Q1 您参与过众多绿色建筑的设计，在您看来，绿色建筑设计在营造城市公共空间中应发挥何种作用？

这个问题有趣。绿色建筑的设计已经不再仅仅是微观层面的概念了,于城市而言，这是一个以发展、开发为重心向开发与环境可持续并重的价值观转变。能对公共空间整体环境品质和生态系统起到积极作用，才是绿色建筑的真正内涵。

以规划的视角看绿色建筑，有两个关键词：“宏观”与“链接”。

首先是“宏观效应”。多年来我一直从事建筑设计，做过高性能的绿色超高层建筑，也在柬埔寨尝试过低成本被动式的建筑设计。这两年因为两个研究课题，开始从城市规划及规划管理角度关注绿色理念在设计全过程的引领作用。

《广州市建筑景观设计导则》包括总体目标，城市风貌，城市街景，建筑场地，步行系统，建筑文脉氛围，建筑标识，招牌，广告牌设计，城市夜景等8类16个管控、引导事项。从城市形态学角度来说，可通过对城市背景中构成建筑景观、公共空间环境的主要要素、形式进行控制和价值观引导，将城市管理从可“束”转变为可“塑”，刚弹性结合，同步探索建成形态的可预见性。

《景观导则》强调了人本主义、人文主义的精神，着力塑造的是山水融合、紧凑、疏密有致、适于步行的城市空间。《广州绿色社区、绿色建筑规划与设计导引》则更进一步，“绿色社区导引”有选址、对外连接，空间布局和内部交通，绿色建筑与绿色基础设施规划，环境保护规划，技术应用共5类19个引导事项。“绿色建筑导引”强调了“因地制宜，节能为本，系统规划，兼顾平衡。被动优先，主动优化，整体协调，高效运营”的原则,突出节能的强制性要求，与刚刚出台的《生态城区评价标准》和《绿色建筑评价标准》形成完善设计全过程的技术、管控、政策支撑体系。

谈绿色建筑，不能仅从一个微观的层面去谈，还应该从一个更宏观，或者是中观的层面去探讨。生态规划和绿色社区规划可以更好地发挥城市自然生态本身的系统效应，产生整体性效果，让资源、能源、材料参与到物质、能量的循环中去，有效利用。

其次是“链接系统”。广州的问题就是这些公共开放空间或绿地空间呈斑块状，可达性也不理想，未能链接成系统发挥其宏观规模效应。我们指定以上两个《导引》的目的是把公共开放空间作为独立的城市元素，她的功能不是单一的，是形成体系的，将斑块状的绿地链接起来,成为公园、绿廊、风廊,带来的优点有三：第一, 成为天然的缓冲地，应对一定的自然灾害，同时可以调节微气候，维育多样的物种水源和空气资源；第二，保留原有的自然特质，形成周边开发地块的休闲功能载体，提升城市景观特色；第三，提高土地价值和健康的生活环境。

图1 / Figure 1 2017年9月11日，黄惠菁副总建筑师在广州市设计院接受采访 Ms. HUANG Huijing in Interview, September 11, 2017,Guangzhou Design Institute, Guangzhou, China

来源：王曦晨 摄 Source: Photo by WANG Xichen

回到微观层面，好的绿色建筑一定是在场所中寻求高效利用资源,并减少对周边环境的不利影响。以珠江城项目为例，在建筑东侧、西侧、南侧设置固定遮阳，提高外围护结构的隔热性能；在利用环境方面，建筑南偏东扭转13°，既可更好观赏中轴线花园，又可充分利用太阳能、风能产电，与东西两侧的密集型水平遮阳板结合，一体化设计了光伏遮阳板，风力发电机设置在100m和200m的风洞中，风洞收集风力发电的同时，为大楼的玻璃幕墙泄压,缓解建筑周遭风墙的不利影响。

白天鹅宾馆改造项目中的“故乡水”对许多老广州、老华侨来说，是人文情怀的寄托对象。设计师把“故乡水”设计为空调的“水幕系统”，较低的水温既可以降温也可以加湿，无形中提升了公共空间的环境舒适性和品质。

最后, 我们希望的是提高绿建指标性标准,如区域内提高绿建2星和3星比例，提出地块能耗指标，增加用地性质的功能混合性，提出地块海绵城市相关导向性指标。目的是提高大环境的品质,从建设末端反过来影响和促进产业的转型。

由图3可知，在这9个DEA无效的机构中，机构27、机构21、机构11三个机构的医养结合养老服务纯技术效率值为1，规模效率值小于1，即纯技术有效而规模无效，这表示这3个机构的资源利用技术与其服务能力相匹配，不存在投入要素未得到最大化使用的问题，因此导致其医养结合养老服务低效的原因在于其供给结构不合理，存在运营规模偏大或者偏小的问题。其余6个机构的纯技术效率值和规模效率值均不为1，也就是表明其服务资源的利用技术不佳，存在投入要素未被有效使用的问题，同时机构的服务供给结构不合理，也存在运营规模过大或者过小的问题。

Q2 您深入参与了琶洲电商区的很多项目，能否从城市设计的层面谈谈，做这个规划的时候是怎样考虑各个建筑之间的群体关系以及建筑与城市关系的？城市对建筑的设计有怎样的要求？

以规划师的角度看建筑设计。

在浇筑结束之后，在表面位置添加清水进行氧化，洒水范围在砌筑块顶部位置、侧面位置，当混凝土初凝之后，按照周期进行洒水养护，避免混凝土因干裂而出现质量问题。在高温天气下，洒水周期应适当增加，养护时间为28d。

琶洲电商区是个国际建筑师云集的地方，但城市设计处于无“明星建筑师”的时代，要求建筑师谦逊地服从于整体环境的要求。正如交响乐队演出一样，总规划师就如乐队的指挥，各种乐器演奏、声部的协调才是第一要务。这对目前很多城市管理者和建筑师来说，都是一个新的开始，规划管理的范围、方式和力度都还在探索。

首先，要进行城市建筑景观风貌的控制，好的滨水天际线应是完整的、富有韵律的，并能反映出城市发展的文化脉络；通过簇群式地标建筑来统领城市天际线，形成“前低后高，错落有致”的丰富空间层次，其中更多的是整体协调、高品质的“一般建筑”，“明星建筑”只可能是个别的。兼顾遮阳、富有技术品质和人文内涵的“方盒子”比一个“奇奇怪怪的造型建筑”对城市空间形态的贡献更大，烘托出建筑本质特征的灯光表现比满身广告的夜景设计要高雅许多。

其次，“小地块街区密路网”与交通系统协同。此种用地规划模式带来活力的同时，也会造成交叉路口多、机动车出入口多的困扰。电商属于创新型产业、年轻化的劳动密集型产业，该区交通需求量大，轨道等公共交通建设的滞后也将进一步加剧交通压力。地下车库的联通，增加接驳轨道公交的水上巴士、短途穿梭巴士等参与联运，设置共享单车都是解决以上问题的方法。

除琶洲电商区外，还有一个典型案例。海珠广场旁的恒基地块，有个五仙门发电厂旧址。五仙门发电厂是1900年英国商人创办，澳洲建筑设计师亚瑟 · 帕内先生设计的作品。我们在设计条件中增加了“贴线率70%”要求，城市设计的意图是修补缺失的城市界面，在临江一侧加强新、旧建筑的联系，为步行者提供连续的、可达江边的步行廊道。但负责改造的建筑师从不同的角度提出了异议，他希望把旧建筑的立面完全展示出来，希望的是新旧分离而不是连接。二者并不存在公共利益上的矛盾，关键是认知的价值观和认知尺度上的矛盾。欣赏建筑立面的最佳角度在江面或是江对岸，因此，在地块内亟需解决的问题是促成城市公共空间界面的形成和提高步行的舒适性。有了舒适的环境，民众更容易也更乐意到达江边、到达五仙门电厂的公共空间，去深入了解广州和建筑的历史。

这个例子带来了启发，城市设计需留给建筑师足够的弹性、足够的空间；同时，城市设计参与管理过程中最重要的环节是协调，将城市设计的意图传递给建筑师，传递和协调重于创造。反过来，建筑师设计之初需兼顾城市公共利益和建筑本身的个体价值。简单地说，建筑师具备了城市设计的视野，可以更好地发挥，正如古人作诗一般。

Q3 请您谈谈广州城市公共空间活力的发展状况。

公共空间活力在于以人为本，这可以从马斯洛需求层次理论找到答案。人本主义科学认为人的需求从低到高按层次分为5种：生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求。而空间形态的研究没有定式，因此，我们的研究就是在探索一个符合以上需求的普世化定律，包括可持续性、安全性、开放性、混合性、识别性、技术政策适用性、文化兼容性的要求，还包括历史文化保护、不同经济收入人群混合居住就业等社会问题的考虑。

气候影响社区的布局，也会影响建筑特征。岭南的建筑讲求因地制宜，被动节能，提倡通过建筑自身的空间形式、围护结构、建筑材料与构造的设计来实现绿色建筑的方式，采用有控制的采光（避免眩光）和遮阳（建筑自遮阳、植物遮阳）、被动通风（热压通风、风压通风）、隔热降温（蓄冷墙和地面、蒸发降温、通风屋面隔热）等低成本而有效的节能技术，提高建筑舒适性和节能效果。

以创造公共空间、街道活力为目标，基于对现代主义的“功能分区”和“人车分流”理念的重新思考，提出了“贴线率”、24h开放步行通廊、可达、尺度界定线、混合功能、一体化场地设计几个新的关键词，其背后蕴含了“鼓励与首层商业结合，公共垂直交通、无障碍等便民设施与公共市政、交通设施相连的步行通廊设置；推崇亲切的街道尺度；居住、教育与工作地点临近的混合开发模式；鼓励公交、绿色出行；倡导旧城区更新和三旧项目活化利用”的潜台词，并避免和逐步消除“不可达”“堵车”“环境质量”“功能和步行交通被道路、河流、轨道割裂”“钟摆式迁徙”“社区缺乏安全感”等城市病，以促进社区活力。例如太古汇商业大街不仅提供购物空间，还引入文化活动，提升文化场所识别性，形成交流休闲空间。同时商业大街连通了两条地铁、BRT公交线路，其南面商业入口与城市街道平顺衔接，高差及其无障碍设施设在室内，从人的心理行为入手，植入交通可达性和功能开放性的理念，成为值得市民洄游的地方。

因此，改变社区的物理环境品质，往往也能规范和改变人的行为模式和精神状态，提升场所的活力和吸引力。这些改变物理环境的措施，都需以人为本，从最基础的、最小的设施开始，精细化设计，见微知著。

Q4 珠江是广州的母亲河，请您谈谈对滨水空间的看法。

河流对于一个城市来说非常重要，河流及两岸景观重塑，会带动城市整体的更新和滨水活力的提升。

城市中轴线的形成与变迁是城市形成与发展的标志，体现了这个城市的文化与历史的传承变迁。承载着不同的城市发展故事，也承担着不同的城市功能，乃至城市的精神文化生活品位。

经初步过滤的海水有一部分供给其它用户，大部分汇合PAP粗过滤器过来的海水一起进入细过滤器，使98%直径大于或等于5 μm的悬浮颗粒被除去。为了提高过滤效果，在细过滤器的入口处注入两种化学药剂：聚合物和杀虫剂，杀虫剂每周注入一次，在不注杀虫剂期间注入次氯酸钠进行杀菌。

首先需提到一个词：RESPECT，尊重。

（4）人才问题主要呈现两个问题——人才结构与数量不合理和后备力量不足。县、镇的人才结构有较大的差异，表现在县级高学历、高职称的人才占大多数，镇级低学历、低职称的占大多数；县、镇人才数量分配不均，比例为2∶1，基层农技推广人员数量不足。后备力量不足主要体现在年轻人才比例明显较低。无论是县还是镇，35岁以下的人才比例明显低，县级35岁以下的人才占18%，镇级占15%，农技推广服务存在后继乏人的问题。

1.1 对象 选取我院心胸外科2012年3月—2013年1月孤立性房颤患者60例，按入院时间分为对照组和实验组各30例。其中男36例，女24例，年龄35～58岁，平均年龄(50.5±7.5)岁。患者平均心率100～160次/min，心跳频率快而绝对不规则，且反复发作，患者常有心悸、眩晕、胸闷、气短等表现。两组患者住院期间均接受超微创外科射频消融术，出院时均恢复窦性心律。两组间的年龄、性别、文化程度、房颤病程、经济状况、健康宣教之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。

Architectural design from a city planner’s view.

珠江水系流经云南、贵州、广西、广东等4个省，在省内连接了多个城市，更重要的，她是一个庞大的生态资源，孕育了农田、森林，提供了地表水和城市发展的必要资源。广东作为珠江的入海口，其水质的健康状态直接影响了这里的居民。因此,我们需要对她怀着敬畏之心，加以保护。

第二个词：发现，我们需要重新发现珠江。

使用类棒图式密码的安全性普遍高于当今普及的连线式密码，但少于触点式密码。在3*3式密码和八边形式密码中，使用多用点式密码的情况个数多于类棒图式密码。相同密码图形在不同规则下的情况个数趋势大约为：触点式密码＞多用点式密码＞类棒图式密码＞棒图式密码＞普通连线式密码。

其一，仍然是将斑块化的城市中心区和滨江带状公共空间建立连接的问题，即慢行交通可达性；生物岛规划提升里面的云桥，降低环岛路车速的措施，统筹社会停车的措施等。

其二，功能性即康体、旅游休闲活动的引入和服务类的设施设置(城市家具、绿色市政)；景观导则里鼓励两级堤岸，设置浮岛式的亲水平台等措施。典型案例是广州二沙岛的星海音乐厅周边，那里有自发的音乐活动，旁边还设有市民运动场，很多运动型的活动设施应运而生，也可以有商业盈利的配套设施。可以借鉴的是芝加哥的千禧公园和芝加哥河改造，将城市公共空间的功能发掘到极致。广场、步道和开放的草坪这些常规的规划手段都兼具休闲娱乐、运动健身和展示的功能。

其三，识别性，即文化识别性和生态识别性。珠江的历史里有很多文化元素可以提取出来做公共空间的要素，例如以前的海珠石、琶洲塔等，叫作“三塔三关锁珠江”，就是莲花、琶洲、赤岗三塔以及海珠、海印、浮丘三石，如果能在相应地段把这段历史重现，在滨水地带也会是很好的文化识别性的体现。识别性还在于与保护结合的更新。例如对生物岛陈氏大宗祠的保护可以与滨水空间结合形成具有禅意的养生产业开发；对滨水区工业遗址开发利用，可打通“文化经脉”，引入展览、剧场、美术馆、商业、餐饮，实现从工业旧址到文化设施的蜕变。

Q5 近年来，广州新城市中轴线逐渐形成，请您谈谈建筑设计与空间轴线之间的关系。

古有“六脉皆通海,青山半入城”的诗句来描绘广州的山水城市特色，今天我们的生活却越来越远离河流，问题出在哪里？如何回归珠江的滨水空间？这也是我一直在思考的一个问题。农耕时代,珠江提供了灌溉的水源；通商时代，珠江是重要的交通运输途径；工业时代,珠江是废弃物排放的场所；汽车时代,珠江是观赏的景点。现在，我们需要重新审视河流带给我们的是什么。

建国后广州城市空间形态不断发生变化，除沿珠江不断向东拓展外，还向北延伸，形成传统的和新的两条城市中轴线。传统中轴线位于广州中心城区，有镇海楼、中山纪念碑、中山纪念堂、广州市人民代表大会常务委员会办公大楼、广州市人民政府办公大楼、人民公园、广州城市原点标志、广州解放纪念碑、海珠桥等，见证了无数历史变迁，其周边地区存留着广州最丰富的古代及现代早期的历史文化陈迹，是广州文化底蕴最深厚的地区。

新中轴线南北跨度大，全长12公里。我们今天谈到的多是中轴线中段自广州火车东站、天河体育中心、珠江新城到珠江广州塔一线。新中轴线是在20世纪90年代改革开放后发展起来的，是广州现代城市文明的代表，矗立了许多标志性建筑物，如中信广场、广州大剧院、广东省博物馆、广州新图书馆、东塔、西塔、广州塔等。新中轴线是广州的中心商务区，也是城市景观主轴线和城市的客厅。

建筑设计与空间轴线之间的关系处理应重视以下方面：

天际线控制。新中轴线作为广州名片式的城市开放空间，空间形态呈腰鼓形。从规划的控制上来说，控制中轴线边上的建筑其实跟控制滨江建筑是一样的，除了形成空间界面以外，还需要进行天际线控制。

针对覆盖气所需要的惰性气体，海上生产模块有多个设备可以产生类似气体，如发电动机系统（为油田提供电力）、热介质锅炉系统（为油田提供热能）等。但其系统均相对独立，为能有效利用电站或热站所产生的惰性气体（以下以热介质锅炉尾气引入为方向），必须将两个系统进行有效连接，其中需要解决的问题主要有：工艺对接，引入惰性气体至相关气体增压设备；排气方式变化不能影响热介质锅炉运行；出口含氧必须控制在下舱要求的低于5%的要求；热介质锅炉不同季节的负荷变化带来的尾气量变化；锅炉不稳定燃烧时产生的CO等可燃气体；一旦尾气增压系统停运，锅炉尾气排放需要及时切换至其他通路。

水基淬火液不同于淬火油，由于聚合物淬火剂本身有机物质的属性，使其不得不面对严峻的细菌滋生困扰，德州思科研究发现，并非某些种类的杀菌剂能够完全解决这一问题，需要从淬火液整体配伍体系综合考虑，抵抗细菌滋生，增强稳定性。细菌的滋生则会对淬火液产生十分不良影响，是其冷却性能不稳定的开始，主要危害有以下几点：

题外话，中轴线公园这么好的资源，我们希望能有更多的超低能耗、高星级绿色建筑诞生于此，也希望它能成为广州第一个可持续的绿色社区。

Q6 您认为广州居民的生活习惯有何特性？这种特性对城市空间的形成和使用会产生什么影响？

从一个轻松的话题入手吧。俗话说“食在广州”，从广州人好吃的角度来看，早茶、夜宵等饮食行业的兴盛与广州的气候特点密不可分。

空间形态。夏季长且高温、闷热、湿度大，因此，遮荫、通风就显得尤为重要。从整个城市来说，传统的公共空间都是面朝珠江的，江面与城市中部的温度差形成对流，来自江面的风为周边带来了舒适的室外环境，因此，传统村落的祠堂和开敞空间多布置于江边，建筑群也沿着江岸的法线方向生长。另一方面，建筑群布局呈现为“小街区、密路网”的空间格局，狭窄南北贯通的街巷由于无法接受到日照，形成冷巷，它与建筑内部、阳光充足的天井形成热压对流，创造了舒适的室内环境。

社区的布局。炎热而漫长的夏季，对于现代都市来说，如果过分依赖私家车，将加速环境的污染与恶化，因此，更需要鼓励慢行系统，提高步行的舒适性和缩短步行的距离。广州大学城的规划秉承了现代主义的功能分区理念，生活区在这儿，教学区在那儿，非常不人性，很多老师都不愿意在中午烈日炎炎的时候去遥远的食堂吃午饭，怎么办？可以做出改变，改为“学院制”布局，就是将食堂和宿舍打散、分散到各个教学组团。这就是上面提到的混合功能的“小单元”模式，城市也一样，将工作、生活、教育、医疗、服务混合式集中布局，“单元化”“多点中心化”，居民可以一辈子不走出这个社区，当然这是个比喻。

在上述森林资源资产价值评估的基础上，根据不同诉求类别，分别对旅游生态系统功能服务价值、旅游生态保护和建设投入、生态环境恢复治理成本及相关主体生态经济利益损失等进行核算，综合制定补偿标准[1]。

Q7 您认为游客与外来人口对广州城市特色塑造有何影响？

游客和外来人口，应该是两种不同的类别。

1°clYf(A)⊆clY{g(A)}。若x∈A,由A为X的可数既约闭集及clcsX{A}={B∈csX:B⊆A},则{x}-∈clcsX{A}。又f=gη及g连续,f(x)=gη(x)=g({x}-)∈g(clcxX{A})⊆clY{g(A)},由x的任意性,f(A)⊆clY{g(A)},于是clYf(A)⊆clY{g(A)}。

游客的话，更注重的是人文气息和城市特色。他们会关注城市标志性的建筑、公共节点空间，如博物馆、观光塔、公园、河流、山脉、旧的历史建筑等，一些美好的层面。

外来人口是要在这里居住和工作的，他们会比旅游者关注的方面更多。他们不仅关注自然和人文层面，还会关注城市活力、经济等因素，比较多元化。他们还会关注城市环境、自然环境、宜居性以及经济环境的可持续性，例如政府的一些产业政策、经济政策、人才政策、教育政策等。

涉及外来人口一定不可避免谈到城中村的问题，这也是在广州或者珠三角地区城市发展的一段历史记忆。城中村会很缺乏公共空间，形成各种“脏乱差”的环境，但又是城市历史发展阶段的必然存在。其实保留城中村，原来是一个美国的建筑师给广州出谋划策的一个概念，他认为城中村是广州的一个特点，希望能保留这种生活和城市形态。但是因为许多现实问题，那里变成了一个非常消极的空间。保留的想法是好的，重要的是有人还在那里居住，并且有好的居住环境品质，保护、消防、节能、配套设施等问题需要智慧地解决。北京路、大小马站或者荔湾区那种典型旧城区也开始了保护与活化利用的探索。在去白云机场的路上，会有一些村镇，阳光照在建筑上，色彩斑斓、高低起伏，建筑立面的窗错落有致，可以入画，这个画面让人可以理解那个美国的建筑师的初衷。

做一名建筑师或规划师，还是要有点乌托邦精神的，因为如果没有理想和精神去支持你的话，是无法去实现任何初衷的。在规划层面，可变的因素太多，而时间和精力却是有限的，有了长远而更高的追求，才能逐步去实现。毕竟这是一段历史，一段很有趣的城市景象。

Q8 请您列举一例广州最具特色的场所，并说明理由。

最具特色的场所，在我看来，最能代表过去的广州的应该就是沙面了。原来老的广州“六脉皆通海”，整个城市都是沿着水边自然生长起来的。广州老城区的道路都不是正南北的，沿着河涌弯弯曲曲，或平行，或垂直。而沙面是第一个将方格网的规划理念套用在广州这个区域的，这是一个典型的现代主义规划观点。它的街道的尺度、公共开放空间的区域，还有现在改造的在公园地下做停车场的这个区域，包括白天鹅宾馆这个建筑，都是挺具有广州特色的。很多外国人一来到广州，首先就要去那里，这个是传统广州最具特色的地方了。

代表现代广州的，可能就是现在新中轴线区域。CTBUH的总裁，一来到广州就先上到东塔，去看整个珠江新城，因为这里可以欣赏到“小蛮腰”（广州塔）。珠江新城整体的建筑品质能代表近20年间广州现代城市规划和建筑发展的水准。

把广州的过去、现代、未来串联起来的正是珠江，因此，来广州一定要先在珠江上坐船领略整个广州的发展史。

协调统筹，规模效应。注重建筑之间协调的关系，色彩、风格、尺度等，还包括夜景灯光，但不是千篇一律。广州有个灯光节，但大多数建筑都在各显神通。我相信如果可以统筹起来，形成规模化的、整体的艺术或主题表演，如音乐大师喜多郎般用音乐、喷泉等烘托表现灯光，一定比现在的震撼。

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

[U-TALK]

HUANG Huijing·TALK about Guangzhou City

[Interviewee]HUANG Huijing

[Date]September 11, 2017

[Place]Guangzhou, China

[Interviewer]WANG Xichen, ZHAO Yongyi

[Translator]WANG Xichen, ZHAO Yongyi(from Chinese to English)

结合现阶段工程造价信息化建设中表现出来的各个方面问题和不足，必然需要针对性地采取一些策略予以调整，促使信息化造价控制模式能够具备更强效益，其中较为关键的优化对策涉及到了以下几点。

Q1 Have you participated in the design of many green buildings, in your opinion,what role should green building design play in the create of urban public spaces?This is an interesting question. Indeed, the design of green buildings is no longer merely a microcosmic concept. It is an transformation of values from centering on development to focusing on sustainable development and the environment. To play an active role in the overall environmental quality and ecosystem of public space, is the real meaning of green building.From a planning perspective, there are two key words about green building: “macro” and “link”.

Source: Provided by Ms. HUANG Huijing.

HUANG Huijing, Master of Urban Planning, professor-senior architect, vice chief architect of GZDI, member of Chiness Architects Institute, ASC, member of Urban Design Institute, ASC, Vice director of CITAB members, Green Building Committee members of Guangzhou, Deputy to the Tianhe People’s Congress,Ctbuh member, winner of the 9th Chinese Young Architect Award by Architectural Society of China. She focuses on high-rise building, TOD commercial complexes,sports centre, hotels, urban design and green design.She has led and completed many projects such as Pearl River Tower, Beijing-Guangzhou Hotel, Poly Haitan Bay Sanya Finance Forum Centre, CADRE International TOD Centre, Poly International Plaza, etc, a lot of which have won ministerial and provincial-level awards.Her concept is that architecture is the carrier of urban life and activities in the city. And is also display of science and technology in era. Respecting historical culture, learning from the beauty of art and nature,creating the works of the times from architectural perspective, reflecting the positive social value.

The first key word is “macro effect”. For many years I have been engaged in architectural design,doing high-performance super high-rise green buildings, and have also tried low-cost passive architectural design in Cambodia. In the past two years, because of two research topics, I started to pay attention to the leading role of green philosophy in the entire design process from the perspective of urban planning and planning management.

1.确定思想引导原则。从围绕稳定确定服务原则，转向围绕“让老同志幸福”确定服务原则。这是两个根本不同的思想方向和立场。方向和立场决定感情和办法。

Guangzhou City Landscape Design Guide includes 8 categories and 16 control and guiding items: “the overall goal; urban style; urban street view; building sites; pedestrian system; context and atmosphere; signs, logo and billboards design; urban night view”. From the perspective of urban morphology, urban management can be transformed from constrainable to malleable through the control and value guidance of the main elements and forms that form the architectural landscape and public space in urban background. Meanwhile the building environment would be predictable.

Guangzhou City Landscape Design Guide emphasizes the spirit of humanism and endeavors to create an urban space that integrates natural landscapes with compactness, density and adaptability for walking. Guangzhou Green Community, Green Building Planning and Design Guidance went one step further. The “green community guidance”includes 5 categories and 19 guiding principles:site selection and external connection; spatial layout and internal transportation; green building and green infrastructure planning; environmental protection planning; technology application. The“green building guidance” puts emphasizes on following principles: “local selected measurements,energy-saving, system planning while paying attention to balance; passive priority, active technology as optimizing; the overall coordination and efficient operation”. This document, highlighting the mandatory requirement of energy saving, together with newly adopted Eco-city Evaluation Criteria”and Green Building Evaluation Criteria, forms a complete technology, management, control and policy system that supports the entire process of design.

The discussion on green buildings should not only stay in a micro level, but also involve a macro or meso-level. Ecological planning and green community planning can give full play to the systematic effect of urban natural ecology and produce a holistic effect so that resources, energy and materials can participate in the material and energy recycling and be effectively used.

The next is the “link system”. Guangzhou’s problem is that public open spaces and green spaces displayed patchy distributions. There accessibility is not ideal either, failing to form a system that can play its macro-scale effect. The purpose of the above two “Guides” is to make the public open spaces an independent urban element. Their functions are not single but systematic. By connecting patchy green spaces to become parks, green corridors and wind corridors, they bring three advantages. First, these spaces would become a natural buffer to deal with certain natural disasters, as well as regulating the micro-climate, breeding biodiversity, conserving water and air resources. Second,these spaces could retain the original natural characteristics, forming a carrier of leisure function for peripheral lands, enhancing the landscape features.Third, they also improve the land value and healthy living environment.

Back to microscopic. Good green buildings can always find efficient use of resources and reduce the adverse impact on surrounding environment.Take ZhuJiangCheng project as an example. In addition to fixed shades on the east, west and south facades of the building to improve the insulation performance of the outer envelope, the project made full use of the surrounding condition. First,the building is turned east by 13 degrees from the south to get a better view of the garden on Zhujiang New Town central axis, as while as making full use of solar energy and wind power. Photovoltaic cells are integrated on intensive horizontal sun visors on the east and west sides of the buildings. Wind turbines are installed in wind tunnels of 100 and 200 meters. The wind tunnel collects wind power and at the same time, relieves the pressure on the glass curtain wall of the building, alleviating the adverse effects of wind around the building.

Another example, “hometown waterscape” in the White Swan Hotel renovation project, is a sustenance of humane feelings for many old Guangzhou-ers and oversea Chinese. The designer used“hometown waterscape” as an air-conditioning water curtain system. The low water temperature can both cool and de-humidify, virtually improving the environmental comfort and quality of public spaces.Finally, we hope to improve the indicators of green building standards, such as to improve the green 2-star and 3-star ratio in regional scale, put forward land-energy consumption indicators, increase the mixing feature in land parcels and propose a guiding index on the sponge city. The purpose is to improve the quality of the total environment and,in turn, affect and promote the transformation of industries from the end of construction.

Q2 You have deeply involved in many projects in Pazhou E-commerce Zone.Could you talk about relationship between buildings and buildings , buildings and cities, on the level of urban design? What are the requirements on architectural design for the city?

2)波速变化与冲击危险性的关系。大量的现场实测表明，冲击地压往往发生在高应力区和高应力梯度异常变化区。在煤矿，受煤岩地质及开采条件的影响，不同开采区域煤岩层的结构及应力集中程度都存在很大的差异，煤岩结构或应力的剧烈变化均表现出高波速梯度的异常特征。高波速异常区更容易产生应力局部化，因此也更容易发生冲击地压，且应力梯度越大，发生冲击的可能性和严重程度也越高。

Pazhou E-commerce Zone is an area where international architects gather. However, urban design belongs to an era without star architects. It requires architects modestly submit to the requirements of the overall environment. Just as in a symphony orchestra, the chief planner is like the conductor of the band. His most important task is to coordinate the voices of various musical instruments. This is a new beginning for many city managers and architects. The scope, methods and intensity of planning and management are still being explored.

First of all, to control the landscape of urban architecture, a good waterfront skyline should be complete, full of rhythm and reflect the cultural context of the city history. Clustered landmarks are used to command the city skyline, forming a rich level of spaces with lower buildings in the front and higher ones behind. The plan tends to coordinate high-quality general building, with “ Star Buildings” only as individual. The “square box”, taking the shade, rich technical quality and humanistic connotation into account, makes a greater contribution to the urban spatial form than a weird building. The light design that expresses the nature of a building is far more elegant and superior to that full of advertisements in the night.

Second, small block and dense road network.This strategy of land-use planning brings vitality together with problems such as the excess of intersections, entrances and excuses for motor vehicle.The industry in Pazhou E-commerce Zone belong to innovative industries and young labor-intensive industries with large traffic demand.

The lag of public transport such as railways will further aggravate the traffic pressure. Ways to solve this problem include connecting underground garages, increasing the number of waterbuses and short-distance shuttle buses that can be connected into the rail transport system, set share bicycles,etc.

In addition to Pazhou project, there is a typical case. There is a Wuxianmen power plant site on Henderson’s Land next to Haizhu Square. The Wuxianmen plant was founded in 1900 by British businessmen, and designed by Australian architect Arthur Parne. In the protective design we added a requirement that the near-line rate is higher than 70% . The intent of urban design is to repair the missing urban interface and to strengthen the connection between new and old buildings on the riverside, providing the pedestrians with a continuous,accessible pedestrian walkway. However, the architect in charge of renovation raised objections from different perspectives. He hoped to fully display the facade of the old building, hoping that the old and the new would be separated rather than connected.The two opinions do not save the contradictions in public interest. The key difference is the contradiction between cognitive values and cognitive scales.The best angle to appreciate the building facades is in or across the river, so within the land a urgent problem is to promote the formation of urban public interface and improve the comfort of walking.With a comfortable environment, people would be more willing to reach the waterfront and the public space of Wuxianmen power plant to gain a better understanding of the history of Guangzhou.

Inspired by this example, urban design should leave the architect enough flexibility and space.The most important part of management process in urban design should be coordination- passing on the intent of the urban design to architects. Coordination is more important than creation. In turn,architects should take urban public interest and the individual value of the building into account when design. Simply put, architects could play better if they have an urban vision.

Q3 Please talk about the development of vitality in Guangzhou city public space.

The vitality of public space is people-centered,which can be found in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Humanistic science believes that human needs are divided into five levels from low to high: physical needs, security needs, social needs,respect needs and self-actualization needs. However, the study of spatial morphology has not been formalized, so our research is to explore a universal law that meets the above needs, including the concern of sustainability, safety, openness, mixture,identification, applicability of technical policies and cultural compatibility, as well as consideration of social issues such as historical and cultural protection, mixed living of people with different economic incomes and employment states.

Taking the creation of public space and street vitality as the goal, based on the rethinking of Modernism’s concept of functional division and traffic diversion between people and vehicles, we propose following new key words: near-line rate, 24-hour open walking corridor, accessibility, scale definition line, mixed function, integrated site design.

Behind these key words underlie several subtle lines include: encouraging the setting of pedestrian corridors that link to the ground floor commercial, vertical public transportation, accessibilities,municipal facilities and public transport; recommending cordial street standards; mixed development model of living, education and workplaces;encouraging public transportation and green travel;advocating the renovation of the old city and the”Three Old Project” activation and utilization. And it is also important for the promotion of community vitality to avoid and gradually eliminate urban diseases such as inaccessibility, traffic jams, low environmental quality, function and pedestrian traffic being separated by roads, rivers and rails,pendulum-like migrations and lack of security in communities.

For example, Taikoo Hui Commercial Avenue not only provides shopping space, but also introduces cultural activities to enhance the recognition of cultural sites and create a space for exchange and relaxation. At the same time, the commercial street links two subway lines and BRT bus lines.The commercial entrance to the south connects smoothly with the city streets. The height difference and barrier-free facilities are set indoors.The place worthy of public visiting starts from the study of psychological behavior and the implant of accessibility and functional openness.

Therefore, it can often regulate and change people’s behavior patterns and mental states so as to enhance the vitality and attractiveness of places,when the quality of the physical environment of a community is improved. All these measures to change the physical environment need to be people-oriented, starting from the most basic and minimal facilities.

Q4 Pearl River is the mother river in Guangzhou, please talk about the views of the waterfront space.

The river is very important to a city. The remodeling of the river and its riverbanks will lead to update and enhance the vitality of the waterfront of the city as a whole.

Ancient “six-pulse all directions sea, mountains and a half into the city,” the poem to describe the characteristics of Guangzhou urban landscape, and today our lives are getting away from the river,where is the problem? How can we return to the Pearl River waterfront space? This is also a question I have been thinking about. During the agrarian age, the Pearl River provides water for irrigation. During the commercial times, the Pearl River was an important transportation route. In the industrial age, she was the place of waste discharge. In the car era, she is a scenic spot for watching. Now,we need to re-examine what the river brings to us?

First of all, we would like to mention one word -RESPECT.

The Pearl River flows through four provinces,including Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong. It connects many cities in the province. More importantly, it is a huge ecological resource that gives birth to farmland and forests, provides surface water and necessary resources for urban development.Guangdong as the Pearl River estuary, the health status of its water quality directly affects the residents here. Therefore, we need to protect her with awe and fear.

The second word is discover, that we need to rediscover the Pearl River.

First, the problem of establishing a connection between a plaqueized urban center and a banded strip public space is still a matter of slow traffic accessibility; bio-island planning improves the Yunqiao within it, measures to reduce the speed of Huandao Road and make overall plans for social Parking measures and more.

Second, the introduction of functional and recreational activities, the introduction of tourism and leisure activities and the installation of service facilities (urban furniture and green municipal administration); the guideline of the landscape encourages two embankments and a floating island-like hydrophilic platform. The typical case is around Guangzhou Xinghai Music Hall on the Ersha Island. There is spontaneous music activities, there is also next to the Civic Stadium, which will come into being a lot of sports activities in the facilities inside, you can also have commercial profit facilities. What can be learned from Chicago’s Millennium Park and the Chicago River renovation, the urban public space features to the extreme. Squares, trails and open lawns are all conventional planning tools that combine entertainment, sports, fitness and display.

Third, recognition, that is, cultural identification and ecological identification. The history of the Pearl River is characterized by many cultural elements that can be extracted as public space elements. For example, the former Haizhu Stone,Pazhou Tower and so on, called the “Three Towers and Three Barriers Lockthe Pearl River”, is a total of three towers of Lotus, Pazhou and Chigang,as well as three stones called Haizhu, Haiyin and Fuqiu, if you can in the corresponding section to reproduce this history, in the waterfront will be a good embodiment of cultural identity.

Recognition also lies in the protection of the combination of updates. For example, the protection of the bio-island Chen’s Ancestral Hall can be combined with the waterfront to form a Zen-oriented health industry. Such as the development and utilization of waterfront industrial sites, open up the “cultural meridians”, the introduction of exhibitions, theaters, galleries, commercial, catering,from the industrial site to the transformation of cultural facilities.

Q5 In recent years, the new axis of Guangzhou City gradually formed axis,please talk about the relationship between architectural design and the spatial axis.

The formation and transformation of the central axis of a city is a symbol of the formation and development of the city, which reflects the inheritance and change of the city’s culture and history.Carrying different urban development stories,but also bear different urban functions. Even the spiritual and cultural life of the city taste.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the spatial pattern of Guangzhou’s urban space continued to change. Apart from expanding eastward along the Pearl River, Guangzhou also extended northward to form the central axes of the two cities, traditional and new. The traditional axis is located in the downtown area of Guangzhou,including Zhenhai Tower, Zhongshan Monument,Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Guangzhou Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee Office Building, Guangzhou Municipal People’s Government Office Building, People’s Park, Guangzhou City Origin, Guangzhou Liberation Monument,Haizhuqiaoan so on. Witnessed countless historical changes, the surrounding area kept the most abundant ancient and modern history and culture of Guangzhou, It is the deepest cultural heritage area of Guangzhou.

The new axis span north and south, a total length of 12 km. What we talk about today is mostly the midaxis line from Guangzhou East Railway Station,Tianhe Sports Center, Zhujiang New Town, arrived at the Guangzhou Tower beside the Pearl River.The new axis was developed after the reform and opening up in the 1990s. It is the representative of modern urban civilization in Guangzhou and erected many landmark buildings such as CITIC Plaza,Guangzhou Grand Theater, Guangdong Museum,Guangzhou New Library, East Tower, West Tower,Guangzhou Tower and so on. The new central axis is the center of Guangzhou’s business district,but also the cityscape main axis and the city’s living room.

Skyline control. The new axis as the Guangzhou card-style city open space, waist shape was drum shape. From the planning control point of view, the control of the building on the central axis is actually the same with the control of Riverside buildings, in addition to the formation of space outside the interface, the need for skyline control.

Coordinate co-ordination, economies of scale. Focus on the coordination of the relationship between the building, color, style, scale, etc., but also the night lights, but not stereotyped. There is a light festival in Guangzhou, but most of the buildings are superb.I believe if we can co-ordinate the formation of large-scale, the overall art or thematic performances,such as the music master Kitaro Lang with music,fountains, etc. contrast expressive lighting, certainly more shocking than the current state.

Off the hook, Central axis Park so good resources,we hope to have more ultra-low power consumption, high-star green building was born here, I hope she can become Guangzhou’s first sustainable green community.

Q6 What do you think of Guangzhou residents living habits? What is the impact of this feature on the formation and use of urban space?

Start with a relaxing topic. As the saying goes, “eat in Guangzhou,” from Guangzhou people’s point of view, morning tea, night snack and other food industry and the prosperity of Guangzhou’s climate characteristics are inseparable. They love to eat.

Space Form. Summer long sunshine, hot, fuggyand humid. Therefore, shade, ventilation is particularly important. From the perspective of the whole city, the traditional public space is facing the Pearl River. The temperature difference between the river surface and the central part of the city creates convection. The wind from the river surface brings a pleasant outdoor environment to the surroundings.Therefore, traditional ancestral shrines and open spaces are arranged on the waterfront, and the buildings are also growing along the normal direction of the riverbank. On the other hand, the layout of buildings shows a spatial pattern of “small blocks and dense road networks”.Due to unacceptable sunshine, narrow north-south through the streets formed cold lanes. It is the interior of the building, forming a hot sunny patio convection, creating a comfortable indoor environment.

Community layout. In the hot and long summer, for the modern city, excessive reliance on private cars will speed up the pollution and worsening of the environment. Therefore, it is more necessary to encourage slow walking system, improve walking comfort and shorten the walking distance. The planning of Guangzhou University City adheres to the concept of functional zoning in modernism. The living area is here and the teaching area is there. Very unhumanity, many teachers are reluctant to go to the distant canteen lunch at noon when it is hot. How to do? Changes may be made. Replaced by “college” system layout, the dining hall and dormitory is broken up, distributed to each teaching group. This is the mini-unit mode of hybrid function mentioned above. In the same way in cities, a mixed and centralized layout of work, life, education,medical care and service is unitized and multi-centered. Residents can never go out of this community, of course, this is a metaphor.

The impact of climate on the layout of the community can also affect the architectural features.Lingnan architectural emphasis on local conditions,passive energy conservation, advocates for the realization of green building through the design of the building’s own forms of space, envelope, building materials and construction, using controlled lighting(to avoid glare) and shade (building from shade,plant shade), passive ventilation (ventilation and air pressure ventilation), low-cost and effective energy-saving technologies such as thermal insulation and cooling (cold storage wall and ground, evaporation and cooling, and ventilation roof insulation)to improve the building to be more comfortable and energy-saving .

Q7 How do you think tourists and migrants influence Guangzhou’s urban characteristics?

Visitors and migrants should be in two different categories.

Tourists pay more attention to the cultural atmosphere and urban characteristics. They will look at some of the more beautiful aspects of the city, for example, the city’s iconic buildings, public node spaces, museums, tourist towers, parks, rivers,mountains, old historic buildings and more.

Migrant population is to live and work here, they will be more than tourists concerned about the area.They are not only concerned about the natural and cultural aspects, but also focus on the vitality of the city, economy and other factors, more diversified.Then they will also pay attention to the urban environment, natural environment, livability and the sustainability of the economic environment, such as some industrial policies, economic policies, talent policies and education policies of the government.

When it reffered to immigrant residents, the problem of urban villages must be talked about inevitably.This is also a historical memory of the development of cities in Guangzhou or the Pearl River Delta Region. Inside the village there is a lack of public space and a variety of dirty and messy environments, but it is also an inevitable existence of an urban historical development. In fact, the problem of retaining the city village turned out to be a concept that a U.S. architect gave advice to Guangzhou. He believes that the city village is a characteristic of Guangzhou, and he is hoping to retain this kind of life and urban form. But because of many realistic problems, there has been a very negative space.The idea of reservation is good, but what matters is that some people still live there, and there is a good quality of living environment. Problems such as protection, fire protection, energy conservation and supporting facilities need to be solved intelligently.Beijing Road, Dama Station and Xiaoma Station, or Liwan District, the kind of typical old urban areas have also begun to explore the protection and activation. I remember going to the Baiyun Airport on the road, you will see some villages and towns, the sun shines on the buildings, colorfully, ups and downs,and the facade of the windows are well-arranged.The beautiful scenery is just like a picture. You can understand the original intention of the American architect if you see the beautiful scenery of the village.

Being an architect or planner needs a little utopian spirit. Because if you do not have the ideal and the spirit to support you, it is impossible to achieve any original intention. At the planning level, there are too many variable factors, but time and energy are limited. Only with long-term and high pursuit, can we gradually achieve it. After all, this is a period of history, a very interesting city scene.

Q8 Please cite a case of Guangzhou’s most distinctive place, and explain the reasons.

The most unique place, in my opinion, which could represent the past Guangzhou is the Shameen. The ancient Guangzhou whichis known as “six-pulse all directions sea “, the entire city is naturally growing along the water. The roads in the old town of Guangzhou are not north-south roads, but are winding,parallel or vertical along the river creek.Shameen is the first to use the concept of grid planning in this area of Guangzhou.This is a typical modernist view of planning.Its street scale, public open spaces, and now remodeled parking in the park area, including the building ofthe White Swan Hotel, are quite Guangzhou-style. Many foreigners come to Shameen as soon as they come to Guangzhou. This is the most characteristic place of traditional Guangzhou.

The representative of modern Guangzhou, may be the area of the new axis. CTBUH’s president when he came to Guangzhou went to the East Tower first to see the entire Zhujiang New Town, and he can also enjoy the “waistline” (Canton Tower) here. The overall construction quality of Zhujiang New Town represents the level of modern urban planning and building development in Guangzhou in the recent 20 years.

It is the Pearl River that connects Guangzhou with the past, the present and the future. Therefore, it is necessary to enjoy the history of the entire Guangzhou by boat on the Pearl River when first visiting Guangzhou.