Keywords are one of the best ways to understand a country. In China, with the rapid development in different areas, the keywords keep changing. ChinAfrica presents a selection of prevailing keywords to help readers understand China better.

The Targets and Requirements for Completing the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects

Proceeding from the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, as laid out at the 16th and 17th National Congresses of the Communist Party of China(CPC), the 18th CPC National Congress proposed the new goal of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the year 2020. The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20) further spelled out and clarified the targets and requirements for doing so.

Specifically, these include:

• carrying out in-depth reforms in all respects by continuing development and focusing on better development quality and performance;

• maintaining a medium-high rate of economic growth while elevating industries to medium-high standards, so that GDP and per-capita urban and rural incomes both double their 2010 levels by the year 2020;

In light of this, China has designated October 17 of each year as Poverty Alleviation Day. It will step up its efforts and mobilize all sectors from across society to combat poverty. It will promote in-depth anti-poverty development, make continued efforts on poverty alleviation, and help the poor to lift themselves out of poverty as soon as possible. It will steadily work toward ensuring that the poor need not worry about basic necessities, ensure their access to mandatory education, basic health care and housing, and strive to accelerate socioeconomic development in impoverished areas.

• improving the standard of living and quality of life of the people, completing the basic rebuilding of shantytowns within the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan,and, by the year 2020, lifting all those below the current poverty line out of poverty and enabling all impoverished counties to be removed out of that category, thus eliminating region-wide poverty;

At its Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, which was held on November 9-12, 2013, the CPC stated that the overarching goal of comprehensively expanding in-depth reform is to re fine and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, and to modernize the national governance system and capabilities.The governance system and capabilities of a country are embodied in its institutions and the ability of its institutions to execute.

• Work must be done according to more clearly-de fined institutional guidelines;

China’s national governance capabilities are de fined by its ability to use these institutions to manage various aspects of society, including reform, development and stability; internal affairs, foreign relations and national defense; and governance of the Party, the nation and the armed forces.

教师队伍的质量一定程度上决定人才培养的质量。在当前以经济为中心的环境中，高职院校教师的经济收入、福利待遇等均不如重点普通高校，其付出与收入不成正比，其劳动价值没有得到充分体现，致使部分教师工作主动性缺乏，提高教学水平的愿望不强，新制度新法规学习不深，自身思想素质和业务能力还有些差距。另外，由于校企合作深度不够，流于形式，教师深入到制度规范、业务全、设备比较完备的大中型企业培训交流机会少，实践经验欠缺。

• using reform and opening up to promote institutional reforms, so that by the year 2020, major progress can be made in the modernization of the national governance system, fundamental institutional systems in all sectors will have taken shape, and institutions in all aspects will be more mature and more fully formed.

Making Decisive Efforts to Combat Poverty

There have been great achievements in China’s socioeconomic development over the 40 years of reform and opening up.Several hundred million people have been lifted out of poverty,accounting for over 70 percent of global poverty alleviation during this period.

China’s national governance system, led by the CPC, is a system of institutions for managing the country. These include economic, political, cultural, social, ecological and Party development mechanisms and institutions, as well as laws, regulations and plans. These are a complete set of tightly linked and coordinated national institutions.

However, because it is a large country where different areas have different conditions for development, there are still considerable numbers living in poverty, and much remains to be done in poverty alleviation.Using an alleviation standard of an annual net income of 2,300 yuan ($366) per capita for farmers, there are still 55.75 million poor people in China’s rural areas. This shows that poverty alleviation work has entered the stage of tackling the hardest tasks.

跟我学汉语——《汉语知识及日常用语》。结合日常生活所需编写汉语教材，将知识介绍及日常用语教学融为一体，实用性好、参与度高。可涉及衣食行住、礼仪文化乃至时事政治。拟借鉴《英语900句》或《跟我学英语》。

很多的当代研究指出，迈向或在B箱的学习经历，是非常有效的方法，应多加使用。由于要自己动手，须积极探索与主动设计学习，这些方法都可以有效提升学生学习兴趣与成效。

Modernizing the National Governance System and Capabilities

• significantly raising the cultural caliber of the people and of civil behavior in society, and basically completing a system of public cultural services by the year 2020;

树木苗木伪植是提高成活率的最基本的工作。当地的苗木应尽可能选择在拟种植，以减少运输时间和水的树苗损失，从而有利于树苗的成活。种植前，应适当设置根部，防止病虫害发生。此外，幼苗的根可以用生根粉等药剂保护，从而降低幼苗死亡率。在育苗过程中，幼苗的根应充分扩大，这有利于氧气和水的渗透。对于不同的树木类型，可以选择合适黑龙江北方的肥料来帮助树木生长。

《国标》规定英语专业课程体系包括通识教育课程、专业核心课程、专业方向课程、实践教学环节和毕业论文五个部分（教育部高等学校教学指导委员会，2018）。文化类课程涉及专业核心课程和专业方向课程。在“国标”的课程体系中，跨文化交际、英语国家社会与文化是英语专业核心课程，专业方向课程是“社会文化”（王巍巍，仲伟合，2017）。《国标》只是一个方向，一个原则，不是教学大纲，不能提供全部课程。文化类专业核心课程应该构成文化主体部分，而专业方向课程应该是在核心课程基础上，扩大内涵和外延，增加广度和深度的课程。“社会文化”不是具体课程名称，而是课程类别，各类院校可根据自身情况，优化专业方向课程组合。

完善科研项目经费预算管理，首先要提高项目负责人和财务部门对项目预算的认识，再依据实际情况编制更加科学合理的科研项目经费预算和按照规定流程调整预算。

1.3统计学意义本研究使用的统计学软件为SPSS12.0,计量资料主要是使用χ±s表示,组间对比则通过t检验,存在统计学意义则以P<0.05表示。

More emphasis must be given to strengthening governance capabilities:

• improving the overall quality of the eco-environment and promoting green development and green lifestyles;

• There must be a stronger awareness of acting in accordance with the law;

• We must be adept at using institutions and laws to manage the country;

• All institutional strengths should become national governance capacities;and

• The Party’s ability to govern scientifically,democratically and in accordance with the law must be improved.

Modernizing the national governance system and capabilities is a requirement for re fining and developing Chinese socialism, and it is necessary for achieving socialist modernization.

Enabling the Market to Play a Decisive Role in Resource Allocation and Making the Government’s Role More Effective

At the Third Plenary Session of its 18th CPC Central Committee, the CPC stated that the market should play a decisive role in resource allocation, and that the government should play a more effective role. Letting the market determine resource allocation is a general rule of economics, and the perfecting re fining of a socialist market economy must abide by this rule. We must work to address such problems as the imperfections in the market system, excessive government interventions, and supervision that falls short; we must maximize bene fits and optimize ef ficiency by promoting mechanisms which rely on the market to allocate resources. The idea of letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation is a continuation and extension of the concept of letting it play a “fundamental role,” a concept which had been used for the previous 20 years. This new formulation helps the entire Party and society to correctly understand the relationship between the government and the market; it helps transform the mode of economic development; and it helps transform government functions.

The market is, of course, an “invisible hand” as well as a “merciless whip.”It creates competition and accounts for initiative in socioeconomic activities,but at the same time, its spontaneity and blindness can result in market failures, making it necessary for the government’s “visible hand” to play a role. The government’s responsibility and function are primarily to maintain macroeconomic stability, to improve and optimize public services, to ensure fair competition,to strengthen market oversight, to maintain market order, to foster sustainable development, and to promote joint prosperity, thereby compensating for market failures. ca