China is translating its vision of rural prosperity into reality

new era for china’s countryside aims to empower farmers, diversify agriculture and promote a green lifestyle

Wen Tiejun, 67, sees himself as a typical middle class man. Five years ago, very much a wealthy urbanite, he made a decision which shocked those around him by selling the family’s multi-million-yuan property in downtown Beijing and relocating to a village in southeast China’s Fujian Province.

“There is no pollution [here], only fresh air, clean water and safe food. This is [a better] life,” he told ChinAfrica.

That idyllic lifestyle was something Wen,an agricultural economics expert, found in abundance as a delegate to the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) Annual Conference 2018 on Hainan Island, especially the clean air, toplevel infrastructure and public services.

Wen’s decision to move to the countryside was mainly prompted by his growing love for rural life due to his career as an agricultural economist. In order to get closer to rural areas for his academic research, he quit his job in 2013 as head of the School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development with the prestigious Renmin University of China in Beijing, and joined the lesser known provincial Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. His reasons for the change were twofold. While seeking a better lifestyle, Wen wanted to achieve concrete results in his research on promoting rural revitalization, which aims to make agriculture a lucrative industry, to turn farming into an attractive profession and transform rural areas into beautiful places to live in.

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Rural prosperity vital

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in October 2017 highlighted rural issues and proposed the strategy of rural revitalization. A timetable and roadmap to translate the vision into reality were released two months later in the Central Rural Work Conference. “Revitalizing rural areas is a strategy China has made to adapt to new situations in its vast countryside,” said Han Changfu, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, at the conference.

1983 In January, a system of contracted responsibilities based on household with remuneration linked to output was first adopted in China in the agriculture sector.1984 In March, rural enterprises began to spring up.

However, the challenges of inadequate development in rural areas and urban-rural imbalances are significant. “Most notably, the quality of agriculture needs to be improved;the momentum to increase farmers’ income is weak; and the income disparity between urban and rural areas is still large,” said Han.

Rapid urbanization over the past few decades has seen the Chinese countryside lose its productive working-age residents and become desolated in some areas. The latest data by the National Bureau of Statistics showed that China’s migrant workers totaled 169 million in 2016, nearly 30 percent of the total rural population.

Efficient use of farmland is part of rural reform

Modern rural housing

40 years of rural reform in china

1978 Eighteen farmers in xiaogang village, in east Anhui Province, signed a secret agreement to divide communally owned farmland into pieces for each family to cultivate, which was called all-round contract, thus lighting the torch for China’s rural reform.

Rural areas and agriculture have entered a new era. Statistics by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs show that China’s annual grain output exceeds 600 million tons for the past five consecutive years. The annual per-capita disposable income in rural areas reached 13,432 yuan ($2,139). The contribution rate of technological advances in agriculture surpasses 66 percent, showing China’s agriculture is shifting from being resource driven to technology driven. In addition, public services and infrastructure in rural areas are also improving.

1985 In January, China started to reform its previous system of state monopoly for purchase and marketing of agricultural products.

1986 In January, rural areas embarked on the path of planned development of the commodity economy.

改革本来就是一个不断试错、不断探索的过程，通过试小错从而排除大错发生的可能性。特别是对一线干部在大胆创新、先行先试地改革浪抽中，如果没有“容错”的思维方式和支持做法，那势必会造成改革步伐的停滞不前和工作进度的畏手畏脚。

[14]TOSCHI, Praticarum conclusionum iuris, volume VI, Roma, 1604.

1993 In November, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council decided to extend the term for contracting lands for another 30 years upon expiration. In March, the Chinese Government initiated the poverty-alleviation program(1994-2000) to lift people above the poverty line by the end of the century.

2000 The CPC Central Committee and the State Council made a major decision to implement rural tax and fee reform.

2003 The Law on the Contracting of Rural Land came into effect, legalizing farmers’ long-term and secure land-use right for the first time.

2004 China established a direct subsidy system for farmers.

2017 The 19th CPC National Congress put forward the rural vitalization strategy.

11月5日4版《特朗普开启上任后首次亚太行》，其导语“为其出访时间最长的一次”，用“为其上任以来出访时间……”为准；特朗普的任期颇长，其未来出访时间的长短难预知。

2006 China’s 2,600-year-old agricultural tax was rescinded from January 1. On February 17, the special product tax and slaughter tax was abolished.

2007 In July, the State Council issued the notice to establish the Rural Subsistence Allowances System to cover all the qualified impoverished farmers nationwide.

2008 The Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee held in October set a goal to double farmers’per-capita net income by 2020 from the 2008 level.

2009 In August, the Chinese Government launched the pilot project of the new type of pension schemes for rural residents,which will achieve full coverage by 2020.

希望通过文章的阐述可以使得相关部门以及工作人员认识到这项工作的重要性，认知实践工作中所存在的问题，进而采取针对性与时效性的对策有效解决问题，实现工作效率的有效提升。

2015 In December, China proposed to expand supply-side structural reforms in agriculture.

以上两起谣言稍有点科学常识的人都能辨别，但前几年热炒的“碘盐致癌”论，则显得有科学性了。随着人们生活习惯和环境的改变，国家标准也会进行适当的调整，如2011年国家标准将食盐中碘含量从20-50mg/kg（mg/kg）调整为20～30 mg/kg，这本是正常的事情，却有人质疑道，是不是我们过去吃碘太多了？而碘摄入过多，会引起甲状腺癌，于是得出结论：我国居民过去吃碘太多，引起了甲状腺癌高发。其实，只要看一看国家食品安全风险评估中心的《中国食盐加碘和居民碘营养状况的风险评估》报告，就知道过去的碘摄入并未引起甲状腺癌高发。

1990 On February 12, the Ministry of Agriculture issued a document to provide support for the development of rural enterprises.

ed more than $2 billion to subsidize and award grassland ecological protection.China’s grain output totaled 571.1 billion kg.

2012 In January, the State Council issued the National Plan for Modern Agriculture Development (2011-15), putting forward the guiding principle and goal of developing modern agriculture.

2014 In November, the Chinese Government proposed to separate rural collective land ownership rights, contract rights and management rights, so as to further deepen the rural land system reform.

俄罗斯高校公共体育课程内容非常丰富，不仅包括基础体育、专业体育、竞技体育等，更注重实践训练教学，内容涉及身体发展、运动技能训练、卫生、饮食、休息、意志，以及道德品质训练等多个项目，体现了俄罗斯高校体育公共课内容设置的多样化和可选择性。普通的球类、田径类的传统体育项目，增加了轮滑、滑雪、溜冰、舞蹈等新兴体育项目。体育公共课程设置正在转向更富有趣味的项目：锻炼个人技能的内容，同时也涉及了公共安全等方面的课程等。俄罗斯中小学大纲中的内容包括体育知识、体育活动方法和身体完善等三部分内容组成。规定不同年级遵循不破坏大纲内容按学年分配的逻辑性，教学中不得超越国家教育标准要求。

2011 The Central Government invest

2016 China encouraged the development of the Internet-based modern agriculture so as to promote the transformation and upgrading of agricultural industrial chain through modern information technologies such as the Internet, cloud computing, big data and the mobile Internet.

The Central Rural Work Conference at the end of last year made a major strategic shift from a focus on urbanization over the past decades to achieving rural revitalization in the 21st century. “This is extremely important as it truly places agriculture and rural development as China’s priorities,”Wen said at the session on Marginalized Rural Asia during the BFA Annual Conference held from April 8 to 11.

2005 In October, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward the program of building a new socialist countryside.

Han said to promote the development of rural areas and agriculture in tandem with urban progress, the life of farmers needs to be improved. “China cannot be a strong country if there is desolation in rural areas,” he said.

For Wen, the rural population and market hold great potential for the future of a prosperous China. “Agriculture is the foundation of the nation. It is the reason why China has withstood one crisis after another, like the global financial crisis in 2008 and the devastating SARS epidemic in 2003,” said Wen.

Despite being imperative, it is no easy task to translate the vision of rural prosperity into reality. However, in rural matters, Wen is a problem solver. His solution is to introduce the concept of a “sixth industry” for farmers to increase their incomes from the businesses related to agricultural production in addition to their agricultural income, by cooperating with commercial and industrial sectors to integrate production, processing and marketing, and to combine agriculture with tourism and other service industries in rural areas. The concept was first created in Japan.

“Instead of treating agriculture as a single industry, the ‘sixth industry’ approach makes farmers gain wider added value and enables the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas,” Wen explained.He has adapted the concept so that it meets China’s local conditions.

工伤保险是一个涉及多领域的专项保险，如经济、法律、医学等，工伤保险管理应有一支专业化、高水平的经办队伍。可以通过内部网络建立一个学习平台，随时将工伤保险政策、法规及相关领域的知识更新，定期录制专家讲课视频，供经办人员学习；建立内部论坛，增进全国各地经办人员之间的沟通，相互学习，共同探讨。

“I like to call it a synthesis of recycling agriculture, innovative agriculture and immersive agriculture,” Wen said. According to his explanation, recycling agriculture means changing the way the sector develops, which currently focuses on dependence on the land and use of chemical fertilizers. Innovative agriculture means finding the cultural connotations in agriculture and using that to attract urban residents, young entrepreneurs and investors. Immersive agriculture aims to help farmers earn money from urban dwellers who want to experience agricultural and rural activities. “Fresh air, clean water and a beautiful landscape in rural areas are big assets, but were ignored in the past. Now,with urban residents demanding a green and idyllic lifestyle, these assets could be materialized,” he said.

To make the synthesis work, Wen believes China’s affluent middle class is vital. “They have the demands to consume such services and possess the necessary capital and expertise in management and sales,” he explained. According to the Global Wealth Databook 2016 released by the Switzerland-based Credit Suisse Research Institute, China has the largest middle class in absolute number, totaling 109 million.

revitalizing rural areas is a strategy china has made to adapt to new situations in the vast countryside.

HAN CHANGFU Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs

Empowering farmers

However, despite the important role the middle class can play in future rural and agricultural development, this does not mean that farmers will be marginalized.The plan is to empower farmers so that they can reap the added value accrued by them.

何东权筝进到里面才发现，办个登记还得排队，而且队还挺长，俩人老老实实在队尾坐下。这一等不要紧，还就等出事儿来了。在那儿傻坐半天，何东脑子能闲着吗？还是昨天晚上那问题：登，还是不登？

表1显示，“归属”资源为“包容”资源的近两倍。“包容”主要由三类成分实现，情态动词占比最大，其中“will”的出现频率最高，占82.12%；情态副词和设问句的出现频率都很低，合计只占不到3%。“归属”的主要实现形式包括转述动词、涉及心理活动的动词和转述他人观点的状语；其中转述动词（如say,add,sign等）频率最高，仅“say”及其变体就占62.85%。“归属”中的“承认”占 90%以上，而“疏远”则寥寥无几。

2.3.2 药物因素 在对危重患者实施治疗的过程中，某些药物可导致患者出现一系列不良心理反应。如使用利多卡因治疗心律不齐，当静脉滴注速度达到4 mg/min时，大部分患者可出现谵妄等精神症状［5］。将巴比妥类，抗胆碱能药(尤其是东莨菪碱)作为术前用药，将增加麻醉苏醒期兴奋、烦躁的发生率。氯胺酮麻醉后的患者发生情感改变的概率较高，因麻醉性镇痛药引起的苏醒延长，常用纳洛酮进行拮抗，但纳洛酮同时会逆转阿片激动剂的所有作用，包括镇痛。患者会突然出现疼痛，引起明显的交感神经兴奋等［14］。

To this end, they need expertise and insurance. The good news is that businesses are keen to get involved. Among them is the New Hope Group, a leading private agricultural enterprise from southwest China’s Sichuan Province. “My company will provide financial support to train 100,000 farmers in the next five years,” Liu Yonghao, Chairman of New Hope, announced at the BFA, adding that the company will also invest 50 billion yuan ($7.96 billion) to support other projects under the rural revitalization strategy over this period.

In addition, “insurance will help rural businesses weather natural or market losses through risk control,” said Miao Jianmin,President of the People’s Insurance Company (Group) of China Ltd. The company is also participating in the establishment of a social security network in rural areas so that low-income rural residents will be able to avoid suffering impoverishment brought about by market uncertainties and natural disasters.

除此之外，民间故事亦为民俗种属之一。民俗学界公认，民间故事属于民俗事象，日本民俗学家柳田国男将其归入语言艺术之列，与生活诸相和心意现象并列。我国民俗学家钟敬文将归属为语言民俗之一。他认为民俗是中、下层民间文化的一部分，分为四部分：物质民俗、社会民俗、精神民俗、语言民俗。其中语言民俗包括民俗语言和民间文学。民间故事属于民间文学中的叙事形式。

To support startups by rural households and migrant workers in the agriculture-related sector, the company has tailored micro finance services by combining insurance and financing. “For example,startups can use their insurance policies as collateral for acquiring loans,” said Miao.

These support services have borne fruit.According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, as of 2017, there had been 7 million migrant workers and university graduates who had returned to their hometowns and started agriculture-related businesses. The number is on the rise, something that is sure to motivate Wen in his ongoing quest. ca