Between New Knowledge and Old Tradition:Zhang Taiyuan and the May Fourth Generation

（CHAN Hok Yin）

Zhang Taiyan had a close yet conflicting relationship with the development of May Fourth.During the May Fourth period，there were one to two generations who were heavily influenced by Zhang.Yet，they struggled to free themselves from Zhang’s influence in the face of dramatic social changes.They aimed to replace old tradition with new knowledge.They endeavored to recreate their dream of a“renewed civilization”by doubting antiquity，discarding Chinese characters，and revising all values.This paper investigates the academic exchanges between Zhang Taiyan and the first and second May Fourth generations.There is also a review on the criticisms and comments they made on each other.By carrying out this investigation，it enables us to see that their cultural awareness or academic approaches differed.However，in the face of national crisis，they maintained many similarities as they shared the hope of rebuilding a better country and establishing a new society.At the same time，this paper studies some academic ideas formed in the late Qing and early Republican era which could shed light even on today’s world.

On the Discussion of Gu Jiegang and "Ancient History Debate"from the Perspective of Methodology

（HU Fengxiang）

The “Ancient history Debate”movement，which took place in the 1920s，is usually considered as a new model for the use of Western scientific methods in the study of Chinese ancient history.However，the practice of Gu Jiegang reveals that it is the product of the combination of modern scientific ideas and local scholarship methods.From the point of view of narrow methodology，it still belongs to the“document tracing method”and the folklore method of traditional historiography.The “Ancient history Debate”，employing aggressive and progressive measures，reveals all kinds of errors recorded in the traditional ancient history，sweeps away the doubts of the old ideas，and arouses the enthusiasm of the whole academia to study and reconstruct the ancient history with scientific methods.Although its methodology still has a variety of deficiencies，the reflection on it can also give people enlightenment.According to these，it is not too much to say that“Ancient history Debate”is the prelude to the construction of Chinese modern scientific ancient history system.

此外，在限幅机构与探测器一同飞行工作阶段以及钻取采样作业全工作过程中，限幅机构将受到随机的振动载荷以及钻具的横向负载：

基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式就是把传统的教学模式进行翻转，借助基于互联网的微课教学资源重新建立起来的教学活动结构框架和活动程序[3]。在翻转课堂的具体实施时，主要要处理好课前、课内、课后三个教学阶段之间的衔接与整合，以达到教学效果的最优化。由于计算机公共类课程课时的局限性，在具体实施翻转课堂教学模式时，要求教师把传统课堂学习内容延展至课外，根据课程教学内容可分为基于网络或移动终端的“自主学习”和知识内化的“课堂学习”两部分。

On Zhu Xiau's Thought of Establishing the Historical Discipline

Using above boundary conditions, the coefficients are obtained as

（ZHOU Wenjiu）

Zhu Xizu presided over the history department at Peking University and National Central University for 17 years.He made an important contribution to the establishment of Chinese modern historiography system.He believed that historiography was a social science and it was necessary to master other subjects such as politics，economics，jurisprudence，sociology before doing historical research.He believed that some social science courses and instrumental courses were as important as historical courses.Furthermore，he paid attention to the cultivation of students'independent study abilities and the role played by historiography societies.Zhu Xizu's thought of establishing the historical discipline had a great impact in the Republican period，and still enlightens us nowadays.

（CHONG Fasheng）

（HU Wenhui）

Chen Yinque’s historiography and its relationship with historical materialism can be analyzed in two levels.One is pure methodology.Influenced by modern sociological methods，Chen Yinque emphasizes more on the very existence of social communities and their economic statuses，which share certain similarities with the approaches of historical materialism.Second is the political intervention in academic studies.Chen stresses the importance of academic independence and resists political interference，which directly contradicts the ideology of historical materialism.

Research on Liu Xianxin's Compilation of the Shuangliu Zuzheng Lu

在混凝土制备过程中，最为关键的问题是配合比的确定。目前大多数的工程项目使用预拌混凝土，在混凝土制备过程中，由混凝土搅拌站的试验室来提供准确的配比。而对一些需要现场搅拌混凝土的工程项目，混凝土原材料配比的确定相对困难一些，要充分考虑水泥特性、砂石级配、含水率等因素。只有选择合理的配比，才能保证混凝土的强度以及工作性。

Historical Investigation on "Heqin"Strategies in the Tang Dynasty

There has been a long tradition of compiling local gazetteers in Sichuan.In 1924，Liu Xianxin compiled the Shuangliu Zuzheng Lu.It contained rich local historical materials.Liu Xianxin attached great importance to the Codification style.He inherited the thought of the former historians，and maintained his own unique views.This historical work had three advantages.First，it clearly cited the origins of historical sources.Second，it supplemented the old gazetteers in their deficiencies.Third，it corrected the mistakes.Liu Xianxin put forward important opinions on the motifs，genres，and citations in gazetteer compilation.He should not be ignored in the history of historiography in Republican China.

（LIU Kaijun）

（SU Zhengyan）

“Heqin”strategy，making peace with minority groups by imperial marriage，was an important approach to handle national relations in the Tang Dynasty.The marriage between the emperor’s family and the minorities on the border areas had happened multiple times over the 289 years of Tang.It involved a large number of nationalities，a large scope of area，and it seldom happened in Chinese history other than the Tang Dynasty.Based on the comprehensive research of “heqin”strategies in the Tang Dynasty，this article mainly analyzes the historical role played by such marriages，and concludes that “heqin”in the Tang Dynasty improved the national relations to a certain extent and promoted？the？development？of？the frontiers，which not only worked in Tang’s favor，but also benefited the frontier regions.

The bedroom was well guarded by a paper “Door God”,and the glass was screened by painted material…〔4〕32

The Direction and Influence of Gu Yanwu's Epigraphic Research

现场还有一块示范田，将南京农业大学的多项技术进行了集成应用，包括智能化育秧、秸秆绿色综合利用、机插—施肥—除草一体化、大田精确定量绿色智慧管理等技术，基本实现了全程机械化、绿色化、智能化生产，一个“智慧农场”的雏形已清晰可见。

（CHEN Jiang）

Epigraphy thrived in the Song Dynasty，and many famous epigraphers at the time had multiple interests，such as the collection of cultural relics，literature textual research，artistic appreciation.So their researches had the characteristic of comprehensiveness and integrality.In the Ming Dynasty，the epigraphic researches of cultural relics and arts had developed，while literature textual research had fallen into a low level，until the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty when Gu Yanwu promoted its revitalization.That Gu Yanwu's epigraphic studies focused on the literature textual research was closely related to his purpose of study，his family learning history and his method in steles inscriptions collection.It also had a great influ-ence on future generations.Since then，the epigraphic research bifurcated in different directions and the literature textual research was given more attention and became the mainstream.

The Paradigm Shift of Chorography in Textural Research in the Qing Dynasty

（LIU Guoxuan）

As textural Research established its mainstream position in the mid-Qing dynasty，the paradigm of chorography shifted.Previously venerated gazetteers like WuGong Xianzhi became an example of improper compilation.Instead，Licheng Xianzhi was celebrated for its richness and prudence.The philologists in the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns maintained this general principle of gazetteer compilation.A gazetteer was at first an evidential research work.Textual research stipulated the rules of gazetteer compilation，while gazetteer compilation supported and maintained textual research.

In the past 20 years，Russian historiography has made an“imperial”turn.On the one hand，the imperial studies boomed with the changing Russian domestic politics and diplomatic relations in the post-Soviet period.International academic studies also promoted such a boom in Russia.On the other hand，imperial studies started in the 1980s when the Soviet academia kept promoting Russian imperial history studies.The imperial history writing school heavily affected the Russian politics and even rose to be the mainstream of the discipline. “New imperial history”thus stood out，attempting to erase ideological imprints and western-eastern differences.

教师的“健康”,不仅限于没有疼痛、没有疾病或少病，还包括身体的舒适、心理的安宁，即完全的身心舒适与幸福感。健康安全工作诉求包括多方面。首先，学校应当建立安全制度，采取措施保障教师的人身安全。学校不得在危及教师人身安全、健康的校舍和其他设施、场所中进行教育教学活动。其次，额定教师的工作量。教师工作量关乎教师投入多少时间、完成了哪些教学及其相关工作任务，与教师职业幸福感、师资科学配置以及教育教学质量密切相关。第三，形成和谐的教师工作氛围，构建支持教师工作的人际工作环境。

（MA Longshan）

近年，陕西省始终把山洪灾害防治作为防汛减灾工作的最紧要任务来抓，按照 《全国山洪灾害防治规划》，全省 107个县（市、区）中有 98个列入了全国山洪灾害防治县级非工程措施实施计划，项目涉及10个地市1 331个乡镇10 882个村，基本覆盖了全省山洪灾害的多发易发区。2012年汛前，全省2010年度34个县的山洪灾害防治非工程措施项目全部建成，并通过初步验收，在汛期发挥了显著的预警减灾效益，2011年、2012年64个县区项目正在建设中，将在2013年汛前全部投入运行。主要做法是：

The Boom of Imperial History Studies and the School of Imperial History Writing in Russian:Transformation of Russian Historiography

"Mirror for Princes" in the Carolingian Period:A Research from Broader Perspectives

Chen Yinque and Historical Materialism

苯磺酸顺式阿曲库铵非变态反应性过敏反应，直接作用于肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞表面，引起组胺等化学物质释放，无抗体产生，又称类过敏反应，临床表现与组胺的释放量相关。变态反应性过敏反应由IgE介导的速发型过敏反应，其临床表现主要表现为支气管痉挛和心功能衰竭症状。这两种反应的临床表现都与肥大细胞脱颗粒释放的组胺量相关，均可出现过敏性休克表现，临床上30%～40%变态反应性过敏反应无法与类过敏反应相区别，临床表现进一步结合实验室检测血组胺、IgE化合物、肥大细胞类胰蛋白等血清学检查以及过敏原皮肤测试可确诊过敏反应及其类型[6]。

The“Mirror for Princes”burst out in the Carolingian dynasty as a literature that explained the moral principle，the theory and practice of the monarchy，and it became a unique cultural phenomenon.This article examines the cultural origin，the relationship with the needs of the time and the major themes of the“Mirror for princes”from broader perspectives.It also summarizes the historical significance of this kind of literature and explores the ideal kingship model that the Carolingian elites wished to construct.

A Probe into the History Teaching Thoughts of Hugh of St.Victor

（CHENG Liwei）

The history teaching system founded by Augustine dominated the history teaching practice in schools of the Latin Christendom from the early middle ages.While Hugh of Saint Victor，a famous theologian in the early twelfth century，went beyond Augustine’s history teaching system.Hugh disagreed with the ways of scriptural and theological interpretation of monastic and scholastic theologians.He put forward a new interpretation and development of theology through his history teaching.Hugh placed the history teaching at the beginning of the teaching system，and established the “salvation history”as the major theme of history teaching.Hugh also provided easier methods for students to memorize and developed some key principles for students to follow in the history learning process.The history teaching thoughts of Hugh not only had a great influence on the history teaching of the twelfth century Latin Christendom，but also affected the development of theology and philosophy in the thirteenth century.

Logical Atomism in Bertrand Russell's Historical Thought

高职数学教学传授给学生的不仅仅是数学知识，更应该是数学的精神、思想和方法。高职生毕业后走向社会，真正有用的不仅是数学理论知识，而且包括利用数学思想和方法解决实际问题的能力。这也是数学课被列为美国西点军校的必修课，英国律师要求学习大量数学知识的重要原因。高职数学教学融入数学文化的意义也在于此。

（HU Shuheng，ZHOU Gonggu）

Bertrand Russell's historical thought was closely related to his theory of logical atomism.His idea of“the driving force of the development of history”was consistent with his theory of logical atomism.Russell's understanding and explanation of the laws of history also relied significantly on the probability theory.In addition，he pointed out that the value of history did not lie in truth-finding，which matched the logical atomism’s comprehension of linguistic philosophy.

The Study on Informal Settlements during the Urbanization of Dar es Salaam

（FAN Xiaoyun）

The majority （more than 80 percent） of the residents of the city of Dar es Salaam live in informal settlements in 2010.The informal settlements grow simultaneously with the growing of the urbanization of the city.The informal settlements in Dar es Salaam has the unique characteristics in certain aspects，namely its tenure is relatively secured，building materials are mainly permanent or semi-permanent and various resident economic attributes and the poor and the rich living in the same settlement.Urbanization leads to the development of informal settlements，as well as the land belongs to the country and customary land and the government’s ambiguous attitude towards informal settlement，which brings the unique characteristic of informal settlements in Dar es Salaam.