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三阴性乳腺癌的辅助治疗进展

更新时间:2016-07-05

三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是一种特殊类型的乳腺癌亚型,占所有乳腺癌的15%~20%[1]。其分子特点为雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)以及人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)表达均为阴性,由Bryan等[2]于2006年首次明确提出这一概念。TNBC的恶性程度高、侵袭性强、复发率高、治疗手段有限,故预后较差,对内分泌治疗及抗HER2靶向治疗均不敏感。在手术治疗的基础上,目前临床公认化疗是TNBC主要的辅助治疗手段,但疗效仍欠满意。本文就TNBC的治疗进展作一综述。

结构的地基与基础之间的接触问题是土木工程学研究的重要领域。地基与基础是一个整体,在荷载作用下二者的交界处会产生相互作用力及相关联的位移。很多实际的工程问题,如建筑物筏板基础、高速公路、机场跑道、动力设备基础等,都可视为板与地基的接触问题。

在原料(g)∶水(mL)∶氨水(mL)为1.00∶1.75∶0.55、反应温度为80℃、搅拌速度为100r/min、自然冷却6h的条件下,改变反应时间,考察其对直收率的影响,结果如图4所示,并进行了XRD和SEM分析。

1 化疗

临床上,将蒽环类及紫杉醇类药物纳入TNBC辅助化疗方案已基本达成共识,但总体预后仍较差,而铂类药物的疗效仍无确切证据证明。研究显示,与环磷酰胺+表柔比星+氟尿嘧啶基础上序贯多西他赛相比,环磷酰胺+表柔比星+卡培他滨基础上序贯多西他赛和卡培他滨可以提高乳腺癌患者的无复发生存率(P=0.018)[3]。研究报道,TNBC患者采用以蒽环类和紫杉类为基础的新辅助化疗后的病理完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)率明显高于非TNBC患者[4-5]。研究表明,乳腺癌易感基因1(breast cancer susceptibility gene 1,BRCA1)突变的TNBC患者对铂类更为敏感[6],4个疗程单药顺铂化疗可使其pCR率达到22%[7]。晚期姑息化疗的TNBC患者对于蒽环类和紫杉类药物多已耐药,而吉西他滨和顺铂因具有协同效应可作为治疗选择[8-9]。化疗药物与分子靶向药物结合的临床试验也在广泛开展中。

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2 分子靶向治疗

2.1.2 Iniparib一项Ⅱ期临床试验纳入123例TNBC患者,将其随机分为吉西他滨+卡培他滨治疗组和吉西他滨+卡培他滨+Iniparib治疗组,结果显示后者具有更高的临床获益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)(33.9%vs 55.7%)和客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)(32.3%vs 52.5%),无进展生存时间(progression-free survival,PFS)及总生存时间(overall survival,OS)亦有所延长(3.6个月vs 5.9个月,P=0.012;7.7个月 vs 12.3个月,P=0.014)[14]。另一项Ⅱ期临床试验结果提示,对于BRCA1/2突变的TNBC患者,Iniparib新辅助化疗的疗效显著[15]。一项Ⅲ期临床试验结果表明,Iniparib联合吉西他滨及卡培他滨用于乳腺癌治疗对于PFS及OS并无明显的临床获益,可能与其缺乏PARP酶活性有关[16]。另外一项纳入642例TNBC患者的Meta分析结果提示,Iniparib联合化疗组的PFS和OS较单独化疗组患者均延长(P=0.002,P=0.03)[17]

2.1 多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶

依维莫司是一种PI3K/AKT/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,MTOR)通路阻断剂,其联合紫杉醇及蒽环类药物化疗的一项Ⅱ期临床试验纳入了50例TNBC患者,结果显示依维莫司联合治疗较单用紫杉醇及蒽环类药物可提高临床有效率(48%vs 30%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),pCR并无获益[39]

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Lehmann等[1]通过对587例TNBC患者的基因芯片数据进行聚类分析,将其分为6种亚型:基底细胞样1型(basal-like 1,BL1)、基底细胞样2型(basal-like 2,BL2)、免疫调节亚型(immunomodulatory,IM)、间充质型(mesenchymal,M)、间充质干细胞样亚型(mesenchymal stem-like,MSL)和管腔雄激素受体亚型(luminal androgen receptor,LAR)。DNA损伤修复基因突变在TNBC中最为常见,包括TP53RB1BRCA1等基因的缺失。75%~80%的TNBC表现为BL亚型,而54%的BL并不表现在TNBC分子分型中[10]。Lehmann等[1]对各分子分型的TNBC进行体外药敏实验,结果发现各亚型细胞系的药物敏感性不同,这为探索针对不同分子亚型的TNBC选择有效的分子靶向治疗提供了依据。

2.1.3 维利帕尼(Veliparib)一项评价维利帕尼联合卡铂及紫杉醇治疗BRCA1/2突变晚期TNBC患者的Ⅱ期临床试验发现,维利帕尼组患者的ORR高于对照组(77.8%vs 61.3%),PFS(14.1个月vs 12.3个月)和中位OS(28.3个月vs 25.9个月)均长于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)[18],可能与样本量较小有关。另有研究表明,维利帕尼联合卡铂新辅助化疗治疗TNBC的pCR率较单用卡铂高,差异有统计学意义(51%vs 26%,P<0.05)[19]

2.1.4 TalazoparibTalazoparib具有抑制PARP及阻断其作用的双重机制。一项Ⅰ期临床试验结果显示,Talazoparib在BRCA突变乳腺癌中的疗效显著,ORR为33%[20]

2.2 血管内皮生长因子

PD-L1抑制剂Atezolizuma治疗转移性TNBC患者的Ⅰ期临床试验提示,8%的患者出现3~4级不良反应,9例可评价疗效患者的ORR达33%[46]。另有研究显示,抗PD-L1药物Avelumab治疗TNBC的客观反应率达44.4%[47]

2.3 人类表皮生长因子受体

近年来肿瘤免疫治疗逐渐成为研究热点。高表达肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)的TNBC患者接受免疫治疗可取得较好的疗效[42]。细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)及程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PDCD1,也称 PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体 1(programmed cell death 1 ligand-1,PDCD1LG1,也称PD-L1)在调控肿瘤免疫的过程中发挥重要作用。CTLA-4可提高CD8+T细胞的抗肿瘤活性,抑制T细胞调控肿瘤免疫的功能[43]。PD-1可通过结合PD-L1及PD-L2负面调控T细胞,从而抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应[44]。PD-L1在20%~30%的TNBC患者中表达,其与TIL及肿瘤高浸润率有关。因此,PD-1和PD-L1可作为治疗TNBC的新靶点。一项ⅠB期临床试验评价PD-1单克隆抗体派姆单抗(Pembrolizumab)(10 mg/kg,静脉注射,每周2次)在32例晚期TNBC患者中的疗效,结果发现患者的耐受状况较好,合并轻度关节肌肉疼痛、疲劳、皮疹等,治疗反应明确,出现治疗反应的中位时间为18周[45]

2.4 PI 3K/AKT/MTOR通路

磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB,又称AKT)在约10%的TNBC患者中过度表达,这一通路可发生PIK3CA突变、肿瘤抑癌基因INPP4BPTEN缺失、AKT过表达、AKT3异位等不同类型的基因突变[38]。针对此通路的临床试验大多在进行中,目前尚无有意义的治疗结果推出。

BRCA1和乳腺癌易感基因2(breast cancer susceptibility gene 2,BRCA2)作为两种重要的抑癌基因,其缺失可导致DNA损伤[11]。超过75%的TNBC患者存在BRCA1缺失[12]。多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP]在 DNA 损伤机制中发挥重要作用,PARP抑制药可通过靶向治疗BRCA1/2突变的TNBC而发挥疗效。

2.5 雄激素受体阻断药

研究显示,约10%的TNBC为LAR亚型,以高表达管腔型基因和雄激素受体及下游靶基因为特点,因此抗雄激素治疗可作为此分型的靶向治疗[1]。一项Ⅱ期多中心临床试验评价了口服非甾体类抗雄激素药物比卡鲁胺(Bicalutamide)在转移性雄激素受体阳性的TNBC患者中的临床疗效,结果提示应用比卡鲁胺后6个月的CBR为19%,中位PFS为12周[40]。另外一种雄激素受体阻断药恩杂鲁胺(Enzalutamide)同样在两阶段Ⅱ期临床试验中发挥积极疗效,在第一阶段,16周以上CBR可达42%;在第二阶段,16周以上CBR为35%,PFS可达14.7周[41]

2.6 免疫治疗

人类表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)可促进肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移及血管形成等,超过50%的TNBC患者存在EGFR高表达,但抗EGFR抗体治疗的疗效有限,证据尚不确切[33]。EGFR抑制剂西妥昔单抗联合顺铂治疗TNBC的Ⅲ期临床试验(BALI-1)结果显示,联合治疗的ORR为20%,与单用顺铂的10%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)[34]。另一种EGFR抑制剂帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)联合紫杉醇及卡铂应用于14例晚期TNBC患者的Ⅱ期临床试验提示,其ORR为46%,中位OS为2.4个月,中位PFS为3.6个月[35]。帕尼单抗联合卡培他滨及吉西他滨治疗转移性TNBC的Ⅱ期临床试验结果提示,中位PFS为4.4个月,中位随访时间为11个月,ORR为42%[36]。一项评价西妥昔单抗联合伊立替康及卡铂治疗转移性乳腺癌对比单用伊立替康及卡铂治疗疗效的临床试验结果提示,化疗联合西妥昔单抗治疗的效果优于单独化疗[37]

2.1.1 奥拉帕尼(Olaparib)一项纳入BRCA1/2突变的Ⅱ期临床试验将54例晚期乳腺癌患者随机平均分为两组,分别接受两种奥拉帕尼口服剂量(400 mg和100 mg,bid),患者的总有效率分别为41%和22%[13]。这一研究为奥拉帕尼治疗BRCA1/2突变的乳腺癌提供了有利的证据。

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在TNBC患者中高表达,并在肿瘤侵袭、增殖及转移的过程中发挥重要作用。一项Meta分析结果提示,贝伐珠单抗联合化疗组乳腺癌患者的中位生存期长于单独化疗组患者(8.1个月vs 5.4个月,P<0.05),而OS并未获益[21]。RIBBON-2临床试验结果显示,传统化疗联合贝伐珠单抗组TNBC患者的PFS明显长于单独化疗组患者(6.0个月vs 2.7个月,P<0.01);OS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)[22]。舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)和索拉非尼(Sorafenib)是血管内皮细胞生长因子受 体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)。一项Ⅲ期临床试验提示,多西他赛联合舒尼替尼组乳腺癌患者的ORR明显高于单用多西他赛化疗组(55%vs 42%,P=0.001);两组患者的PFS比较,差异无统计学意义(8.6个月vs 8.3个月,P=0.265)[23]。另一项Ⅲ期临床试验提示,舒尼替尼应用于一线治疗失败的乳腺癌患者的PFS(2.8个月vs 4.2个月)及OS(15.3个月vs 24.6个月)均短于卡培他滨治疗,故试验已终止[24]。Ⅲ期RESILIENCE试验纳入537例晚期或转移性HER2阴性的乳腺癌患者,结果提示卡培他滨联合索拉非尼组与单用卡培他滨组患者的中位PFS和中位OS比较,差异均无统计学意义(5.5个月vs 5.4个月,P=0.406;18.9个月vs 20.3个月,P=0.930)[25]。而索拉非尼联合紫杉醇一线治疗[26-28]以及二线治疗(联合吉西他滨或卡培他滨)[28-31]乳腺癌的结果提示,二线治疗患者的PFS延长(P=0.02),但OS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Ramucirumab为一种抗VEGFR抗体,一项有关HER2阴性转移性乳腺癌的Ⅲ期临床试验提示,多西他赛联合Ramucirumab治疗对乳腺癌患者的PFS及OS均无改善,而不良反应明显增加[32]

2.7 其他

2.7.1 FGFR抑制剂成纤维细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1,FGFR1)在约9%的TNBC患者中表达,而FGFR2仅在4%的TNBC患者中表达,二者在肿瘤细胞的分化、增殖、凋亡及转移等过程中发挥重要作用,成为肿瘤个体化治疗的新靶点[48],目前还没有评价FGFR抑制剂疗效的临床试验结果报道,期待进行中的临床试验结果(NCT02202746)。

2.7.2 C-kit抑制剂研究表明,C-kit基因存在于11%~31%的BL亚型乳腺癌中[49-50],C-kit过度表达提示患者可能会从TKI中获益,但目前并没有C-kit过度表达与C-kitPDGFRA基因突变存在相关性的证据,只有少量乳腺癌患者应用C-kit抑制剂伊马替尼(Imatinib)治疗有效[51]。一项研究统计了171例TNBC患者的C-kit过表达率为42.1%,但只检测到一种突变[52]。达沙替尼(Dasatinib)是另一种抑制Src和ABL激酶以及C-kit基因的小分子,可能作为针对C-kit阳性TNBC患者的潜在分子靶向药物[53]

1.2.4 操作简便。以小型植保无人机为例,因其是现代农业生产中常见无人机类型,具有体积小、质量轻、便于保养、成本低和操作简便的优势,仅借助简单练习即可对无人机予以操作[4]。

2.7.3 Notch信号抑制剂乳腺癌Notch信号通路的异常激活与肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡以及肿瘤干细胞的活性有关。阻断Notch信号通路可能对TNBC的治疗具有积极作用。目前相关临床试验均在进行之中。

3 中医药治疗

中医药治疗作为传统的医疗手段,在晚期恶性肿瘤的治疗中发挥着重要作用。乳腺癌属于中医学中“乳岩”“乳石痈”等范畴,其病因病机为外因六淫内侵,内因先天禀赋不足,后天失养,肝气郁滞,邪毒结于乳络而成[54]。TNBC的病机是本虚标实,本虚以脾胃虚弱、肝肾亏虚为主,标实主要为气滞、痰凝、血瘀、邪毒[55]。中医学根据“虚则补之,实则泻之”的原则,以“截断扭转”防止复发转移[56];化疗属于热毒,治病同时亦可引起正气损伤,气血不和,脾胃升降失常(即恶心呕吐等胃肠道反应),化疗期间中医药治疗以扶正为主,尤注意顾护胃气。国内已有相关研究报道提示,中药缩金胶囊联合胸腺五肽以及口服蒺藜补肾合剂等中成药治疗TNBC,可以显著改善免疫学指标,提高患者的生活质量,降低复发率,改善预后[57-58]。同时晚期肿瘤的中药治疗已在临床积极开展,中(成)药能够减轻化疗过程中的不良反应,同时可以延长患者的带瘤生存时间。祖国传统医学博大精深,个体化用药特点显著,临床用于统计的病例数较少,因此有待于进一步分类研究。同时抗肿瘤中成药的研发亦需积极推进,为TNBC的治疗提供更多有效的选择。

(1)对比了美国规范、欧洲规范英国规范、加拿大规范在板柱结构中节点、边节点和角节点开洞时的受冲切承载力设计公式中所考虑的影响参数比中国规范更加全面和细化。

综上所述,TNBC是一种预后较差的异质性疾病,可在手术治疗及传统辅助化疗的基础上进行靶向治疗。随着各期临床试验的开展及结果发布,相信会有更多的分子靶向药物逐步推出并应用于临床,而中医药治疗作为晚期肿瘤促免疫及扶正治疗的有力辅助,同样发挥着重要的支持作用。

参考文献

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于琦,王钢乐
《癌症进展》 2018年第9期
《癌症进展》2018年第9期文献

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