Introduction

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)accounting for approximately 80% of all cases1. Despite the recent improvements in treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer, its prognosis remains unsatisfactory, with a low fiveyear survival rate of about 15% at diagnosis. Currently, the new strategy in tumor therapy focuses on using a suitable prognostic factor to make the appropriate risk classification of patients with tumors and to design subsequent treatment.Although multiple studies have found a large number of prognostic indicators for patients with NSCLC, the majority of these indicators are not available preoperatively.

观察两组患者的治疗效果，观察两组患者的护理满意度及生活质量。生活质量采用SF-36量表评分，得分越高，生活质量越高。

Cancer-related inflammation plays an important role in tumor progression and survival2. Cancer-related inflammation, as the 7th hallmark of cancer, promotes the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and accelerates metastasis3. Moreover, most systemic symptoms associated with cancer, including weight loss, cachexia, and anemia, are stimulated by inflammation4. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as a representative index, can be considered a useful marker to assess the inflammatory response5. An increased NLR promotes tumor progression and relates to poor prognoses in a variety of cancers, such as NSCLC,esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer6-8. In terms of the systemic inflammatory response, the coagulation cascade also plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis9.Liver-produced fibrinogen is an important acute phase protein. Fibrinogen, as a key factor in the coagulation cascade, is converted into fibrin under the action of activated thrombin. Hyperfibrinogenemia is involved in cancer aggressiveness in various types of malignancies10-12. Recently,several studies analyzed a novel prognostic index, that is, the combination of fibrinogen and NLR (F-NLR). F-NLR has been found to be a significant prognostic factor in different types of cancers, such as gastric cancer, esophageal carcinoma, and NSCLC13-16.

The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of a novel prognostic system based on fibrinogen concentration and NLR in patients with NSCLC undergoing complete resection. This study also assessed the association between the three F-NLR groups and the clinicopathologic characteristics or the clinical laboratory variables.

本次提升面积为3 266 m2。业勤街临近大学城、办公场所，属人员相对集中区域。在该节点处设计更多供人参与的景观空间，如设置了供人休憩的亭廊、树池坐凳；供人观赏的景观雕塑、五色花镜等。图7为业勤街与水润路节点效果图。

Materials and methods

Patients

We performed a retrospective study of patients with NSCLC who underwent complete surgical resection at the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2006 and December 2009. The major inclusion criteria were pathological confirmation of primary NSCLC and complete surgical resection. The exclusion criteria were as follows: preoperative treatment (including chemotherapy or radiotherapy), residual tumor cells in the surgical edge,continuous anticoagulant therapy, hematological disease,autoimmune disease, and infection. Patients with intravenous or arterial embolization within 3 months before the surgery were also excluded. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 589 patients were enrolled in our study.This study was approved by the Ethical Committees of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital.Prior to the treatment, and written informed consent from all participants were acquired.

Based on the medical records, we collected the patients’clinicopathologic parameters and laboratory inspections,such as age, sex, histopathology, TNM stage, and blood cell count. Tumor stages were determined according to the 7th edition of the TNM classification17.

F-NLR definition

Hematological indexes, including lymphocyte count,neutrophil count, and fibrinogen concentration, were obtained from the routine blood test administered a week prior to the surgery. The neutrophil count divided by the lymphocyte count was defined as the NLR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off values for the preoperative fibrinogen concentration and NLR. According to the ROC curve analysis, the most appropriate cut-off point for NLR was 2.30, with an area under the curve of 0.635. Therefore, we recommended 2.30 as the cut-off value for NLR. Similarly,the optimal point based on the ROC curve showed a cut-off value of 3.48 g/L for fibrinogen, with an area under the curve of 0.595. Consequently, we defined 3.48 g/L as the optimal cut-off value for fibrinogen.

Based on these cut-off values, we calculated the F-NLR score. Patients with both a high NLR (≥ 2.30) and hyperfibrinogenemia (≥ 3.48 g/L) were given a score of 2.Patients with either high NLR (≥ 2.30) or hyperfibrinogenemia (≥ 3.48 g/L) were given a score of 1. Patients without either abnormality were scored 0.

Statistical analysis

Univariate and multivariate analyses of variables are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Based on the cut-off values, we separated the patients into different groups.Univariate analysis demonstrated that lesion (P = 0.023 for DFS and P = 0.014 for OS), resection type (P = 0.041 for DFS and P = 0.038 for OS), pathological stage (P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜ 0.001 for OS), tumor size (P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜0.001 for OS), adjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.001 for DFS and P = 0.004 for OS), F-NLR score (P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜0.001 for OS), NLR (P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜ 0.001 for OS), fibrinogen (P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜ 0.001 for OS),LDH (P = 0.003 for DFS and P = 0.005 for OS), D-dimer(P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P = 0.002 for OS), neutrophil ratio(P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜ 0.001 for OS), monocyte ratio(P = 0.008 for DFS and P = 0.006 for OS), lymphocyte ratio(P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and P ＜ 0.001 for OS), WBC count (P =0.007 for DFS and P = 0.008 for OS), ALP (P = 0.002 for DFS and P = 0.003 for OS), and Hb (P = 0.022 for DFS and P =0.040 for OS) were correlated with DFS and OS.

Results

Patient characteristics

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Table 1 Correlation between preoperative F-NLR and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with NSCLC

NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; SqCC: squamous cell carcinoma; F-NLR: combination of fibrinogen concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.

F-LMR score, n(%) P 0 1 2 Age, years 0.005≤ 60 115 (55.6) 60 (39.0) 120 (52.6)＞ 60 92 (44.4) 94 (61.0) 108 (47.4)Gender 0.006 Female 84 (40.6) 55 (35.7) 60 (26.3)Male 123 (59.4) 99 (64.3) 168 (73.7)Smoking 0.014 Yes 121 (58.5) 108 (70.1) 161 (70.6)No 86 (41.5) 46 (29.9) 67 (29.4)Tumor location 0.496 Right 121 (58.5) 87 (56.5) 142 (62.3)Left 86 (41.5) 67 (43.5) 86 (37.7)Lesion＜0.001 Peripheral 178 (86.0) 108 (70.1) 138 (60.5)Central 29 (14.0) 46 (29.9) 90 (39.5)Resection type＜0.001 Pneumonectomy 10 (4.8) 18 (11.7) 41 (18.0)Lobectomy 197 (95.2) 136 (88.3) 187 (82.0)Pathological stage＜0.001 I 131 (63.3) 71 (46.1) 76 (33.3)II 18 (8.7) 33 (21.4) 69 (30.3)IIIA 58(28.0) 50 (32.5) 83 (36.4)Histology＜0.001 SqCC 62 (30.0) 74 (48.1) 137 (60.1)Adenocarcinoma 122 (58.9) 53 (34.4) 66 (28.9)Others 23 (11.1) 27 (17.5) 25 (11.0)Lymph node metastasis 0.028 Yes 71 (34.3) 64 (41.6) 107 (46.9)No 136 (65.7) 90 (58.4) 121 (53.1)Tumor size, cm＜0.001＜4 128 (61.8) 64 (41.6) 67 (29.4)≥4 79 (38.2) 90 (58.4) 161 (70.6)

Table 2 Correlation between preoperative F-NLR and clinical laboratory characteristics of patients with NSCLC

F-NLR: combination of fibrinogen concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; WBC: white blood cell; PLT: platelet count; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Hb: hemoglobin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.

Variables F-NLR=0 (n=207) F-NLR=1 (n=154) F-NLR=2 (n=228) P Age, years 59.3±9.4 62.6±9.5 60.0±9.3 0.001 Maximum tumor diameter (cm) 3.3±1.4 4.4±1.8 5.1±2.4 ＜0.001 NLR 1.6±0.4 1.7±0.4 3.2±1.0 ＜0.001 Fibrinogen (g/L) 2.8±0.4 4.3±0.6 4.1±1.0 ＜0.001 Neutrophil ratio (%) 53.8±6.5 55.8±6.2 67.3±4.8 ＜0.001 Monocyte ratio (%) 7.6±2.3 7.9±2.1 7.9±2.2 0.333 Lymphocyte ratio (%) 35.2±6.1 33.5±6.7 22.3±4.3 ＜0.001 D-dimer (mg/L) 0.16±0.09 0.21±0.27 0.20±0.17 0.119 WBC count (×103/μL) 6.1±1.6 7.0±1.9 7.4±1.5 ＜0.001 PLT (×109/L) 225.6±63.1 265.5±80.9 252.7±72.4 ＜0.001 ALP (U/L) 70.4±23.4 77.5±22.7 78.0±31.6 ＜0.001 Hb (g/L) 140.2±18.2 138.0±13.4 137.8±14.6 0.269 LDH (U/L) 178.3±53.6 180.3±47.8 185.4±55.4 0.284 Survival period (months) 51.3±22.7 44.7±24.4 37.6±25.6 ＜0.001

Correlation between the clinicopathologic variables or clinical laboratory parameters and F-NLR

The clinical laboratory variable distribution in the three FNLR groups is presented in Table 2. Significant differences among these three groups were demonstrated in the following indexes: age (P = 0.001), maximum tumor diameter (P ＜ 0.001), NLR (P ＜ 0.001), fibrinogen (P ＜0.001), neutrophil ratio (P ＜ 0.001), lymphocyte ratio (P ＜0.001), WBC count (P ＜ 0.001), platelet count (P ＜ 0.001),ALP (P ＜ 0.001), and survival period (P ＜ 0.001).

The association between the F-NLR and clinicopathologic indexes of patients with NSCLC is shown in Table 1. We found significant correlation of F-NLR with age (P = 0.005),gender (P = 0.006), smoking (P = 0.014), lesion (P ＜ 0.001),resection type (P ＜ 0.001), pathological stage (P ＜ 0.001),histology (P ＜ 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.028),and tumor size (P ＜ 0.001).

Survival analysis of F-NLR

We performed the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test to determine the survival differences among the three groups classified by F-NLR score. The five-year DFS rate and the median survival in patients with F-NLR = 2 were significantly lower than those in patients with F-NLR = 1 or F-NLR = 0[30.4% vs. 50.3% or 62.2% (22.5 vs. 36.0 or 42.0 months),P ＜ 0.001; Figure 1A]. The five-year OS rates were 66.1%,53.5%, and 33.3%, and the median survival times were 51.0,46.0, and 33.0 months for F-NLR = 0, F-NLR = 1, and F-NLR= 2, respectively (P ＜ 0.001, Figure 1B). When the pathological stages (I, II, and IIIA) were analyzed separately,the DFS and OS of patients with F-NLR = 0 were higher than those with F-NLR = 1 or F-NLR = 2 in stages I and IIIA(stage I: P ＜ 0.001 for DFS, P ＜ 0.001 for OS, Figures 2A and 2B; stage IIIA: P = 0.001 for DFS, P ＜ 0.001 for OS, Figures 2E and 2F). However, no significant relationship was observed between F-NLR and prognosis in patients with stage II NSCLC (P = 0.149 for DFS and P = 0.139 for OS,Figures 2C and 2D). Further analyses were conducted in subgroups (adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma). We demonstrated that patients with F-NLR = 0 displayed a higher DFS and OS than those with F-NLR = 1 or F-NLR = 2 in the adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma subgroups(adenocarcinoma: P ＜ 0.001 for DFS, P ＜ 0.001 for OS,Figures 3A and 3B; squamous carcinoma: P ＜ 0.001 for DFS,P ＜ 0.001 for OS, Figures 3C and 3D).

Figure 1 Survival curves of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stages I-IIIA) in the combination of fibrinogen and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (F-NLR). (A) Disease-free survival (DFS) curve of patients with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001). (B) Overall survival (OS) curve of patients with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test,P ＞ 0.001).

Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to evaluate the differences between the three F-NLR groups and the clinicopathologic characteristics or clinical laboratory variables. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD.We carried out the ROC curve analysis to select the appropriate cut-off values for NLR, fibrinogen, and the clinical laboratory variables. These clinical laboratory variables included fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),D-dimer, neutrophil ratio, monocyte ratio, lymphocyte ratio,white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, hemoglobin(Hb), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The outcomes of this study were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival(OS). DFS was defined as the time in months from the date of surgery to the date of first progression or last follow-up.OS was defined as the time in months from the date of surgery to the date of death or last follow-up. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Univariate and multivariate analyses, which were carried out by Cox regression models, were used to determine the prognostic factors. SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was utilized for statistical analyses. A P value of ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

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Multivariate analysis of independent prognostic indicators

Figure 2 Survival curves of patients with NSCLC (stage I-IIIA) in F-NLR. (A) DFS curve of patients with stage I NSCLC with F-NLR=0, FNLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001). (B) OS curve of patients with stage I NSCLC with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001). (C) DFS curve of patients with stage II NSCLC with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P = 0.149). (D) OS curve of patients with stage II NSCLC with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P = 0.139). (E) DFS curve of patients with stage IIIA NSCLC with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P = 0.001). (F) OS curve of patients with stage IIIA NSCLC with F-NLR=0, FNLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001).

Figure 3 Survival curves of patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous carcinoma in F-NLR. (A) DFS curve of patients with adenocarcinoma with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001). (B) OS curve of patients with adenocarcinoma with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001).(C) DFS curve of patients with squamous carcinoma with F-NLR=0,F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001). (D) OS curve of patients with squamous carcinoma with F-NLR=0, F-NLR=1, and F-NLR=2 (log-rank test, P ＞ 0.001).

To determine the independent predictive indexes, further Cox multivariate analysis, which included the variables mentioned above, was performed. As shown in Table 4,multivariate analysis revealed that F-NLR was significantly related to DFS and OS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.466; 95%confidence interval (CI), 1.243–1.730; P ＜ 0.001 for DFS and HR, 1.512; 95% CI, 1.283–1.783; P ＜ 0.001 for OS,respectively] along with pathological stage and D-dimer.Therefore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that F-NLR was considered an independent prognostic indicator for DFS and OS.

Discussion

The preoperative F-NLR score can be considered a valuable prognostic indicator in patients with NSCLC after surgery. A close relationship between F-NLR and cancer progression was also observed in patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery. Thus, F-NLR may be considered for routine clinical use as a reliable and low-cost biomarker.

In the last few decades, inflammation has been increasingly accepted as a hallmark of cancer3. Inflammation can increase the risk of cancer by producing bioactive molecules from the cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment. Inflammationrelated cells introduce crucial cytokines to the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting the growth,angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and survival of cancer cells18-20. Increasing evidence has revealed that systemic inflammation responses are crucial prognostic indicators21.NLR is a systemic inflammation index, which is calculated by dividing the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count.Lymphocytes, as key components of the host’s anticancer immunity, perform important functions in immunosurveillance and immunoediting and contribute to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration21. T lymphocytes exert a killing effect on target cells and help induce tumor cell apoptosis in cancer patients22. Increased amounts of circulating blood lymphocytes are an advantageous prognostic index in resected NSCLC23,24. Similar to lymphocytes, neutrophils are recognized as important components of tumor inflammation and immunology.Circulating neutrophils can produce a variety of cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin, which can promote tumor progression25,26. Neutrophil extracellular traps, which are secreted by neutrophils, can contribute to tumor metastasis by sequestering the tumor cell27. Donskov28 reported that increased neutrophil levels infiltrating the tumor tissue and circulating in the blood are insufficient prognostic indexes in several cancers, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer. With the combination of neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, NLR can be used as a representative index to indicate a systemic inflammatory response in patients with various cancers6-8.

Hyperfibrinogenemia is involved in tumor aggressiveness in various malignancies10-12. Although many studies have investigated the causes of hyperfibrinogenemia in malignant tumors, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Liverproduced fibrinogen is a major acute-phase protein. When a malignant neoplasm or systemic inflammation is present, the fibrinogen level in the plasma is increased; this fibrinogen can be transformed into fibrin by activated thrombin. Yamaguchi et al.29 indicated that cancer cells can produce interleukin-6,which accelerates the secretion of fibrinogen in patients with lung cancer. Similarly, Sahni et al.30 found that tumor cellscan synthesize fibrinogen. Fibrinogen eventually stimulates tumor proliferation and angiogenesis by its interaction with VEGF and fibroblast growth factor-230,31. When fibrinogen is converted, fibrin is involved in metastasis and new vessel formation32,33. Palumbo et al.34 demonstrated that the fibrin formed around circulating tumor cells can prevent natural killer cells from killing tumor cells.

Table 3 Univariate analysis for DFS and OS

DFS: disease-free survival; OS: overall survival; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; SqCC: squamous cell carcinoma; F-NLR:combination of fibrinogen concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; WBC: white blood cell; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Hb: hemoglobin.

Item HR 95% CI P HR 95% CI Age, years (≤ 60, ＞60) 0.478 1.085 0.866–1.360 0.391 1.104 0.881–1.384 Gender (male, female) 0.714 0.956 0.751–1.217 0.355 0.892 0.701–1.136 Smoking (yes, no) 0.783 0.967 0.761–1.229 0.375 0.897 0.705–1.141 Histology (adenocarcinoma, SqCC, others) 0.109 1.146 0.970–1.353 0.111 1.144 0.970–1.350 Tumor location (left, right) 0.604 0.941 0.749–1.183 0.562 0.935 0.744–1.175 Lesion (peripheral, central) 0.023 1.324 1.040–1.686 0.014 1.355 1.064–1.726 Resection type (pneumonectomy, lobectomy) 0.041 1.400 1.013–1.933 0.038 1.407 1.019–1.943 Pathological stage (I, II, IIIA) ＜0.001 1.788 1.569–2.038 ＜0.001 1.783 1.564–2.031 Tumor size, cm (＜ 4, ≥4) ＜0.001 1.796 1.415–2.281 ＜0.001 1.755 1.382–2.228 Adjuvant chemotherapy (yes, no) 0.138 1.187 0.946–1.488 0.217 1.153 0.920–1.445 Adjuvant radiotherapy (yes, no) 0.001 1.685 1.235–2.300 0.004 1.571 1.151–2.143 F-NLR (0, 1, 2) ＜0.001 1.644 1.431–1.888 ＜0.001 1.647 1.434–1.891 NLR (≥2.30, ＜2.30) ＜0.001 2.196 1.751–2.754 ＜0.001 2.199 1.753–2.757 Fibrinogen (＜3.48 g/L，≥ 3.48 g/L) ＜0.001 1.707 1.352–2.155 ＜0.001 1.733 1.373–2.188 LDH (≥195.5, ＜195.5 U/L) 0.003 1.443 1.134–1.835 0.005 1.415 1.112–1.799 D-dimer (≥0.15, ＜0.15 mg/L) ＜0.001 1.546 1.232–1.939 0.002 1.437 1.144–1.803 Neutrophil ratio (≥62.35, ＜62.35%) ＜0.001 2.015 1.607–2.526 ＜0.001 2.007 1.601–2.517 Monocyte ratio (≥8.97, ＜8.97%) 0.008 1.399 1.093–1.791 0.006 1.412 1.103–1.807 Lymphocyte ratio (≤ 26.55, ＞26.55%) ＜0.001 0.450 0.359–0.565 ＜0.001 0.451 0.359–0.565 WBC count (≥7.805, ＜7.805×103/μL) 0.007 1.386 1.092–1.760 0.008 1.379 1.087–1.751 Platelet count (≥202, ＜202×109/L) 0.140 1.216 0.938–1.577 0.160 1.205 0.929–1.563 ALP (≥66.5, ＜66.5 U/L) 0.002 1.465 1.152–1.862 0.003 1.430 1.126–1.818 Hb (≤137.5, ＞137.5 g/L) 0.022 0.769 0.613–0.964 0.040 0.789 0.630–0.989 DFS OS P

This study had some limitations. First, this study was a retrospective analysis and all data were obtained from a single institute. Second, although we restricted the influence of other factors, blood cell counts can be influenced by a variety of factors.

A total of 589 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with NSCLC were included in this study. All patients underwent surgery for early-stage NSCLC. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the relationship of the clinicopathologic variables and clinical laboratory parameters with patients grouped by their F-NLR score. The present study included 390 (66.2%)men and 199 (33.8%) women, ranging 24–82 years (medianage: 60 years). The allocation of the F-NLR score was as follows: F-NLR = 0, 207 (35.1%) patients; F-NLR = 1, 154(26.2%) patients; and F-NLR = 2, 228 (38.7%) patients. A total of 278, 120, and 191 patients presented with pathological stages I, II, and IIIA, respectively. The median and mean follow-up periods were 44 and 44.3 months,respectively. The five-year OS rate in the entire study population was 50.3%.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis for DFS and OS

DFS: disease-free survival; OS: overall survival; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; F-NLR: combination of fibrinogen concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; WBC: white blood cell; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Hb: hemoglobin.

Item HR 95% CI P HR 95% CI Lesion (peripheral, central) 0.642 0.931 0.687–1.260 0.603 0.923 0.682–1.249 Resection type (pneumonectomy, lobectomy) 0.265 1.246 0.846–1.836 0.246 1.257 0.854–1.851 Pathological stage (I, II, IIIA) ＜0.001 1.602 1.379–1.862 ＜0.001 1.648 1.419–1.914 Tumor size (＜ 4 cm, ≥4 cm) 0.951 0.991 0.751–1.309 0.878 0.978 0.741–1.292 Adjuvant radiotherapy (yes, no) 0.195 1.239 0.896–1.714 0.377 1.157 0.837–1.601 F-NLR (0, 1, 2) ＜0.001 1.466 1.243–1.730 ＜0.001 1.512 1.283–1.783 LDH (≥195.5, ＜195.5 U/L) 0.186 1.196 0.917–1.560 0.294 1.152 0.885–1.500 D-dimer (≥0.15, ＜0.15 mg/L) 0.007 1.403 1.096–1.796 0.012 1.371 1.071–1.756 Monocyte ratio (≥8.97, ＜8.97%) 0.079 1.279 0.972–1.684 0.057 1.304 0.992–1.714 WBC count (≥7.805, ＜7.805×103/μL) 0.564 1.080 0.832–1.402 0.687 1.055 0.812–1.370 ALP (≥66.5, ＜66.5 U/L) 0.071 1.283 0.979–1.683 0.093 1.260 0.962–1.650 Hb (≤137.5, ＞137.5 g/L) 0.337 0.887 0.695–1.133 0.302 0.879 0.688–1.123 DFS OS P

Hence, F-NLR presents a good prognostic indicator for patients with cancer. Fibrinogen or NLR alone may exert a limited effect on tumor progression. F-NLR increases the unfavorable effect of fibrinogen and NLR, which eventually increases the predicted significance for patients with cancer.Recently, Wang et al.16 reported that patients with a low FNLR score may exhibit a better prognosis than those with a high F-NLR score and that the preoperative F-NLR score can be considered a useful independent prognostic marker,consistent with the results of our study. In the present study,multivariate analysis using the characteristics selected in univariate analysis revealed that preoperative F-NLR was significantly correlated with DFS and OS, as well as pathological stage and D-dimer. According to the results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test, our study revealed that the preoperative F-NLR level can stratify the patients into different risk categories. Moreover, when the patients with different pathological stages were analyzed separately, the DFS and OS in the patients with F-NLR = 0 were higher than those with F-NLR = 1 or F-NLR = 2 in stage I and IIIA. However, in patients with stage II NSCLC, thecorrelation between F-NLR and prognosis was insignificant,which indicates that F-NLR may be more predictive in stage I or IIIA cancers than in stage II. Our study also found that the preoperative F-NLR level was significantly correlated with both DFS and OS in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous carcinoma. Furthermore, a close relationship was observed between F-NLR and pathological stage, lesion,lymph node metastasis, and tumor size. To reveal the pathological status of tumor progression, preoperative FNLR levels calculated from blood specimens should be evaluated. The advantage of the F-NLR score was based on the fibrinogen concentration and NLR, which were obtained from the routine blood sample analysis. Therefore, F-NLR may serve as a more inexpensive and widespread hematologic marker than other tumor markers.

Conclusions

Although substantial developments have been made in the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer, the median survival of NSCLC remains unsatisfactory. An appropriate prognostic factor may enable the suitable risk classification of patients with tumors and allow the assignment of appropriate prospective treatment. Cancer progression and survival are not determined solely by the tumor characteristics. Patientrelated factors also play a crucial role in survival. Based on the preoperative blood specimens collected from 589 patients, we investigated the prognostic significance of FNLR. We also analyzed the association between F-NLR and clinicopathologic or clinical laboratory characteristics.

茅台要善于借国家形象提升和中华文化走出去的契机，因时因地制宜，丰富推介内容，创新方式方法，通过与中国优秀品牌、优秀产品抱团出海等方式，引导海外消费者在感知、感受中华文化的基础上，接受中国白酒。

This work was supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0905501) and the Tianjin Science and Technology Major Project, China (Grant No. 12ZCDZSY15400).

Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.

References

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