The United States once saw a “confusing”direction of the foreign aid development under the Trump administration. It was widely speculated that the US Agency for International Development(USAID), the Millennium Challenge Corporation(MCC) and the Peace Corps were all faced multiple pressure for reform, such as budget cuts,institutional restructuring, and staff adjustment.As Josephine Olsen was appointed by the White House in January 2018 as director of the Peace Corps, the Peace Corps 2018-2022 Strategic Plan was published, setting the general direction of the reform on US foreign aid volunteers. The Peace Corps, with an annual budget of nearly $400 million and up to 225,000 members dispatched to 141 countries all together, will continue its 57-year-oldtradition in constant reform and renewal along a set direction.

I. New Reform of the Peace Corps

The year 2018 marks the beginning of the new Five-Year Plan of the Peace Corps. Also, the adjustment and reform of foreign aid volunteers will begin this year, which will make the plan different from the pastfive years in many ways.

First of all, in terms of the aid budget scale and the number of members dispatched, the Trump administration has replaced the “massive expansion” strategy of the previous government with a “stable policy.” As early as 2010, the Obama administration proposed a target of 9,400 Peace Corps volunteers in 2012, and 11,000 in 2016. But contrary to expectations, Congress did not approve Obama’s request for budget increase. Since 2010, the Peace Corps’ budget had been reduced year by year, and the number of volunteers had dropped by 25% to only 6,818 in 2014, the lowest infive years. It was in 2016 that the budget increased for the first time in five years by 8%, and the number of dispatched volunteers rose to 7,213. The last five-year plan of the Peace Corps proposed to boost the number of dispatched volunteers to 10,000 by 2018 by continuously increasing the budget. However,the Trump administration filed a budget request of only $398 million in FY2018, $11.8 million(-2.9%) down from FY2017, and has already been approved by Congress. The target of expansion is difficult to achieve with such a budget. Thus we can basically conclude that the US Peace Corps under the Trump administration will register steady development and will not be the “focus” of US foreign aid reform.

Second, from the goals set in the 2018-2022 Strategic Plan, we can see the key tasks and reform directions of the Peace Corps in the next five years. The new plan restates the three strategic goals that have been pursued since the promulgation of the Peace Corps Act of 1961,and aligns them with the new era. Particular importance is attached to the third goal “Bringing the World Home”, which encourages Peace Corps volunteers to share their overseas experience after returning to the US and to continue volunteering,so as to increase Americans’ understanding of global issues and other cultures.

Four strategic objectives and two management objectives for 2018-2022 have also been set out in the new plan based on the strategic goals. The two types of objectives have specified the focus of adjustment and reform in the next five years in terms of volunteering itself and institutional management. Besides, each objective has its performance goals, including detailed numerical targets, and the responsibility of relevant executive department is also clearly stated.

③收益增加额减去项目总投资额后，第一年项目产生经济效益为804万元-527.43万元=276.57万元。

目前，进口钾到货量较低，库存持续消耗，市场可售现货偏紧；各方对钾肥大合同涨价预期较强，报价有不同程度提高；但钾肥实际需求仍无明显起色，市场多以观望为主。盐湖提价后，市场进入新价格消化期，将继续对钾肥市场起到支撑作用；国际钾肥市场仍呈现供应偏紧状态，贸易商涨价意愿较强。预计短期内国内氯化钾价格将保持高位坚挺、稳中探涨态势，重点关注国内钾肥大合同谈判情况。

The Peace Corps is a useful instrument for the US government to conduct public diplomacy and build up its international talent pool. For decades,the Peace Corps’ system has been constantly adjusted and improved to meet some “old problems” facing the volunteer team.

综上，《巴黎公约》所确立的反不正当竞争法基本规则与欧盟及TPP框架内反不正当竞争法在消费者利益保护维度上的发展，对于各国完善反不正当竞争法制以更好地规制新型竞争行为具有重要的参考意义，也必然会在更广泛的层面影响到该领域的国际协调。

II. Old Problems for US Foreign Aid Volunteers

The four strategic objectives are divided into 12 performance goals, some of which are worthy of particular attention, such as “Performance Goal 1.2: Assess the Peace Corps’ Impact”. Over the past few years, the Peace Corps has conducted a series of host country impact studies covering 24 countries, reviewing and assessing the local impact of the Program by interviewing peers,beneficiaries, host families, etc. Different from the host country impact study, the new plan proposes an all-round annual impact assessment which sums up excellent cases and experience across the globe, aiming to provide evidence and data in support of future strategic direction adjustment to improve the overall management of the Peace Corps. For example, the United States has always attached great importance to volunteers’learning and use of local languages in the belief that mastering the local language is of top priority for achieving the three Strategic Goals,and thus requires every Peace Corps volunteer to take a language test at the end of the twoyear overseas mission. “Performance Goal 2.3:Improve Language Learning” sets a clear target and specifies that the percentage of volunteers who achieve the “advanced” level of language proficiency should reach 40% in 2019. In addition,regarding “Performance Goal 3.1: Establish Realistic Expectations of Service”, it is stipulated that by FY 2020, the messaging should be highly consistent to establish realistic expectations of service for applicants. Interestingly, this goal is placed in the subsection of “Strategic Objective 3: Volunteer Resilience”. So it can be seen that the Peace Corps is currently facing a problem of excessive publicity during its recruitment, which to a certain extent “romanticizes” the work of the Program and frustrates the volunteers who have arrived at the destination, bringing a negative effect on the effectiveness of the service.

The first “old problem” is the difficult situation of volunteer team building. The Peace Corps is comprised of a large number of individuals with highly consistent goals who need to be managed according to a uniform standard. On the other hand, the volunteers come from a very diverse American society, and are sent to different countries and regions to work in various fields after short training. In the words of a US foreign aid expert, members of the Peace Corps are all“generalists”. Therefore, how to strike a balance between diversity and unity has always been a topic for the Peace Corps in the construction of personnel selection system.

大力推行纳税评估智能化，是完善纳税评估、提升税收管理质量效率、充分挖掘数据与信息资源的需要。实现纳税评估智能化关键是纳税评估信息与相关数据自动分析比对，实现方法主要是开发相关软件和应用程序。研发纳税评估智能化软件，无缝对接大数据库的同时，还应实现行业模型与软件的匹配结合，通过预先设定的税种勾稽关系、数据模型等，实现计算机自行比对计算。评估人员只要进行简单操作，如输入纳税人代码，软件即可自动运用征管系统中信息资料和数据。通过针对评估对象纳税行为进行数据化测算，对所评估对象作出更科学、准确的风险分析报告，为评估人员制定下一步行动方案提供参考。

The second “old problem” is the long-standing controversy about the term of volunteer service and the personnel composition. College graduates under the age of 30 contribute to more than 80%of the Peace Corps’ volunteer team. It is believed by some experts that the two-year term is too long for graduates today, discouraging many young talents from joining the Peace Corps,while some insist that the two-year period is a basic prerequisite for the goal of the Program,and that the reform should be focused on improving management and follow-up insurance rather than cutting down the service term. As for the personnel, some argue that more senior specialists should be dispatched in order to meet the growing demand for advanced technicians in developing countries. Although the Peace Corps recently plans to send Peace Corps Response, a team of experienced professionals for short-term assignments, from an objective perspective, the domestic labor structure of the US limits mass outbound dispatch of experienced professionals.

The third “old problem” is the security of volunteers throughout their service. After the September 11 attack, volunteers’ personal safety came to be a primary concern of the Peace Corps again. In consideration of the relatively remote regions in developing countries where volunteers work and live as well as the almost 7,000 members dispatched every year, security issues become a matter of probability. The death of the volunteer Kate Puzey in Benin in 2009 and the subsequent sexual assaults reported drew much attention of the American society, and stricter requirements have since been imposed on the safety management of the Peace Corps. These incidents eventually pushed Congress to pass the Kate Puzey Peace Corps Volunteer Protection Act named after the victim, providing legal protection for volunteers’ safety. Moreover, the medical security has always been highlighted. The US government has entrusted the International Medical Group (IMG) to manage the Program’s health care with considerable quantity of personnel ad funds invested, and has specially recruited employees to help volunteers apply for medical insurance coverage.

The last one is the management team building of the Peace Corps. The Program has been implementing afive-year rotation of managers. In other words, labor contracts for managerial staff need renewal every five years instead of being permanent. 20% of managers are rotated every year, and volunteers can apply for management positions after returning, which keep the team young while increase the professionalism of the management system. The Peace Corps also encourages its managers to take jobs in other institutions, constantly offering talents with Peace Corps experience to government departments,international organizations and universities, so as to expand its social influence. However, in recent years, the turnover rate of its managerial personnel has been higher than the planned 20%,bringing negative results such as insufficient labor in certain departments and poor social impressions. Therefore, the problems in the managerial personnel of the Peace Corps are also a focus of the recent reform.

III. Summary and Reflection

Since the inauguration of President Donald Trump, the Peace Corps has adhered to its historical traditions, insisting on incremental adjustment and steady growth, highlighting the sustainability of volunteer programs, improving effective and scientific management, and further addressing issues on volunteer composition and safety. The research on the Peace Corps should start with the goal system and management mechanism0, and should aim at an objective observation of the Program’s achievements and a clear understanding of common problems and challenges facing international volunteer programs, so as to avoid seeing only a fraction of the whole.