing for more rapid hypertrophy of the remnant liver, which induces a mean volume increase of 78.4%[13]. Radiotherapy such as hepatic intra-arterial yttrium-90 microsphere treatment has also demonstrated a promising effect on downstaging initially unresectable HCC and converting it into resectable HCC.Other conversion therapies can be any combination of the methods above. Tang et al[9] found that double and triple treatments produced a higher successful downstaging-resection rate and resulted in a better prognosis. Although various preoperative therapies provide initially unresectable HCC patients with the chance to undergo curative resection, the suitable timing of the subsequent salvage surgery remains uncertain and controversial. To review the selection of conversion therapy and the following suitable salvage surgery time,we conduct the review of the current literature.

项目结算书能够反映审计项目资金使用状况和准确确定工程项目的成本。审计后的项目结算书，与施工单位和建设单位的直接利益紧密相关。如何通过结算来反映真实的资金状况，以避免自身利益受损，是甲乙双方需共同密切注意的问题。施工单位将竣工结算作为考评自身盈利水平的重要依据。建设单位将竣工结算数据作为最终数据，调整动态成本，作为对收益测算的最终数据。同时将各项结算数据分析整理，沉淀下来，作为后期同类项目进行拿地测算、目标成本编制的重要依据。

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A PubMed search was undertaken from 1987 to 2017 to identify articles using the keywords including“unresectable” “hepatocellular carcinoma”, ”hepatectomy”, ”conversion therapy”, “resection”, “salvage surgery” and “downstaging”. Additional studies were investigated through a manual search of the references from the articles. The exclusion criteria were duplicates,case reports, case series, videos, contents unrelated to the topic, comments, and editorial essays. The main and widely used conversion therapies and the suitable timing for subsequent salvage surgery were discussed in detail. Two members of our group independently performed the literature search and data extraction.

RESULTS

Conversion therapy for initially unresectable HCC

The typical procedures for a successful conversion therapy followed by salvage surgery are: (1) assessment of the patient’s condition, including tumor stage, liver function, FLR, and body tolerance; (2) selection of an effective conversion therapy to downstage the tumor,increase FLR and arrangement of long-term treatment by an experienced surgery; (3) assessment of timing for salvage surgery; and (4) an aggressive surgical approach to liver resection. The selection of conversion therapy depends on the tumor itself and the availability of expertise at the individual medical center, but we discuss the expertise or required skills here.

Preoperative assessments

Similar to other tumors within an organ, it is essential to perform a preoperative assessment of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that possesses the functions of metabolism, detoxification, bile secretion, hematopoiesis and immune defense. Any therapies that may impair liver function can cause complications related to postoperative liver failure or increased mortality. As a result, liver insufficiency mostly occurs in patients with a decompensated liver, especially a cirrhotic liver.Based on this rationale, a liver assessment is performed in order to identify whether patients are suitable candidates for surgery, and the assessment typically consists of two aspects: Liver volume and function tests.

Liver volume test: FLR should be emphasized before any surgery as it is a significant predictor of posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). With the advent of CT scans, a liver volumetric measurement can be achieved in a more accurate way. Although studies have verified that the difference between CT-guided liver volume assessment and real liver volume is minimal, the individual difference is not fully considered in CT-guided assessment[14,15]. In order to solve the problem, sFLR is suggested instead of FLR, which can be achieved by the ratio of FLR to total liver volume (TLV), calculated on the basis of Urata’s formula allowing for a comparison between patients[16]. TLV can be calculated by a formula that uses either body surface area (BSA) or weight,which is also designated as standard liver volume(SLT)[17]. Current studies on the safe limits of surgery outline the necessity of sFLR, and the details will be articulated below.

In addition to FLR, Truant et al[18] advocated a new calculating method, residual liver volume (RLV) to bodyweight ratio (RLV/BWR), to predict the postoperative complications and found that non-cirrhotic patients with RLV-BWR ＜ 0.5% carried a higher risk of developing liver failure or postoperative mortality. Truant et al[19]further noted that RLV/BWR (0.5%) was as effective as the standardized RLV/sTLV (20%). From Lin et al[20], a retrospective study suggested that RLV/BWR (1.4%)had a certain predictive value for PHLF in patients with cirrhotic liver by a receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC). By dividing patients into an RLV/BWR ＞ 1.4%group and an RLV/BWR ＜ 1.4% group, a significant difference was found in the incidence of PHLF in the latter group (P = 0.006)[20].

Liver volume test is a viable and stable evaluation indirectly reflecting the quality and quantity of the hepatocyte and provide clinical guidance in a short time.But it still has its limitation under certain circumstance.For example, computed tomography-deriver liver volume (CTLV) is larger than SLT when the liver is under the situation of acute hypertrophy such as liver failure,liver resection, resulting in the misjudgment of real liver assessment.

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Liver function test

In general, liver function tests can be classified into 3 types (as shown in Table 1: Biochemical parameters,dynamic quantitative tests to make liver function quantifiable, and scoring systems that incorporate laboratory tests with quantitative tests).

PVE and the subsequent salvage surgery time:Preoperative PVE, which increases FLR through inducing hypertrophy, has been introduced to expand the indications for major resection or insufficient liver function. PVE in an attempt to increase FLR was firstly reported by Makuuchi et al[38] for hilar bile duct carcinoma, and its function in preventing postoperative liver failure has also been proven[38,39]. A meta-analysis from Abulkhir et al[40] reported that about 85% patients after PVE could be undertaken surgery, while 0.8%patients died after acute liver failure. PVE may induce atrophy in the embolized lobe and compensatory hypertrophy of the future remaining lobe after hepatectomy. Thus, PVE offers alternatives to patients with insufficient FLR and makes resection possible.

Liver biochemical parameters often indicate its function of metabolism or synthesis. The aminotransaminase enzymes, aspartate transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT), are indicators of the extent of liver damage as well as necrosis. Usually the rise of these enzymes indicates the deterioration of the liver function. Albumin and clotting factors are synthesized by the liver whose concentration is closely related to the function of synthesis. Other parameters like plasma bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase can also reflect part of the liver function.

Relying too much on biochemical parameters is unreasonable, for that they only reflect the liver function indirectly and are easy to be influenced by other factors such as bile duct obstruction[21]. To assess the liver function more directly and quantitively, the dynamic quantitative liver function test is usually performed.Indocyanine Green (ICG) clearance test has been prevalent in Eastern country, featuring its non-toxic,water-soluble dye. Through applying ICG intravenously,clinicians are able to evaluate the liver function according to the clearance of ICG whose elimination is associated with the quantity of healthy hepatocyte.99-m TC-GSA scintigraphy and 99-m TC-GSA PET/CT both are quantitative liver function tests which evaluate the liver morphologically and physiologically.

Clinicians are now focusing on a combination of heterogeneous assessment modalities because none of the single laboratory values can predict postoperative complications precisely. Therefore, scoring systems of liver function may offer an optimal choice for the patients scheduled for surgery. Among them, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) is frequently utilized in Asia, which is based on serum albumin, total bilirubin, prothrombin time and the presence and grade of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. Although patients with CTP C can benefit from resection through careful selection,patients with CTP A are commonly considered to be good candidates for surgery[22]. However, this evaluation cannot identify “high risk” and “low risk” members of the CTP A group[23,24]. To address the issue, a decision tree (Figure 1) for hepatectomy has been proposed by Makuuchi et al[25]; the decision tree incorporates the presence or absence of ascites, the total bilirubin level,and the Indocyanine Green Clearance Test (ICGR15)into the criteria. A retrospective cohort study analyzing 1056 resections had also demonstrated that hepatic resection could be safely performed in patients who met the Makuuchi criteria[24].

Liver stiffness (LS) measured by transient elastography (TE) is also used to predict PHLF. We demonstrated that patients with LS ≥ 16.2 kPa carried a higher risk of PHLF (sensitivity = 71.43%, specificity= 85.11%) and recommended LS ≤ 16.2 kPa as the safe cutoff for surgery[26]. Analogously, a safe cutoff of LS of 15.7 kPa and 11.25 kPa were recommended by Cescon et al[27] and Chong et al[28], respectively.

All in all, liver function test still has its own limitation.Unlike liver volumetric assessment, biochemical parameters are too unstable to predict the PHLF. What’s more, clinicians should be cautious to use ICG clearance when patients have obstructive jaundice or cholestasis.ICG elimination combined with scoring systems or other dynamic quantitative test is recommended to fully assess the liver function because it alone doesn’t work well in a situation where the functional distribution is heterogeneity, like a damaged liver, cirrhotic liver, or liver after PVE.

As for safe cutoff, no prospective or retrospective study on timing for surgery is reported. A sFLR ＞ 25%with a normal liver might be the safe cutoff[95]. For patients with cirrhosis, a sFLR ＞ 40%is recommended.The tumor response evaluation is based on size (WHO criterion) or necrosis (EASL criterion) and ranges from 20% to 99%[88,90,96]. In spite of its promising effect on tumor necrosis, none of the studies evaluated the timing for surgery.

TACE and the subsequent salvage surgery time:Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), which was firstly reported by Yamada et al[29] in 1987, is a regime involving the injection of an embolic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent into the hepatic artery,resulting in ischemic necrosis of the tumor[30]. The underlying mechanism produces a selective ischemic and pharmacologic effect on the tumor. TACE is indicated for massive HCC (＜ 70% liver volume), multifocal tumors, major vascular invasion (MVI), and incomplete portal vein thrombosis (PVT), while it is contraindicated in patients with CTP C or extra-hepatic metastasis. According to the BCLC stage system, TACE is the standard therapy for BCLC stage B (intermediate HCC) patients and plays an important role in replacing other therapies that are not applicable regarding early or advanced HCC[31]. Many meta-analyses have demonstrated that pre-operative TACE has no significant effect on improving the survival of patients with resectable HCC[32-34], but none of them mentioned the effect on unresectable HCC.

TACE alone for initially unresectable HCC can achieve limited overall survival (OS). The 1-, 3-, 5-and 7-years survival rates were 82%, 47%, 26% and 16%, respectively, reported by Takayasu et al[35] in a prospective cohort study. The high recurrence rate may be because there are residual viable tumor cells after TACE that could not be detected radiologically. Thus,the subsequent salvage resection is needed to remove them to provide pathological evidence even when AFP normalizes after conversion therapy (≤ 20 mg/L).According to Zhang et al[36], the median OS in the S group (patients receiving resection after TACE) was 49 mo, which differed significantly from the median OS in the T group (not receiving resection after TACE), which was 31 mo. The 2-, 4-, and 5-year survival rates were 93%, 47%, and 26% in the S group and 74%, 18%,and 10% in the T group, respectively[36].

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TACE followed by salvage surgery can prolong the OS of initially unresectable HCC patients. According to Majno et al[12], the conversion rate of initially unresectable HCC was 42%, but the OS was not mentioned. Fan et al[8] reported that 65 patients who received TACE followed by salvage surgery had a 5-year survival rate of 56%. Majno et al[12] also indicated that improved disease-free survival (DFS) after liver resection was closely related to a good response to TACE. A good response can be downstaging of the tumor or total necrosis. Downstaging was further defined as a 50%reduction of the product of the perpendicular diameters of the largest lesion detected by CT. Patients who met this criterion seemed to have a promising DFS[12]. The absence of PVT was also regarded as a criterion for downstaging[12]. We hypothesized that the response to TACE is an independent prognostic factor for survival and possible timing for salvage surgery. Two studies have reported on the possibility of this hypothesis. A prospective nonrandomized analysis from Luo et al[37]has revealed that subsequent resection prolonged survival time in patients who showed good response to TACE. However, this study was a nonrandomized study and it didn’t provide any details about which types of patients benefit a lot, CR or PR. In another study by Zhang et al[36], 82 patients with unresectable HCC were divided into 2 groups: S group (TACE followed by salvage surgery) and T group (TACE alone). The retrospect analysis showed that patients with TACE followed by surgery had better OS than TACE alone (49 mo vs 31 mo, P = 0.027). Furthermore, the author also made a subgroup analysis in S group, showing that the median OS for patients in the complete respond(CR) which was defined as achieving CR according to mRECIST with AFP normalized and partial response(PR) defined as PR in mRECIST was not significantly different (50 and 49 mo, respectively, P = 0.699)[36]. It is remarkable that the OS of patients who achieved CR to TACE in S group (salvage surgery) was comparable to that in and T group (TACE alone) (50 mo vs 54 mo,respectively). And those who achieved PR benefited a lot from salvage surgery in comparison to TACE alone (49 mo vs 24 mo)[36]. These findings suggest the suitable timing of surgery is achieving PR after TACE rather than CR. Here, we consider that not all patients undergo salvage surgery after TACE, especially those who achieve CR with respect to necrosis. The rationality might be that patients achieving CR in terms of radiologic necrosis actually have no or few viable tumor cells which potentially induce tumor recurrence, resulting in better survival. We also believe that the subsequent salvage time after TACE to be the time when patients achieve PR in radiology, because the considerable quantity of tumor cell still active in liver and resection is expected to remove the viable tumor cell in order to prolong the DFS. In the future, more efforts should be put on the following to evaluate the timing for salvage surgery: (1)diminishment of large HCC; (2) FLR; (3) disappearance of PVT or MVI; and (4) margin with tumor clearance ＞2 cm.

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Hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) with 99-m TCGSA is a quantitative regime that assesses the uptake function of the liver mass by calculating the density of specific receptors. Truant et al[76] identified a notable delay in a functional increase (12.5%) by HBS in ALPPS inter-stages phase, while the liver volume had achieved a remarkable rate of hypertrophy (41.7%).The hypothesis was presumably that the early stage of hypertrophy was carried by immature hepatocytes that lacked functional capacity. These findings suggest that liver failure could even occur after stage 1, which is supported by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) criteria[77]. Although HBS is promising to assess the intrinsic liver function objectively, the lack of extensive studies makes it difficult to establisha safe cutoff for surgery. In previous studies, CTP Cor stages B, C and D of BCLC were regarded as predictors of death[23]. Schadde et al[68] proposed that liver failure meeting the ISGLS criteria after stage 1, or over 10 points of the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD)before stage 2, was an independent factor of a poor prognosis.

The sFLR is usually assessed 4-8 wk after PVE[47]. It is expected that the rapid growth of FLR can be achieved in the next 30-40 d. For patients with a normal liver, a sFLR ranging from 20%-25% is the minimal safe volume for surgery[42,48-50]. Two large studies have confirmed the 20% sFLR as the safe cutoff for surgery[48,51]. Abdalla[51]showed that 50% of patients with sFLR ＜ 20% of TLV had postoperative complications while only 13% of patients with an FLR ＞ 20%TLV had complications. In the study by Kishi et al[48], the incidences of hepatic insufficiency and death due to liver failure were not different between patients with 20% ≤ sFLR ＜ 30%and patients with a sFLR ≥ 30% and only patients with sFLR ＜ 20% had increased rate of complications. In addition, a sFLR ≥ 40% in patients with cirrhosis is often proposed as a safe minimal volume[52-54].

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Unfortunately, the majority of assays mixed the safe cutoff with PVE with safe cutoff without PVE and only a few assays took a close look at what the safe cutoff of sFLR after PVE is. Vauthey et al[16] launched a research on a safe cutoff of FLR, which showed that subjects after PVE with sFLR ≤ 25% was a risk of experiencing major complications (60%) (P = 0.002), while those whose sFLR ＞ 25% were free of major complications. It cannot formula a safe cutoff because the number of subjects in the study is only 5. Ribero et al[55] found that major and liver-related complications, hepatic dysfunction or insufficiency were greater in a patient with sFLR ＜ 20%or with a degree of hypertrophy (DH) of not more than 5%. Both studies paid more attention to the difference between patients with PVE and patients without PVE,suggesting that the underlying risk of mixing them up.

Methods to evaluate the suitable timing for surgery seem various, but the best remains uncertain.Technetium-99m-galactosyl human serum albumin(Tc-99m-GSA) scintigraphy might be a good candidate to assess the timing. In previous studies, Tc-99m-GSA scintigraphy is able to detect Tc-99m-GSA agent and determine the liver functional reserve in various physiological and pathological states which is usually performed 2 wk after PVE[59-61]. Hirai et al[59] reported that the functional increase in 99mTc-GSA uptake after PVE is superior to the degree of morphologic, which is similar to previous studies. It was shown in his study that patients with the ratio of the left lobe volume to the standard liver volume ＜ 35% and a low 99mTc-GSAuptake (＜ 25%) in the non embolized lobe after PVE were a risk of developing postoperative liver failure.Beppu et al[61] prospectively performed an analysis on patients undergoing PVE and found that increment in the percentage of functional remnant liver volume was 7.5%greater for that of the non-tumorous RLV (P ＜ 0.001).Kubo et al[62] performed 99mTc-GSA scintigraphy on 16 patients undergoing percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPE) and found that 12 patients with the left receptor index ≥ 0.35 were free of any major postoperative complication, which was calculated by dividing the radioactivity of the left lobe of the liver regions of interest (ROI) by that of the entire liver plus heart ROIs 15 min after the injection of the 99mTc-GSA[62]. Nishiyama et al[63] devised an original predictive residual index (PRI) by combining the k-value with functional liver volume which was measured by liver dynamic SPET for pre-operative assessment relevant to PTPE and reported that patients with PRI above 0.4 had a low incidence of hepatic failure after hepatectomy.As far as we are concerned, 99mTc-GSA scintigraphy is a good diagnostic tool for evaluation of functional liver volume and some safe cutoff could be used in assessing the suitable timing for surgery after PVE.

Apart from FLR, other factors are also used to predict post-operative complications. Leung et al[57]retrospectively analyzed 153 patients who underwent a major hepatectomy after PVE and calculated growth rate (GR = DH/weeks since PVE), finding that no patient with GR ＞ 2.66%/wk developed liver failure. Shindoh et al[58] used degree of hypertrophy at initial volume assessment divided by number of weeks elapsed after PVE defined as the kinetic growth rate (KGR) to predict overall and liver-specific postoperative morbidity and mortality, whose study indicated that KGR of less than 2% per week vs ≥ 2% per week correlate with rates of hepatic insufficiency (21.6% vs 0%, P = 0.0001) and liver-related 90-d mortality (8.1% vs 0%, P = 0.04).

It is very important to figure out what is the mechanism of the regenerative ability of the liver after PVE, especially the relation between liver function improvement and liver volume increment. Meier et al[56]retrospectively compared post-right hepatectomy outcomes in 28 patients with and 53 without PVE in a nonrandomized study, suggesting that the immediate postoperative liver function per unit of volume in patients with PVE was better than those without PVE. This finding was also similar to Farges et al[47] who found the improved post-operative liver function in patients with PVE compared with those without PVE in terms of the chronic liver. The study of Hoekstra et al[21] also revealed that the increase in FLR function after PVE was more pronounced than the increase in FRL volume. Based on these three studies, we hypothesize that PVE is able to increase not only the liver volume but also the postoperative function per unit of volume, which has not been fully elucidated and we presume that the safe cutoff for surgery after PVE ought to be revaluated.

Wakabayashi et al[64] had previously noted a negative prognosis (complications or liver failure) for patients after PVE but prior to surgery was closely related to 5 factors: (1) a hypertrophic ratio of the left lobe ＜ 1.21;(2) anICGR15 ＞ 16% after PVE; (3) a portal pressure ＞25 cmH2O immediately after PVE; (4) a post-PVE serum cholinesterase ＜ 160 U/L; and (5) a serum hyaluronate＞ 160 ng/mL after PVE; however, we cannot obtain further information.

We briefly classified the preoperative evaluation after RE into FLR and tumor response. Two previous studies had demonstrated that the increased rate of hypertrophy was unfavorable in RE[80,81]. To elucidate the dynamic change of FLR, one study observed that the FLR hypertrophy rate was 24% at 1.5-3 mo, 35% at 3-6 mo, and 45% after 9 mo. Despite the slow hypertrophy kinetic outcome, 9 of the 18 individuals achieved a sFLR＞ 25%. Additionally, the study indicated the volumetric hypertrophy after RE was likely to result in enough FLR for salvage surgery, although at a slow rate[79].Regarding the tumor response, yttrium-90 microsphere RE is able to induce tumor necrosis. It is reported by many studies that the rate of CR and PR are 0%-10%and 35%-47% respectively according to WHO criterion in a patient with HCC after yttrium-90 microsphere RE[82-91]. However, the majority of the litertures took RE as a neoadjuvant therapy rather than conversion therapy. Only a few mentioned about the rate of downstaging to LT or resection, which is ranging from 29%-50%[92-94].

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In our opinion, sFLR is usually used for evaluation of the appropriate surgery time; surgery may be safe when sFLR is ＞ 20% for normal livers after PVE. Other predictive parameters like GR, KGR are treated as an effective supplementary to the assessment. Tc-99m-GSA scintigraphy might be a good candidate to accurately evaluate the suitable salvage surgery time.

ALPPS and the subsequent salvage surgery time:Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (PVL)for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a revolutionary strategy that combines liver partition with PVL followed by a second resection of the tumor part of the liver[65].ALPPS consists of 2 stages. Stage 1 comprises surgical exploration, in situ splitting (ISS) of the liver parenchyma and exposure of the inferior vena cava. Stage 2 includes performing extended resection and ligating the diseaseside hepatic artery, right bile duct, and hepatic vein.Unlike conventional PVE or PVL procedures, ALPPS occludes the blood supply (usually the portal vein) to the tumor part of the liver, blocks the collateral flow, and induces rapid growth of sFLR (40%-160%) in only 1 or 2 wk, while it takes more than 4 wk in PVE/PVL[66,67].Therefore, ALPPS is often regarded as not only a remedy for PVE or PVL to accelerate FLR regeneration but also a strategy to prevent tumor progression. According to Erik Schadde et al[68], patients in the ALPPS group showed a 77% increase in FLR on average between stages compared to an increase of 34% in the PVE/PLE group. Moreover, patients in the ALPPS group(48/48) all achieved a 30% increase in FLR, which was the cut off proposed for safe liver resection, while the PVE/PVL group did not[68]. ALPPS could achieve a 100% feasibility of R0 resection by pathology, which was the aim of ALPPS and expanded the indication for extended resection[13]. It was also indicated that 83.3%of patients (10/12) achieved R0 in monosegment ALPPS hepatectomy[69].

ALPPS is often indicated for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) or initially unresectable HCC with an insufficient FLR. Patients with a sFLR ≤ 30% in normal liver or a sFLR ≤ 40% in injured livers (such as livers with cirrhosis or macrosteatosis) are usually candidates for ALPPS. During the ALPPS, preoperative assessments before stage 2 will be performed 6-9 d after stage 1 to evaluate the FLR. CT is usually used for volumetric measurement. Studies have suggested an sFLR over 20% = 30% in patients with normal livers and over 40% = 50% in patients with diseased livers are safe for surgery[44,54,68,70-73]. We show in Table 2 (ALPPS over nearly five years, including FLR% changes between stage 1 and stage 2, morbidity and mortality) below in an attempt to determine the best cutoff. It seems that high morbidity occurs frequently when the sFLR is over 30%, indicating the safe cutoff in PVE might not be suitable for ALPPS. In view of this finding, Nadalin et al[70]used the growth rate of RLV/TLV ＞ 30% or the RLVBWR＞ 0.5 as the safe cutoff for stage 2, for which morbidity and mortality were 66.7% and 28.7%, respectively.A multicenter study suggested that the 90-d mortality rate was 9%, and most deaths were related to liver failure[74]. Patients in the interval between stage 1 and stage 2 in ALPPS were reported to have a higher liver failure rate than those who underwent PVE[75]. The discrepancy between rapid volumetric hypertrophy and a high incidence of liver failure indicates a need to assess the intrinsic function of the liver.

Generally, the salvage surgery time associated with liver assessment after PVE, in other words the FLR,is evaluated by three-dimensional CT. It is currently recommended that the minimum sFLR after hepatic resection are 20%-25% in normal livers, but 40%in compromised livers (such as cirrhosis, steatosis or chronic hepatitis)[41-44]. In Japan, PVE is performed when the non-tumor resection rate is ＞ 60% for patients with normal ICGR15 and ＞ 40% for patients with 10% ＜ ICGR15 ≤ 20%[45]. Furthermore, PVE is rarely performed before an extended left hepatectomy or left trisectionectomy because the right posterior section often occupies approximately 30% of the TLV[46].

We believe that ALPPS may increase resectability and reduce unsatisfactory morbidity and mortality.There is insufficient evidence to sustain a safe cutoff not only in sFLR but also in intrinsic liver function. It is risky to apply the safe cutoff standard of FLR from PVE to ALPPS[78]. HBS combined with traditional assessments might be effective in distinguishing suitable candidates for stage 2.

Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization and the subsequent salvage surgery time: Yttrium-90 microsphere RE, a novel conversion therapy for initially unresectable HCC, is always indicated for insufficient FLR and lesions with close proximity to important structures such as portal veins that make R0 resection impossible. Nevertheless, yttrium-90 microsphere RE is inferior to PVE regarding the hypertrophy rate. PVE showed a higher hypertrophy compared with RE (PVE:61.5% vs SIRT: 29.0%) within a shorter period [PVE:33 (24-56) d vs SIRT: 46 (27-79) d][79].

电阻抗成像中图像重构时,电极采集数据的精度影响图像重构的质量。微通道截面电极不同的结构、数量和排布方式会产生不同的电势分布。先前的研究考虑到微流控芯片的加工工艺,电极排布到菱形微通道的两侧(图3(a)),这种排布方式中利用8个电极实现了电阻抗成像检测[11]。本研究采用圆形横截面,电极数目为8电极、12电极与16电极,电极的排布方式及尺寸如图3(b)所示。

In our opinion, there are insufficient studies on the efficiency of the yttrium-90 microsphere RE as a conversion therapy for surgery. Also, the indications for yttrium-90 microsphere RE in an attempt to conversion therapy are uncertain. Due to the risk of tumor progression in patients undergoing PVE, we suggested that yttrium-90 microsphere RE might be considered when patients are contraindicated for PVE or vital structure is likely to get invaded because of tumor progression. In terms of those who only need adequate FLR, PVE is prior to RE.

站点布局上能够实现全覆盖，加油站库存方面也没有丝毫问题。每座加油站一次可以存储约40吨柴油，500座加油站约可存两万吨柴油，对于春耕、秋收两季每天最多销量5000吨左右柴油，每天两万吨的库存量，完全可以满足农民的用油需求。

Sequential TACE and PVE and the subsequent salvage time: The feasibility and effectiveness of PVE to induce compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral parenchyma for patients with insufficient FLR have been documented in numerous studies[42,97,98].However, since the capacity for regeneration in cirrhotic patients is impaired, the hypertrophy rate often fails to meet the safe criterion for surgery. On the other hand, tumor progression could possibly occur based on the fact that the liver is a double blood-supply organ.In other words, when the portal vein is embolized, acompensatory increase in artery flow might occur[99].

To improve the insufficient FLR and reduce the risk of tumor progression, sequential TACE followed by PVE has been proposed. The rationale is that TACE not only augments the effect of PVE but also prevents the progression of the tumor through the double occlusion.An animal study of rabbit VX2 has documented that the TACE + PVE group has higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α and HGF than the TACE or PVE groups alone, indicating that combined treatment might induce stronger liver regeneration[100]. The reported rate of conversion to surgery is appreciable, ranging from 72% to 100%(Table 3). The 5-year OS rate was over 40%, which is comparable to the resection for resectable HCC[101,102].It should be noted that TACE + PVE features not only a higher rate of increases in the percentage of FLR than PVE alone (12% vs 8%, respectively, P = 0.022) but also a better 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (37%vs 19%, respectively)[102]. A possible rationale for the appreciable hypertrophy is that TACE might attenuate the compensatory arterial flow in area embolized by PVE and induce severe damage in the embolized area,resulting in atrophy of FLR, which we also call double occulation effect[99]. However, Peng et al[103] reported that combined treatment did not induce significant increase in percent FLR compared with PVE alone[percent increase in FLR (PVE alone, 7.9% vs sequential intra-arterial therapy (IAT) + PVE, 7.4%; P = 0.203)]and the author assumed the different conclusion to the embolism agent and techniques[103]. Given the anti-tumor effect, TACE + PVE might induce more complete necrosis of tumor burden. It was reported by Ogata et al[102] that sequential TACE and PVE induced complete tumor necrosis in more than 80% of patients,compared with only 5% after PVE alone. The study also detected a higher 1-, 3- and 5-year recurrencefree survival rates in TACE + PVE group than PVE group(93%, 37% and 37% vs 63%, 19% and 19%; P =0.041)[102].

This combined approach was used for patients with unilobar HCC or impaired livers (such as livers with cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatohepatitis or steatosis)to undergo major hepatectomy. Patients with CTP A with a good performance status were simultaneously evaluated (ECOG 0-2)[104].

The TACE + PVE procedure usually consists of 2 steps: (1) TACE performed on selected patients; and(2) a follow-up PVE performed with measurements(liver volumetric assessment, ICGR15 and liver function tests) after an interval ranging from 1 wk to 4 wk[101,102,105]. Aoki et al[101] recommended two standards for resection: (1) the volumetric ratio of future remnant segments was nearly 40% (in cases with an ICGR15 of less than 10%) or 60% (in cases with an ICGR15 of 10%-20%) of the total liver parenchyma; and (2) the liver function test results had returned to the baseline.The results proved that patients who followed this cutoff had promising 5-year disease-free and OS rates of 46.7% and 55.6%, respectively[101]. Tumor progression,insufficient FLR hypertrophy (＜ 5%) and liver failure were used as exclusion criteria, and patients who met any of those criteria could achieve a median OS of 41 mo[104]. Ogata et al[102] identified F4 fibrosis and an increase in the percentage of FLR volume less than 10%as two important complication-related factors. In this study, he stratified the patients with cirrhosis and noted that a 5% and 10% increase in FLR should be achieved in F3 fibrosis and F4 fibrosis, respectively[102].

现实主义为了解国际社会提供了真实的一面，但其更侧重于描述以国家间相互实力的对比为核心的层面，在这种无政府状态下，国家之间并非完全处于一种无政府状态下的混乱局势，各个国际组织、国际法会对主权国家间的行为进行相应的约束和遏制。但现实主义并未对国际关系中各国之间的合作与发展作出必要的解释和分析，建立在对现实主义批判基础之上的自由主义将从理论层面对这些问题进行相应的弥补和梳理。

In the interval between TACE and PVE, the ALT and AST of almost all the patients were elevated but soon returned to a normal level over a short period; this finding could be explained by the necrosis of the liver parenchyma[105]. According to this rationale, careful selection of the timing for PVE is crucial. In other words, a short interval between TACE and PVE is likely to cause PHLF, while a long interval might result in disease progression. Here, we strongly advocate that a 5% increase in FLR and a normalized liver function tests can be used to determine a safe cutoff for salvage surgery time. If the patients can undergo liver cirrhotic assessment, then the safe cutoff of F4 fibrosis should be reappraised. Any patient who develops liver failure or tumor progression after conversion therapy should be excluded from the surgery list.

DISCUSSION

Are there any remaining problems that need to be solved? Firstly, the definition of unresectable is still subjective once T1 and T4 stages are excluded. However, the distribution of the nodules to both hepatic lobes,the presence of high alpha-feto levels, and the vascular involvement are substantial tumoral parameters that help in the evaluation of resectability beside residual liver function and patients general conditions. Moreover,the limit of unresectability depends on the level of the hospital and the experience of the operator or their expertise in surgery.

For the initially unresectable HCC patients, conversion therapies such as TACE, PVE, ALPPS, yttrium-90 RE, and sequential TACE and PVE have been demonstrated to be effective and should be performed. Both morphological and functional examinations need to be undertaken to estimate the therapeutic effect before salvage surgery. Controlling a good operative time and selecting a reasonable procedure are important for improving the operative efficacy. The reasonable unified application of conversion therapy and salvage surgery can improve the curative effect and increase the survival rate of patients.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver and is the fifth most prevalent cancer in men and the seventh in women worldwide.Hepatectomy is currently the first-line curative therapy, but about 30% of lesions are resectable at the time of diagnosis. Conversion therapy is used to increase the resectability of initially unresectable HCC by increasing the size of the future liver remnant (FLR) or downstaging the tumor, followed by salvage surgery. Although various preoperative therapies provide initially unresectable HCC patients with the chance to undergo curative resection, the suitable timing of the subsequent salvage surgery remains uncertain and controversial.

“越长越大”的错误反映的是数量的多少与数的大小之间的关系。从学生的生活经验来看，这种关系在生活中也可以表现为物体的大小与物体所包含的数量之间的关系，而反映这种关系的“越长越大”的正确经验有许多，如学生知道同一种公交车，越长的越大，里面可以坐更多的人；同一种文具盒，越长的越大，里面可以放更多的文具等等。

Research motivation

Only 10%-30% HCC patients can obtain the chance to undergo surgery at the time of diagnosis. Those who are not suitable for curative surgery may benefit from conversion therapy and seize the opportunity to undergo salvage surgery when they reach the “timing”. Therefore, we review the types of conversion therapy and the suitable timing for salvage surgery.

Research objectives

To review the conversion therapy for initially unresectable HCC patients and the suitable timing for subsequent salvage surgery, and we finally hope to increase the 5-year survival rate of HCC patients.

Research methods

A PubMed search was undertaken from 1987 to 2017 to identify articles using the key words including “unresectable” “hepatocellular carcinoma”, ”hepatectomy”, ”conversion therapy”, “resection”, “salvage surgery” and“downstaging”. Additional studies were investigated through a manual search of the references from the articles. The exclusion criteria were duplicates,case reports, case series, videos, contents unrelated to the topic, comments,and editorial essays. The main and widely used conversion therapies and the suitable timing for subsequent salvage surgery were discussed in detail. Two members of our group independently performed the literature search and data extraction.

(4)信任计算模块。将策略决策模块分析的结果，连同用户使用反馈作为评估CSP信任值的依据，并计算其信任值。

Research results

Liver volume measurements (FLR/total liver volume or residual liver volume/bodyweight ratio) and function tests (scoring systems and liver stiffness) were often performed in order to justify whether patients were suitable candidates for surgery. Successful conversion therapy was usually defined as downstaging the tumor, increasing FLR and providing subsequent salvage surgery, without increasing complications, morbidity or mortality. The requirements for performing salvage surgery after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) were the achievement of a partial remission in radiology, the disappearance of the portal vein thrombosis (PVT), and the lack of extrahepatic metastasis. Patients with a standardized FLR (sFLR) ＞ 20% were good candidates for surgery after portal vein embolization (PVE), while other predictive parameters like growth rate(GR), kinetic growth rate (KGR) were treated as an effective supplementary.There was probably not enough evidence to provide a standard operation time after associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALLPS) or yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization (RE). The indications of any combinations of conversion therapies and the subsequent salvage surgery time still need to be carefully and comprehensively evaluated.

Research conclusion

Conversion therapy is recommended for the treatment of initially unresectable HCC, and the suitable subsequent salvage surgery time should be reappraised and is closely related to its previous therapeutic effect.

其次，在诚信考核具体工作方面，不仅要针对项目自立项开始的各项工作开展与经费使用情况进行跟踪考核，同时对于项目申请人也要进行更为全面细致的诚信考核与档案建设，对于存在明显违规违纪甚至违法行为的立项人，不仅应当及时终止当前所参与或负责的科研活动，对其酌情进行经济上以及职务上的处罚，同时要进行档案记录，并作为以后科研项目审批工作的重要参考，对于存在严重违法违规情节的，还应给予终身不得申请科研立项的决定，以系统强化高校科研经费管理。

Research perspectives

For the initially unresectable HCC patients, conversion therapies such as TACE, PVE, ALPPS, yttrium-90 RE, and sequential TACE and PVE have been demonstrated to be effective and should be performed. Both morphological and functional examinations need to be undertaken to estimate the therapeutic effect before salvage surgery. Controlling a good operative time and selecting a reasonable procedure are important for improving the operative efficacy. The reasonable unified application of conversion therapy and salvage surgery can improve the curative effect and increase the survival rate of patients.

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